/ v '
SI/VAN DONG CUA DONG VON FDI OUOC TE
• • •
VA MOT SO DE XUAT DAY MANH THU HUT FDI 6 VIET NAM
/ ^ • ^ r d n g nhUng nam qua, td'c dp va A I Qi-iy 1^0 cua tien trinh t c i n ciu
^ b J < h o i kinh te da dUdc n h i n len gap nhieu l i n , cd t i c ddng sau sac, tao nen suf thay ddi to ldn tren mpi mat cua ddi sd'ng kinh te the gidi: nen kinh te toin cau dang tie'p tuc p h i t trien vdi nhieu lien ket, the che kinh te qudc te dUdc cumg cd', hoan thien n h i m dip ufng yeu ciu ve quan ly, dieu tiet cic quan he kinh te mdi ngay cing dan xen va phiic tap hdn giuta cic qud'c gia, dan tpc; thi trUdng vd'n FDI, ODA, cic khoan vay song phUdng, da phUdng, cic khoin d i u tU qua thi trUdng chufng khoin dUdc md rdng ve quy md, di chuyen nhanh theo xu hudng tuf do hoi; thi trUdng h i n g hda v i dich vu cua cic nen kinh te dUdc md rpng v i chuyen dich manh ve cd cau, lien ket va phu thudc l i n nhau nhieu hdn;
ngudn nhan lufc toan ciu khdng ngiing trudng thanh ve chat lUdng, dUdc huy dpng va suf dung dUdi nhieu hinh thufc mdi vdi suf hd trd cua cdng nghe va cic phUdng thufc quan ly s i n xuat va phan phdi s i n pham mdi; khoa hpc v i cdng nghe dat dUdc nhUng t h i n h tiiu ndi bat, vUdt trdi, dUdc chuyen giao, iing dung va ngay cing ddng vai trd quan trong hdn tao cd sd cho nen kinh te t n thiic toan ciu,., Trong dd, nhutng sU thay ddi d i n g ke cua ddng vdn FDI toan ciu da dUdc ghi nhan, va thu hut suf chu y ciia nhieu nha nghien cuu tren the gidi.
NCS. To Hien Tha Hgc vien Chinh tri - Bg Qudc phong
Suf van dong c u a dong von FDI toan cau
Viec di chuyen dong vd'n FDI todn cdu ditdc thuc ddy mgnh hdn vdi moi triidng ddu tit qudc te ngdy cdng thudn ldi vd xu hitdng tvt do hod cdc ngudn lite vd qud trinh sdn xudt
Suf gia tang sd lUdng cic hiep dinh hdp tic ve d i u tU tren the gidi minh chiing cho xu hUdng niy. Do suf di chuyen cic ye'u td ngudn liic ngay cang linh boat hdn, tUdng quan sd sinh cila cic yeu td lufc hut va lufc day giUa cic nUdc diu tU va nUdc nhan diu tu se thay ddi ding ke. Thiic tien sU van dpng cua FDI trcng thdi gian qua cho tha'y, cic yeu td cua lufc lUOng s i n xuat toan ciu nhU vd'n, lao dpng, tri thifc v i ky nang q u i n ly da trd nen thiic sii nang ddng-hdn, di chuyen tii dd hdn dUdi sufc manh ban tay vd binh cila thi trUdng. Chinh suf nang dpng cua cic yeu td s i n xuat va thUdng mai tu dd da lam thay ddi ldi the so sinh gida cic qud'c gia trong nhieu hnh vuc s i n xuat.
Tuy nhien, trong giai doan toan ciu hda, quan niem chuyen mdn hoi theo nghia truyen thdng cua thuyet ldi the so s i n h tUdng ddi dang bi thich thuc.
Khi thudng mai dien tuf xuat hien, cic
yeu td s i n xuat nhU vd'n va lao dpng
cd the dUdc di chuyen tii dc hdn va
vUdt ra ngdai bien gidi ciia mpt qudc
gia, hoac thi trUdng lao ddng ky nang
24 SO 12-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
cao xuat hien ngay trong long nhfing qud'c gia vd'n chi cd ldi the la chi phi lac ddng thap nhU Trung Qud'c. An Dp,... thi mdt qud'c gia cd the nhanh chdng hi mat di ldi the so s i n h trong linh viic nay va xua't hien ldi the so sinh trong linh vufc khac. Nghien cutu tru'dng hdp cua nUdc My lam vi du.
Theo dieu tra cua Jagdish N.
Bhagwati. n h i kinh te hpc cua Dai hpc Columbia nam 2004: "Lan d i u tien cdng nhan cd ky nang cao cua My da hi canh tranh qud'c te mac dii chUa rd l i cudc canh tranh n i y se i n h hudng the n i o tdi mute lUdng cua hp".
TUdng tu. trong linh vufc khoa hpc va cdng nghe. nUdc My dang dufng trUdc thich thuc hi mat vi trf dan dau. My hien dang d i n d i u vdi 328.9 ty USD d i u tu cho nghien cufu va phat trien (R&D). Vdi mufc d i u tu nhu vay, R&D mang lai 85% mufc tang nang sui't cua nen kinh te. Tuy nhien, d i u tU cua cic nen kinh te k h i c nhU Tay Au, Nhat Bin, Trung Qud'c,... cung tang len nhanh chdng; trong khi chi phi cho ngudn nhan lufc trong linh vufc niy tai My lai q u i cao so vdi d cic nen kinh te khic. Chdng ban. lUdng cua mdt nha nghien cufu d My cd the cac gap nam lan lUdng ciia mdt n h i nghien cifu vdi nang lufc tUdng dUdng d Trung Qud'c. Dieu nay chd tha'y, tUdng quan ldi the so s i n h giiia ngudn nhan life cua hai nen kinh te n i y ndi rieng va tren toan c i u ndi chung dang cd nhutng chuyen bie'n quan trpng.
Tren thufc te, mac du ldi the sd s i n h ciia My trong linh vufc lao ddng cd ky nang cao dang suy giam. My vin l i qud'c gia h i n g d i u trong xua't khau s i n pham cdng nghe cao. Mdt trong nhfing ly do cd the vien d i n de ly giai thutc te n i y la hien nay My v i n l i mpt trong nhutng qud'c gia cd sd lUdng sd hutu ban quyen cdng nghe
nhieu nha't va ciing l i quc'c gia cd so' vd'n dau tU vio cdng nghe cao nha't.
Ndi cich k h i c ldi nhuan thu dUdc tuf vd'n dau tU va sd hiiu ban quyen cd the da vUdt q u i gii tri ldi nhuan hi mat di tuf ngudn lao ddng cd ky nang cao dang hi canh tranh. Dieu nay ciing cd nghia la ldi the trong chi phi lao ddng thap cung giim d i n di trong khi dd vai trd ciia tri thiic v i vd'n ngay cang tang len.
Ngay d trong mdt nen kinh te, do khoa hpc va cdng nghe ddng vai trd quan trpng hdn nhU mdt yeu td' d i u vao cua s i n xua't, sufc hiit ddi vdi FDI vio cic n g i n h trong linh vufc n i y se tang len, trong khi dd siic hiit FDI vao linh vufc sii dung ngudn nhan life cd ky nang ddn gian lai giam di tUdng ddi. He qua la, lufc lUdng lao dpng gian ddn se du thufa, mufc dp canh tranh viec lam trong Iinh vufc tham dung lao ddng se gay gat hdn va cang lam giam kha nang thu hiit d i u vao linh vufc niy, dan den q u i trinh chuyen mdn h o i diia tren trinh dp lao dpng ngay cing s i u sac.
Dong FDI vdo cdc nUdc phdt trien cd suy gidm, song gid tri tuyet dot FDI vdo cdc nUdc ndy vdn chie'm ty trgng ldn so vdi FDI vdo cdc nUdc dang phdt irien.
Ne'u nhu tdng gia tri FDI nam 1980
chi d mufc 692.714 trieu USD, thi con
sd' n i y da dat mufc 1.950.303 trieu
USD nam 1990, 6.089.884 nam 2000
va 8.245.074 nam 2003. Trong dd, cac
nUdc p h i t trien chie'm hdn 2/3, vdi gii
tri 5.701.633 trieu USD, cdn cic nUdc
dang phat trien chi chie'm 2.280.171
trieu USD, Nam 2004, ddng FDI vao
cic nUdc dang p h i t trien dat mufc ky
luc la 233 ty USD, song ciing chi
chie'm 36% tdng FDI the gidi, va cdn
kem FDI vao cac nUdc phat trien la
147 ty USD. Ty le nay cfing hau nhU
chUa thay ddi tinh tdi cudi nam 2005
khi cac nudc p h i t t r i e n t h u hiit tdi 70,3%, cdn cac nudc d a n g p h i t t r i e n chi t h u hiit dUdc 29,7% tdng g i i tri FDI t o a n c i u .
Gid tri vo'n FDI ddu tii vdo ngdnh dich vu ngdy cdng gia tdng vd vitdt qud FDI vdo ngdnh che tgo, chuyen nen kinh te the gidi sang nen kinh te dich vu.
Trong giai doan 1990-2002, tdng lUdng vd'n d i u tif t n i c tiep nUdc n g o i i t o i n c i u v i o linh vufc dich vu da t a n g hdn bd'n l i n . N a m 2002, n g i n h dich vu chie'm hdn 60% t d n g lUdng vd'n FDI toan c i u , so vdi mufc dudi 50% mpt t h a p ky trUdc dd. NgUdc lai, cung trong thdi gian n i y mac du tdng lu'dng FDI vao n g i n h che t a o t a n g g i n ba l i n song vdi mufc t a n g c h a m hdn n g a n h dich vu n e n ty le FDI vao n g a n h che tao t r o n g tdng lUdng FDI da giam tif 4 1 % n a m 1990 xud'ng cdn 34% n a m 2002. N g i n h dich vu hien ddng gdp 60% G D P cila t h e gidi (Lovelock v i Wirtz, 2007). T r o n g giai doan 1988-2003, ddng gdp ciia n g a n h dich vu cho g i i t r i gia t a n g cua t o i n nen k i n h te O E C D t a n g tuf 60% len 68%, cdn ddng gdp cua n g i n h cdng nghiep lai giam tii 34% xud'ng cdn 29%. Xu h u d n g F D I vao n g i n h dich vu t a n g n h a n h x u a t h i e n tuf nhUng n a m 1990 do c i c n h i c u n g cap dich vu t a n g cudng t h i e t lap suf "hien dien thUdng m a i " t a i c i c t h i t r u d n g nUdc ngoai. Hien dien thUdng mai la phUdng thufc c u n g cap dich vu t h d n g qua sii hien dien ciia c i c n h a cung cap ciia mdt nifdc d t r o n g l a n h thd ciia nUdc k h i c va dieu n i y t h u d n g ddi hdi p h i i d i u t u v i o mdt b o a t dpng dich vu nao dd. Tuy n h i e n , h i u h e t g i i tri FDI v i o k h u vufc dich vu lai do c i c nUdc p h i t t r i e n t h u hiit difdc. T r c n g giai doan tui 1989 den 1991, t r o n g tdng g i i tri 118.229 t r i e u U S D v i o
k h u vufc dich vu, c i c nUdc p h i t trien t h u hiit dUdc 117.209 t r i e u USD sc vdi
1.020 t r i e u U S D cua c i c nUdc dang p h i t t r i e n . Con sd tUdng iing giai doan 2001-2003 l i 490.767; 463.975 va 26.778 t n e u USD. N h u vay, mac du suf van ddng cua ddng FDI cd nhieu bien ddi, song ty le g i i tri FDI thu b u t dUdc v i ty le FDI vae k h u viic dich vu gifia c i c nUdc p h i t t r i e n va d a n g p h i t trien la g i n n h u khdng t h a y ddi.
NhUng con sd' n i y cho tha'y, mac du siic hiit ddi vdi FDI da t a n g len nhieu l i n , song cac nUdc p h i t trien van cd ldi t h e gan nhU t u y e t ddi trong cic linh viic dich vu, va s i n x u a t gan vdi cdng n g h e cac, p h i n i n h tUdng quan sufc c a n h t r a n h giuta h a i khdi nu'dc.
Thee mpt b i o c i o cua OECD. FDI vao n g i n h dich vu d c i c nUdc OECD tap t r u n g v i o c i c n g i n h n h u b i n le, ngan h i n g , dich vu k i n h doanh, vien thdng, k h i c h san v i n h i h a n g la nhUng n g a n h can cd suf hien dien thu'dng mai de tien h a n h b o a t dpng k m h doanh.
Song, FDI vao c i c llnh viic nhU giao due, y te, c i c dich vu c i n h a n va xa hpi cdn b a n che. C i c yeu td' thiic d i y FDI v i o linh vufc dich vu gom cd: Mpt so' s i n p h a m dich vu van khd the luu trU v i van chuyen n e n can cd sii hien dien thifdng mai d nUdc ngoai, chUa ke n h i e u dich vu c i n cd sii tiep xUc giUa ngUdi vdi ngUdi. Suf k h i c biet ve van hda b a n che n h u c i u ddi vdi cac s i n p h a m dich vu n h a p k h a u . Mac dU cd n h i e u linh viic dich vu dUdc md ciia cho d i u t u nUdc ngoai song van cdn tdn tai mdt sd' r i o c i n ddi vdi thu'dng mai va d i u tU v i d mdt sd n g i n h dich vu. Xu t h e cua c i c cdng ty cung Ung dich vu md rdng d i u tU nUdc n g c i i n h i m t a n g d d a n h sd khi thi trUdng ndi dia bad hda, dac biet ia xu the t a n g cUdng d i u tU vad Hnh viic dich vu cua c i c cdng ty xuyen qudc gia
26 SO 12-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
(TNCs) t h d n g q u a t h a m gia v i d c i c du i n lien d c a n h . t h o a t h u a n hdp t i c va lien m m h . m u a lai va s i p n h i p vdi c i c ddi t i c nu'dc ngoai.
Chdu A tiep tuc Id dia diem hdp ddn vdi FDI nhiing dang cd xu hiidng chdm lgi.
N a m 2005. c h a u A t h u h u t dupc hdn 15"n g i i tri FDI t h e gidi sd vdi k h o a n g 10"n g i i tri t h u hiit dufdc vad n a m 1980. Rieng k h u vufc N a m . Ddng va Ddng N a m A t h u h u t du'dc g i n 14°o tdng g i i tri FDI t h e gidi sd vdi muc k h d a n g 8°'n n a m 1980. D i n g lUu y. ngudn FDI x u a t p h i t tuf c h a u A cung gia t a n g d i n g ke. T r c n g bdi c i n h nhieu nen k i n h te ldn t r e n t h e gidi lam vac suy t h o i i t h i h a i n e n k i n h te mdi ndi T r u n g Qud'c va An Dp da trd t h a n h cac n h a d i u tU r a nUdc ngoai q u a n trpng, t r o n g dd, d i u tU r a nu'dc ngoai cua T r u n g Qud'c dac biet t a n g cao, dat 52 ty U S D n a m 2008, b i n g
132°'o so vdi n a m 2007. T u y n h i e n . theo B i o c i o ciia U N C T A D . do c h u a t h e t h o i t khdi cdn sd'c k h i i n g h o i n g tai chinh va k m h te t o a n c i u . FDI tai c i c k h u viic N a m A. Ddng A va Ddng N a m A da va d a n g c h a m lai tut quy IV/2008, va g l i m 1/3 t r o n g quy 1/2009 so vdi cimg ky 2008,
Mot so d e xua't d a y m a n h t h u h u t FDI of V i e t N a m
Ke tii khi thufc hien L u a t D i u tU t n i c tiep nu'dc ngoai ( t h i n g 12/1987), cho den nay, d i u tif t n i c tiep nu'dc ngoai da dUdc n h i n n h a n nhU l i mot t r o n g nhutng "tru cot" t a n g trifdng k m h te ciia Viet N a m , Vai trd ciia FDI difdc t h e hien r a t ro q u a viec ddng gdp vao c i c yeu t d q u a n t r p n g cua t a n g t r u d n g n h u bd s u n g n g u d n vd'n d a u tU.
day m a n h x u a t k h a u , c h u y e n giao cdng nghe, p h i t tridn n g u d n n h a n lufc
va tao viec l i m , , , Ngoai ra, FDI ciing ddng gdp tich cue v i o t a o ngudn thu n g a n sach v i thiic day Viet N a m hdi n h a p s a u r d n g vao n e n k i n h te the gidi, Nhd cd suf ddng gdp q u a n trpng cua FDI m a Viet N a m da d a t dUdc td'c dp t a n g trUdng k i n h te cao trong n h i e u n a m q u a va dUdc bie't de'n la qudc gia p h i t t r i e n n a n g dpng, ddi mdi, t h u hiit dUdc suf q u a n t a m cua cdng ddng qud'c te,
Theo Cue D a u t u nifdc n g o i i - Bp Ke hoach va D a u tu, t r o n g 5 nam (2001- 2005), Viet N a m t h u hiit 18,5 ty U S D vd'n d a u t u t n i c tiep nUdc n g o i i : n a m 2006 d a t t r e n 12 ty USD;
n a m 2007 vUdt ngUdng 20 ty USD, t a n g g i n 70% so vdi n a m 2006, Dac biet, n a m 2008, lUdng vd'n FDI dang ky mdi v i t a n g t h e m dat 64,01 ty U S D . t a n g h d n b a l i n so vdi n a m 2007, T r o n g 11 t h i n g d a u n a m 2009, t i n h c h u n g c i cap mdi v i t a n g vo'n, c i c n h i d i u tU nUdc ngoai da d a n g ky d a u t u vao Viet N a m 19,7 ty USD, Tuy chi b a n g 2 8 % so vdi cung ky 2008 nhUng day c u n g l i con sd' k h i cao t r o n g bdi c a n h k h i i n g b e i n g k i n h te hien nay, Mufc vd'n d a n g ky mdi v i t a n g t h e m 3 n a m 2006-2008 da vUdt t r e n 70% m u c t i e u 5 n a m 2006-2010, Tuy n h i e n , n a m t r c n g xu h u d n g tdan cau boa va hdi n h a p k i n h te qud'c te, ddng FDI v i o Viet N a m d a n g chiu t i c dpng m a n h cua suf dich c h u y e n ddng FDI qud'c te, cua mdi trUdng FDI qud'c te v i t r o n g nUdc, cua q u i t r i n h tuf do h o i thUdng mai, NhUng t i c ddng nay d a n g tiep tuc m a n g de'n nhutng cd hdi va k h d n g it nhUng t h a c h thufc ddi vdi chie'n lUdc t h u hiit F D I cua Viet Nam, De day m a n h t h u hiit ddng vd'n FDI chd c i c n a m tdi, c a n q u a n t a m giai quyet tdt c i c v a n de sau:
Mgt Id, t i e p tuc t a o mdi trUdng p h a p ly dn d i n h , r i s o i t l u a t p h i p .
chinh s i c h ve d i u t u p h u hdp va cap n h a t vdi tieu c h u a n l u a t p h i p qud'c te, cac cam k e t vdi WTO - v a n d u n g c i c bien p h i p xiic t i e n d i u t u t r e n cd sd dac t h u ldi t h e so s a n h cua Viet N a m . N a n g cao h i e u q u a viec chd'ng t h a m n h u n g , tieu cufc v i t i n h t r a n g n h u n g nhieu ddi vdi n h a d a u tu. Ben canh dd thufc hien c i c g i i i p h i p n h a m dUa L u a t sufa ddi, bd s u n g mpt so' dieu ciia Bp l u a t Lao dpng v i o thufc te cudc song de n g a n ngufa t i n h t r a n g dinh cdng b i t hdp p h i p , l a n h m a n h hda q u a n he lao ddng theo t i n h t h i n cua Bp l u a t Lao ddng
Hai la, chd t r p n g p h i t t r i e n thi trudng t r o n g nUdc, ke't ndi t h i t r u d n g trong nUdc vdi t h i trUdng n g d i i nUdc v i khdng ngufng md r d n g t h i t r u d n g n g o i i nUdc, dac biet l i t h i trUdng chau A, tao life h u t ldn hdn ddi vdi FDI. Nghien cufu, de xui't c h i n h s i c h van dpng, t h u hiit d i u tU ddi vdi c i c tap doan da qud'c gia c u n g nhU cd chinh s i c h r i e n g ddi vdi tifng t a p d o i n va cic ddi t i c t r p n g diem n h u c i c qudc gia t h i n h vien EU, Hoa Ky...
Ba la, xay dufng quy hoach tdng the ngudn n h i n lufc cua c i nUdc, ciia tufng bp, n g i n h v i dia phUdng; dac biet chii trpng p h i t trien ngudn n h a n lufc cua cic nganh cd h a m lUdng cdng nghe cac. Day l i mdt trong nhiing yeu td' lufc hiit quyet dinh ddi vdi ddng FDI v i o k h u vufc dich vu v i t h a m dung tri thufc, cong nghe.
Trong bdi c i n h n e n k m h te the gidi van d a n g p h i i ddi m a t vdi cudc k h u n g h o i n g k i n h te t a i chinh chUa tiing cd t r o n g lich suf bdi quy md va mufc dp t r i m t r p n g cua nd, ddng vd'n FDI qud'c te se tiep tuc cd nhiing bien ddng khd ludng. Du b i o t r o n g nhUng n a m tdi, viec t h u h u t FDI cua Viet Nam chac c h a n se gap k h d n g it khd k h a n , dac biet l i vd'n FDI g i i i n g a n cd the se g i i m manh, Dieu dd dang ddi hdi sii nd lufc, cd' gang cua cic cap, cic nganh vdi nhieu giii p h i p ddng bp, phu hdp, tiep tuc cung cd' long tin cua n h a dau tU ddi vdi mdi trUdng kinh doanh tai Viet Nam, tao hieu ufng lan t o i va t i c dpng den n h a dau t u mdi •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. PGS, TS. Nguyen Hong Sdn - TS. Nguyen Manh Hung: Xu hu(6ng phat trien nganh dich vu hien nay tren the gidi va nhting van de dat ra vdi siJ phat trien nganh dich vu 'Viet Nam; Hdi thao 'Viet Nam hdc 2008 2. Do Hdang Long: Tac dpng ciia toan cau hda
kinh te doi v6i ddng von d^u Hi true tiep nUdc ngoai vao Viet Nam; 2008
3. Jagdish, N . Bhagwati (2004). "Ly thuyet thuang mai bj lay dong", Bu.siness Week, 6/12/2004
4. Theo American Today, 09/2/2006 5. Bad cad OECD, 2000, Tr. 25, 26 6. http://www.unctad.drg/
7. http://fia.mpi.gov.vn
