CHINH SACH BAN DIA HOA LAO BQNG TAY NGHE CAO Of CAC NirOfC ARAB VUNG VINH
Hodng Thu Minh'
TOM TAT
Viic tuyen dgng nhirng ngudi duac ddo tgo vd co trinh do cao dd trd thdnh mgt vdn di quan trong doi vd-/ balky quoc gia ndo mudn theo kip liin do kinh li vd cdng nghe cua thdi dgi. dgc bi?t Id khi nhu cdu doi v&i nhirng cd nhdn chdt lu-^ng cao ndy ihirang viral xa ngudn cung. Do do, cdc quoc gia trin the gidi, trong do cd cdc nudc viing Vjnh (GCC) da dua ra nhimg uu ddi dgc bi^t di thu hiit nhirng ngudi co Irinh dp vd lay nghi cao. Tuy nhien, trong nhumg ndm vira qua. cdc nudc GCC dd cd ke hogch xem xel lgi luc luang lao dgng de phii hop vai tinh hinh kinh ti qudc gia dudi su bien dpng ciia gid ddu. trong do dp dung chinh sdch bdn dia hda lire luong lao dpng thdng qua viic gidm so luong lao ddng nudc ngodi vd long ca hoi viic ldm cho cong ddn cua minh.
Tir khda: lao dgng, di cu. GCC. chinh sdch, bdn dja hda
Nhdn bdi: 7/1/2020; Phdn bien vd sira chUa: 25/2/2020; Duyet ddng 5/3/2020
The recruitment of highly trained and educated labors has become an important issue for any country that wants lo keep up with the economic and technological progress in ihe new limes, especially when demand for these highly qualified labours ofien go far beyond supply. Therefore, countries around the world, including the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). have offered special incentives to attract highly qualified and skilled labours. However, in recent years, GCC countries have planned lo revise their labor force lo suit ihe nalional economic situation under the volatility of oil prices, in which the high - skilled workforce localization policy is applied ihrough reducing the number of foreign workers and increasing employment opportunities for their cilizen.s.
T i n h h i n h c h u n g v i lao d o n g di cu- 6" cac GCC dat dupc nhieu tien bo trong cac linh niro'c G C C vuc doi mdi va cong nghe giup giam d i n su
„ , J . , , , . „ „ " • j^i TT . ' phu thuoc qua nhieu vao doanh thu tir dau mo.
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° ^ ,. , . , ^ , . i moi truang canh tranh, cai thien dang ke nang Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia va Cac tieu vucmg - •=..• • . ', r f
. ' ^ , ,'- , I /,,»T^^ . ' * ' u suat Iam viec trong tat ca cac nganh nghe.
quoc Arab thong nhat (UAE) trong qua t n n h ,' . ° - , . . ,% . •- ,
^ . i"^ 6 \^ / » ; i Y^^^ y ^ , y^^g Vinh co khoang 15 trieu lao phat tnen da su dung rone rai nguai di cu tu : • , - ,- > . - « . • - ' piiai Ll 11,11 ua .1 . 6 ., a b _ dong dl cu, trong do uoc tinh CO 5 tneu nguoi cac nen eiao due va tir hau het cac nai tren the ; ° , • • j - '
»,ai, 11^.11 gmwuLi^ v a i , , ^. - CO tnnh do cao'. Nhung nguoi di cu co tay eiai Su hien dien cua cac ao dong nuac - • j - u - u~ •• i-
^ - • •' , , , , , nghe cao a day bao gom nhimg nguai lam ngoai CO tay nghe cao cho phep cac n u a c
• Thac sT, Truong Dai hgc Ngoai ngu, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG D 6 > G SO 03(175) thang 3/2020
Hoang Thu Minh Chinh sach ban dia hoa lao dpng^
mpt trong ba nghe nghiep diu tien cua Phan loai nghe nghiep tieu chuan quoc te (ISCO), do la cac nha quan ly, quan chiic cap cao;
chuyen gia, ky thuat vien; va nhung nguai lam vi^c trong cac cong viec tucmg ducmg vai giao dye dai hpc hoac sau dai hpc.
Kafala, hay con gpi la he thong bao lanh thuang dupc ap dung trong ca sau nuac GCC, la khung phap ly chi phoi su di cu ciia nguai dan vao cac nuoc GCC. Ve nguyen tic, Kafala dam bao nguoi di cu se co vi?c Iam a nuac don nhan. Dieu nay yeu cau cac vi tri tuyen dyng dua ra phai phii hpp vai cac ky nSng va trinh dp ciia img vien. Mpt dac tinh quan trpng ciia he thong kafala lien quan den giai han thai gian quay I^i ciia lao dpng da dupc sira doi cho lao dpng tay nghe cao. Theo do, he thong yeu cau sau khi ket thuc hop ddng, lao dpng nuac ngoai phai xuat canh mpt thai gian truoc khi quay lai, thudng la sau hai nam. Tuy nhien, gan day, Qatar da siia doi luat lao dpng va loai bo dieu khoan nay, trong khi Bahrain co mpt thoi gian gicri han chi 52 tuin. Dubai cung da bai bo dieu khoan nay trong luat lao dpng cua minh de dap ung nhu cau ve lao dpng co tay nghe cao.
Mpt trong nhijng van de co huu vdi he th6ng kafala la quy djnh nghiem ngat viec chuyen giao bao lanh, do la phai co sy chap thuan cua chii lao dpng hien tai. Mot so nudc GCC da sua doi chinh sach cua hp de cho phep ngudi lao dpng co tay nghe cao thay doi cong viec mpt each tu do ma khong yeu cau phai CO su dong y tir chu lao dpng. O Kuwait, d^ du diiu kien thay doi ngucri bao lanh, ngudi lao dpng nudc ngoai phai dupc tuyen dung trong thdi gian ba nam lien tyc neu lam viec trong khu vuc cong va mpt nam neu lam cho cdng ty tu nhan. Dieu kien nay da duac mi^n cho nhung ngudi di cu cd bang dai hpc
\a CO bing cap cao han. Tuong tu, trong thang 1 nam 2016, Dubai da sira doi chinh sach ciia minh de cho phep lao dpng tay nghe
cao chu\ en doi cong viec ma khong phai chiu lenh cam tap su.
Doanh nghiep dupc sd hxhi von dau tu nudc ngoai va sy phat trien ciia nganh bat dpng san la mot trong nhimg dong Iyc de dau tu vao cac nin kinh te GCC. Nhim myc dich giam bdt nhiing han che cua hinh thiic sd huu vdn trudc day, cac quoc gia nhu Saudi Arabia va UAE hien nay cho phep cac doanh nghiep nudc ngoai sd huu hoan toan von trong mpt so nganh cdng nghiep nhat djnh. Tucmg tu, Qatar cOng cho phep ngudi nudc ngoai mua tai san d mdt sd khu vuc d Qatar. Quyin sd hiiu nay dam bao cho chii sd huu trong 99 nam va cu tni trong toan bd thdi gian. Cac chinh sach nay khuyen khich lao ddng di cu cd trinh dp cao diu tu va danh thdi gian dai d cac nudc GCC.
Van de cap quyen cong dan hoac thudng tni ludn la chu de ndng trong GCC. Gan day, cac qudc gia nhu Saudi Arabia va UAE da cdng bd ke hoach cap quyen cdng dan hoac thudng tru cho nhiing ngudi cd tay nghi cao, nhiing ngudi da cu tni lau dai va cd kha nang diu tu vao dia 6c, nhtmg ngudi dupc giai thudng qudc ti ldn va co tiem nang khoa hpc.
Mac du vin dang dupc thao luan nhung ddng thai nay cho thay cac qudc gia nay dang xem xet viec giu chan cac chuyen gia co tay nghi cao lau han d dat nudc minh. Cac qudc gia GCC vdn tap trung ngudi Hdi giao trudc day khdng cho phep lap cac co sd hanh dao ngoai cac tdn giao thudc Abraham. Tuy nhien, UAE. Oman va Bahrain da bit diu cho phep ngudi dan theo cac tdn giao khac nhu dao Hindu xay dyng cac ca sd hanh dao d cac noi cong cpng.
2. Chfnh sach ban dia hoa lao dong d Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
Oman
Oman da dua ra chinh sach ban dia hda luc lupng lao ddng vao nam 1994 cung vdi viec tao CO hpi viec lam cho dan ban dia, mot phin
Chinh sach ban dja hoa lao dong.
Hoang Thu Mmh trong tam nhin dai han qudc gia. Oman ciing
da ap dung han ngach di lang lao dpng ban dja. Sd lupng ngudi nudc ngoai trong mdt sd nganh nghe da giam. Cd mdt thyc ti la, mdt sd nganh can nhiiu vdn dau tu nhu ngan hang, tai chinh, khoang san kha hip dan ngudi Oman. Nguac lai, nhiing nganh yeu ciu tay nghe cao va dupc dao tao nhu giao vien, tu van, diu khi thi ti Ie lao dpng la ngudi Oman kha thap.
Vdi nd luc tao viec Iam cho cdng dan Oman, thang 1 nam 2018, Bp Nhan luc Oman da ap dung lenh cam sau thang ddi vdi visa lao dpng ciia ngudi nudc ngoai trong mdt sd nganh nghe va md rdng pham vi liiih vyc ap dung vdi thdi ban lau hon. Chinh phii ky vpng la lenh cam se tao ra 26 nghin viec lam cho ngudi Oman^. Tuy nhien, chinh sach tap trung vao lao ddng dja phuang chua thyc su phat huy hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Cac each tiep can truyen thdng de giam thieu that nghiep d viing Vinh - cu the la tang luong va cac che dp xa hpi uu dai cua khu vyc cdng - khong phai la giai phap lau dai va kha Ihi cho Oman. Oman dy kiin tham hut ngan sach cho nam 2020 la 6,5 ti USD, trong do khoang 5,2 ti USD^ thdng qua vay trong nudc va nudc ngoai. Do do, Oman da iing hd cac bien phap va chinh sach mdi cho thi trudng lao ddng de mang lai lai ich cho nhung ngudi tim viec Iam.
Mpt sd bien phap chinh sach da dupc dat ra ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, vi dy chinh phii tang phi kiim tra y ti cho ngudi nudc ngoai Ien 200%. Bp Nha d ciing tuyen bo ring nhiing ngudi khdng phai la cdng dan Oman nim giir dit d mot sd khu vyc nhat dinh phai chuyin nhuong tai san cua hp cho cdng dan Oman trong vdng hai nam theo Nghi dinh 29/2018 cua Hoang gia. Nghi dinh con han chi bit ddng san doi vdi cdng dan Oman va nhimg ngudi nudc ngoai khac khi ma ca hai ddi tuong dd co thi sd hCm tai san trong cac khu vuc va trong cac diiu kien nhat dinh.
Cac sang kien khac cho phep chinh phu Oman giam sat chat che han cac boat dpng tuyen dung d khu vuc tu nhan va kiem soat cac qu> trinh nhan su. Vdi nd Iuc su dyng tii 40 nghin den 50 nghin cdng dan trong vdng 5 nam tdi, Bd Nhan Iyc da trien khai "h? thdng den giao thdng", trong do sii dyng cac bieu tuang mau dd, mau vang va mau xanh de giam sat sy tuan ihii chinh sach ciia cdc chii lao dpng. He thdng nay cho phep chinh phii
"tuyt cdi" cac cdng ty de kiem toan va dong bang cac quy trinh tuyen dyng.
Ngoai ra, chinh phii datSng ti I? ngudi Oman trong cac Imh vyc cdng nghi?p va du ljch. Cdc phan nganh khac ciia nen kinh te c6 the bj quy dinh diing lao dpng ban dja nhieu ban trong nhung ndm tdi: cac cdng ty hoat dpng trong linh vuc logistic phai tdng ty le ngudi Oman len 20% vao nam 2020 so vdi 14% vao nam 2017.
Khdng gidng nhu cac qudc gia Arab vimg Vinh khac trong dd cac khu vyc ty do cho phep cac cdng ty trdn tranh cac yeu cau ban dia hoa lyc lupng lao dpng, Oman chi cho phep mien giam mdt phan lao dpng trong cdc khu vuc tu do, vi vay lam giam kha nSng pha vd cac chinh sach ciia cac cdng ty.
Qatar
Lao dpng nudc ngoai cd tay nghe cao da chiim mdt phan dang ki Iuc lupng lao dpng d Qatar ke tir nam 2011. Trong ndm 2013, sd lao ddng nay chiim 15,9% tdng Iuc iuong lao dpng'*. Tir nam 2011-2014, tdng so lao ddng di cu cd tay nghe cao trong ca nudc tdng len;
tuy nhien, Uong nam 2015, con sd nay giam nhe: ty le ngudi nudc ngoai Iam chuyen gia va quan ly cap cao tang tCr 1,83% tdng lyc lupng lao ddng nam 2010 len 2,01% vao ndm 2012, nhimg sau do gidm xudng cdn 1,75%
vao nam 2015. Sy syt giam dd la do sy gia tang sd lupng cdng dan Qatar chiem giO nhimg vi tri nay. Tuy nhien, bat chap nhimg tliay ddi nay thi ty le ngudi nudc ngoai chiem cac vi tri chuyen nghiep van tiep tuc duy tri d
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(175) thang 3/2020
Hoang Thu Minh Chfnh sach ban dia hoa lao dpng-
miic ddng ke, chiem 7,17% tdng Iuc lupng lao dpng ndm 2015 va co xu hudng lang trong nhiing ndm tdi do su tang Ien cua nhimg dy dn tien ldi nen kinh te tri Ihiic.
Thi trudng lao dpng Qatar rit di bi bien dpng trong qud trinh tang trudng kinh te.
Ngudi ta du dodn Iyc iuong lao ddng cd the thay ddi cho den ndm 2022 do cdc du an phdt trien va ca sd ha tang trien khai cho viec ddng cai Worid Cup 2022. Sy gia lang ngudi di cu, ddc biet la cdc chuyen gia lanh nghe tam thdi can thiet de thyc hien vi^c xay dung cdc san v ^ dpng va ca sd ha ting World Cup. Bat chap cdc chucmg trinh dang dicn ra, chinh phii Qatar nhan thdy tam quan trpng cua sy hien dien ciia Iyc Iugng lao dpng tay nghe cao vd cd nhu cau giir chan hp.
Chinh sdch ban dia hda lao dpng ciia Qatar dupc ra mit Ian dau lien vao ndm 2000.
Nhung trong mdt thdi gian dai, cdc nd Iuc cua Qatar da tap trung chu yeu vao linh vyc diu khi. Trong nhiing ndm gan day, chinh phii da md rpng chinh sach nay ra cdc ngdnh bat ddng san, che lao, cdng nghe thdng tin, tai chinh vd ki lodn vd gan day la chdm sdc siic khde. Mdc dil cd nhieu nd luc, ngudi Qatar van tiep tuc duy tri ro ret nhat trong cdc nganh cdng nghiep diu khi vd che bien che tao. Muc tieu tdng sd luang ngudi Qatar trong cac nganh dd da din den viec giam ndng suat hoac budc chinh phli phdi thue ngudi nudc ngoai co ky ndng tdt de lam cdc cdng viec md dupc giao cho cdng dan Qatar.
Qatar da dau lu rat nhieu vao viec nang cao nang Iyc ciia lyc lupng lao ddng ban dia thdng qua ddo tao nghe va ky thudt. Tuy nhien, nhieu chuang trinh Iai tap trung chii yeu vao viec dao tao cdng dan de lam viec bdn gidy, mdt sd il tap trung vao viec nang cao cac ky ndng va nang Iyc ky thuat, dieu can thiet nhat trong cdc llnh vyc chuyen nganh nhu ddu khi. Mdt sd lupng ldn ngudi Qatar gia nhap lyc luong lao dpng la nhiing sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep cdn
thieu kinh nghiem de ddm nhdn cdc vi tri quan trpng. Sau do, hp dupc dao tao de ndm cdc vj tri cap cao trong cac td chiic, tien Ien vai trd lanh dao cap cao han mpt khi hp cd dupc nhieu k> nang va kinh nghiem han.
Qatar da cdi thien ddng ke cac lieu chuan giao due trong nhiing ndm qua va ke tir ndm 2006, nudc nay da chiing kiin su gia tdng sd Iuong cdng dan dang ky vao gido due dai hpc, nhung hiu hit cdc cdng dan nay theo dudi ngdnh nhdn van hoac khoa hpc xa hgi hoac cdc llnh vyc lien quan den kinh doanh.
Nhin chung, chuang Irinh bdn dia hda nhan lyc ciia Qatar cdn thieu ve dinh hudng vd tinh nhdt qudn va chii yeu tap trung vao viec dap ling cdc muc lieu dinh lugng. Ngudi nudc ngoai se cdn chiem phdn Idn Iyc Iugng lao ddng ky thuat cao d Qatar, va qudc gia nay se mat nhieu thdi gian han neu co y dinh thay the lao ddng nudc ngoai bdng nhiing cdng ddn ban dia cd trinh dp vd ky ndng tucmg duang, niu khdng, dieu do cd the dan den giam nang suat lao dpng vd ndng lyc trong thi trudng lao ddng.
Saudi Arabia
Trong no luc kich thich nin kinh l i vd cdi thien nguon nhan Iyc, chinh phu Saudi Arabia da dua ra 'Tam nhin qudc gia 2030" vao nam 2016. Tam nhin nhdm myc dich phat triin va thiic diy cdc ITnh vuc phi diu md, cai thien cdc ITnh vyc ky thuat vd quan Iy, hd trg ddi mdi, nghien cim va cdi tiin cdng nghe trong nudc. Nhiing ngudi di cu nudc ngoai chiim mdt phan ldn trong khu vyc tu nhan d qudc gia nay, trong khi nhiing ngudi co qu6c tich Saudi Arabia chiim loan bp khu vyc cdng.
Trai qua cdc chu ky thinh vugng va suy thoai kinh ti, Saudi Arabia vin phy thudc vao lao ddng nudc ngoai.
Cac nganh giao due va y ti sir dyng hiu hit cdc chuyen gia cd tay nghi cao, vd cac chuyen gia nudc ngoai trong cdc ITnh vyc nay lin lupi chiim 2,6% va 3,6% lyc Iugng lao dgng di cu
Chinh sach ban dia hoa lao ddng
Hoang Thu Minh Ngudi nudc ngoai chiim 52% vi tri lao ddng
tay nghe cao, bao gdm cdc nha quan ly, va chuyen gia. Tir ndm 2000 din 2011, Saudi Arabia da khdng thyc hien bit ky nd lyc ldn nao de tdng Iyc lugng lao ddng cd tay nghi cao. Dua Iren sd lieu thdng ke do Bd Lao ddng Saudi Arabia cung cip nam 2013, ty Ie chuyen gia dugc thue trong cdc Itnh vyc khoa hgc, cdng nghe va nhan van, va cho cdc vi tri qudn Iy, vin tri tre. Cac chuyen gia vd thp bac cao din chii yeu tir cdc nudc chdu Au vd Bic My va tap trung vdo cdc nganh ddu khi, y ti, lai chinh, thucmg mai. Theo sd lieu lir dai sii quan My vd Anh d Saudi Arabia, khodng 40 nghin lao ddng lay nghe cao den tir My va 30 nghin din tir Anh (Pakkiasamy 2004). S6 lao ddng ndy trong nganh ddu khi dd gidm Irong nhiing ndm gin day do cd su tdng len cua lao dgng Saudi Arabia trong nganh ndy. Tuy nhien, Saudi Arabia nhan thdy van cin lao ddng ky thuat cao trong ITnh vyc y te nhu bac sy, y la, cdc chuyen gia ve ky thuat vd ludt su.
Ndm 2011, chinh phii Saudi Arabia da trien khai he thdng cd ten Id "Nitaqat" chia cdc cdng ly tu nhan thanh hai loai cd ma mau do vd mau vang de dm chi ti Ie lao ddng nudc ngoai qua cao, cdn mau xanh chi nhirng cdng ty thanh cdng trong viec ban dja hda lao dgng.
Theo dd, cdc cdng ly thudc nhdm mdu xanh cd the thue cac lao ddng nudc ngodi tir hai nhom cdn Iai. Nhdm mau do vd vdng bi han che thue va han che thdi han visa cho lao ddng nudc ngoai va gidi han thdi gian thue lao ddng ban dia. Ngodi viec dp dung han ngach, chinh phu cdn tang chi phi hanh chinh ddi vdi nhiing cdng ty thue lao ddng nudc ngoai. Ket qud la tir nam 2011 din nam 2013 li le lao ddng bdn dja da tang 70%, lap trung vao cdc ITnh vuc xay dyng, bdn le, kinh doanh, tai chinh, bat ddng sdn.
Mac dil cd nhiing nd luc nham cai thien ky nang va trinh dp ciia lyc lugng lao ddng ban dia nhung Saudi Arabia vin thieu mgt chien
luge toan dien de nang cao trinh dp hpc van cho ngudi ddn. Do vdy, Saudi Arabia da khdng the ddp iing nhu cdu viec Idm ciia ting ldp thanh nien thdt nghiep. Chi mpt phin nhd ngudi Saudi ndm giii cdc vi tri chuyen mdn va cd khd ndng Iam nhimg viec ddi hdi trinh dp cao ddn den viec tiep tyc phy thudc vao lao ddng nudc ngoai de ndm giii nhOng vi tri ndy.
Viec mong mudn tdng ti le ban dia hda dudng nhu trd nen khdng thuc te, thdm chi cdn din den gidm nang sudt lao dgng vd tdng gdnh ndng tai chinh khi phdi tdng Iuong cho lao ddng bdn dia.
UAE
Sy phat trien kinh te manh me ciia UAE trong nhiing thdp ky gan ddy Id dpng lyc de UAE da dang hda nen kinh ti. Dau tu tdng len ddn den nhu cau lao ddng c6 trinh dp cao ciing tdng len. Dac biet, khi Trien Iam Dubai Expo 2020 dang dupc rao riit chudn bj thi lao dpng nudc ngodi chiem mgt ti 1? ldn trong dan so d thil dd Abu Dhabi va Dubai. Mdi tieu bang cd chien luge phdt trien rieng do cac ngudn thu cua chinh quyen thdnh phd khdc nhau. Trong khi Abu Dhabi sd hiru ngudn khi ga giau cd thi Dubai lay ngudn thu chu yeu tir nganh tdi chinh vd dau tu nudc ngoai. Nam 2010, UAE trien khai ke hoach ddi ban "Tdm nhin 2021"
nham phat trien nen kinh te tri thiic, trong do hudng den phdt trien du Iich, gido due, y te, nghien ciiu, khoa hpc. Cac dy an ndy keo theo sy tang Ien ddng ke ciia lao ddng nudc ngodi d UAE lam trong cdc ngdnh xay dung, logistic, thuang mai, tdi chinh.
Mdt lugng Idn lao dgng tay nghe cao d UAE din tir Bac My va chau Au, lap trung vao cac ITnh vyc y te, cac du an xa hdi, gido due, cdc hoat dgng khoa hpc ky thual, lai chinh. Nam 2012, ngudi nudc ngodi chiem 7,56% cac vj Ui quan Ii, 14,26% cac vi tri chuyen gia va 12,21% cdc cdng viec ve ky thuat. Tuy nhien, nam 2015, con sd nay giam xuong cdn 7%, 12,6% va 7% tuang img.
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(175) thang 3/2020
Hoang Thu Minh Chfnh sach ban dia hda lao dgng-
UAE da thyc hien nhiiu cai cdch nhdm hop Ii hda Iyc lugng lao ddng vd ihiic diy bdn dia hda lao dgng. Chinh phu da dp dyng ban ngach va cam thue ngudi nudc ngoai trong cdc vj tri nhat djnh, dua ngudi bdn dia vao khu vyc cdng nhieu ban khu vuc lu nhan. Khu vuc tu nhan thi tap trung vao khach san, ngdn hang va cac dich vu tai chinh vdi cac vi tri gidm ddc nhan sy, quan he vdi cac ca quan chinh phu, thu ky vd cdc cdng viec ban giiy khac.
Mpt khia canh dang chii y cua chinh sdch ban dia hda lao dgng cua UAE Id chinh phii tap trung nang cao chat lupng gido dye, quan tam den phdt trien cac ky ndng can thiet cho cdng vi?c. Chinh phii ciing phdi hpp vdi cdc CO sd gido due de phdt trien bd ky ndng, va nhumg hpc vien tdt nghiep tir nhiing ca sd nay se dupc nhan vao khu vuc cdng. Tuy vdy, cdc bien phdp nay chua thyc su thanh cdng cd the do cdc muc lieu cua chinh sdch khdng phii hpp vdi cac ke hoach phdt trien kinh te ciia dit nudc. Cu the Id UAE da dat dupc sy phat trien manh me trong ITnh vyc xdy dyng va ha tang nhtmg lao ddng ban dja lai khdng man ma Iam viec trong ITnh vyc nay. Mat khac, UAE dang tien tdi mpt nen kinh le tri thiic yeu cau cdc sdng kien khoa hgc, cdng nghe vd nghien ciiu.
Do vay, ho can mdt Iyc Iugng lao ddng trinh dp cao de dam nhan cdc dy dn ndy d thdi diem hien tai va trong luang Iai.
3. Loi kit
Mdi nudc GCC deu cd nhimg ke hoach ban dia hda lao dgng cua minh nham muc dich giai quyet vdn de viec Idm va gidm sy phy thudc vao lao ddng nudc ngoai. Trong qua trinh thyc hien, cdc nudc ndy da dat dupc nhimg ket qud nhal dinh khi cd them nhirng vi tri ldm viec can trinh dp cao la cdng dan cua nudc minh. Tuy vay, hp van thira nhan tim quan trpng cua lao dgng di cu tay nghe cao vd van cd nhiing chinh sdch nhat dinh nham giu- chan Iyc Iuong ndy. Viec thay the ngudn nhdn lyc ky thuat cao nudc ngoai bdng ngudi ban
dia can cac nudc nay phai ndng cao chat lupng gido due hcm nira, va diiu nay cin them nhiiu nam de cdc ki ho^ch dera lai hieu qud nhu mong mudn.
Chu thich:
' Sabah Anbareen Khadri, Highly-Skilled Professionals in the GCC: Migration Policies and Government Outlook, Gulf Research Center, 2018.
' Robert Mogielnicki, New Omani Initiatives Reflect Gulf Stales' Push lo Nationalize Labor Forces. 10 Jan, 2019, agsiw.org
^ Omani sultan approves 2020 budgei with deficit of $6.5bn, middleeastmonitor, 4 January 2020
* Qatar Annual Report 2014, Ministry of Development and Statistic, 2014
Tai li^u tham khao
1. "Demography, Migration, and the Labour Market in the UAE". Gulf Research Centre, 2015.
2. "Emiratisalion will help build a post-oil future", the national, 30/09/2019.
3. "Employment in UAE up 6% in 2015", Khaleej Times, 07/02/2016.
4. Kumar Ashwani. "Abu Dhabi Temple lo be Ready in Less Than a Year." Khaleej Times, 12/10/2016.
5. Martin Hvidt, "Highly Skilled Migrants:
How and How Much Do They Contribute to the Economic Development of the Arab Gulf Countries? " Mellemesten Center, 2016.
6. Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics (Qatar)
7. "OmanNalional Vision 2020", Oman, 1995.
8. "Oman Sees Decrease in Expatriates Working in Managerial Positions" Gulf News
13/06/2016. '
^ f- ' ^ " " ' ""''"" approves 2020 budget with deficit of S6.5bn. middleeastmonitor, 4 January 10. Pakkiasamy, Divya, "Saudi Arabia's Plan for Changing Its Workforce" Migration Policy
Institute, 2004. ^
\\."Qatar Nalional Developmenl Slrateev 2011-2016", General Secretariat for Develonmeli^
Planning, Qatar, 2011.12. Ramadi 2013 12. Robert Mogielnicki. New Omani Initiatives Reflect Gulf States- Push to Nationalize Lahnt Forces, agsiw.org ,10 Jan, 2019.
13. Sabah Anbareen Khadri, "Highly-Skill ri Professionals in the GCC: Migration Policies and Governmeni Outlook", gulfmigration.org, 2018
