CHiNH SACH DOI NOI MY HIEN NAY
Th.S. N g u y e n Anh Hiing Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My
1. K h a i q u a t t i n h h i n h n i f d c M y h i e n n a y
Ve m a t chinh tri, t i n h h i n h nUdc My hien n a y k h i dn dinh, trong dd yeu to' tieu bieu nha't la sii ndi len vd lanh dgo he thdng chinh tri cua ddng Ddn chu. T r o n g cupc tdng t u y e n cuf hdi t h i n g 11/2008, d i n g D a n chu da t h u dUdc chien t h i n g v a n g dpi khi gianh dUdc chiec ghe tdng thd'ng (ufng vien B a r a c k O b a m a t h a n g i p d i o ifng vien Cong hda J o h n McCain vdi ty le phieu dai cuf tri 365/173), 56 t r o n g 100 ghe tai Thuo'ng vien, 255 t r o n g 435 ghe tai H a vien va da so' t r o n g 50 ghe thd'ng dd'c b a n g ' . NhU vay, chinh quyen My h i e n n a y ( c i m quyen til t h i n g 1/2009) thuoc ve d a n g D a n chu va boat dpng k h i sudn se vi suf ket hdp giUa mdt Tdng thd'ng vdi Quo'c hpi ddng d a n g . D i n g D a n chu hien cung cd so' t h i n h vien ky luc - da so' l i t h i n h p h i n cap tien (progressive) - vdi tdng lUcing len tdi 74 t r i e u d i n g vien (gap rUdi so' lUdng d a n g vien cua d a n g Ccng hda).
Ve m a t k i n h te. nUdc My hien nay bdt ddu thodt khdi suy thodi kinh te nhiing phuc hdi chdm va cdn p h a i doi phd vdi n h i e u h a u q u a . Cupc suy t h c i i k i n h te - tai c h i n h My dien r a lien tuc tuf cUdi n a m 2007, de'n quy III/2009 thi c h a m day va h i e n n a y coi nhU da cha'm dift, b i t d i u di len. Tuy nhien, h a u q u i h i e n r a t n a n g ne: suf suy g i i m siic m u a va d i u t u t u n h a n ; s i n
x u a t cdng nghiep v i xua't k h a u g i i m m a n h ; n h i e u d o a n h nghiep ldn va ngan h i n g hi p h i s i n , g i i i the; cic doanh nghiep nhd chuyen hUdng d i u t u ra nUdc ngoai... Dac biet, ty le t h a t nghiep n a m 2009 con r a t cao - t r e n 7,5% (dao dpng tif, mufc 7,6% t h i n g 1/2009 den 9,5% t h i n g 6/2009'). N a m 2009, t a n g trUdng G D P cua My Udc tinh van la am (-2%); t h a m h u t n g a n s i c h n a m tai khoa 2009 (1/10/2008 - 30/9/2009) len tdi 1.400 ty USD - gap 3 l i n t h a m h u t n g a n s i c h n a m tai khda 2008 (459 ty USD), trd t h a n h mufc t h a m h u t ky luc tii n a m 1945 den nay; v i tdng nd nUdc n g o i i cua My hien da t r e n 11.000 ty USD. Nhd nhUng chinh s i c h k i n h te kip thdi cua chinh quyen O b a m a - dac biet la gdi kich thich k i n h te 787 ty USD dUdc thong qua t h i n g 2/2009 - ma nen k i n h te My d a n g hdi p h u c vdi c i c dau hieu k h i q u a n : t h i trUdng chifng k h o i n t a n g hen tuc tuf t h i n g 3/2009, thi trUdng b a t dpng s i n cha'm diit k h i m g b e i n g v i b i t d a u dn dinh tuf t h i n g 4/2009, ty le t h a t n g h i e p lien tuc giam tii t h i n g 7/2009, t a n g trUdng GDP quy I I I / 2 0 0 9 d a t t d i 3 , 5 % . . .
Ve m a t xa hpi, d My hien nay v i n dien ra sit phdn hdd mgnh me gida cdc giai tdng, vdi vi the cua gidi tre vd tdng ldp trung litu ngdy mgt gia tdng.
N h i nUdc d a n g t a p t r u n g vac cac chinh sach a n s i n h xa hpi, trdng dd vdn de chdm sdc sdc khoe Id trgng tdm vi linh vufc n a y bien ddi phiic t a p va
26 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY ngdn nhieu ngan quy an sinh xa hdi
nha't cua c i chinh quyen lan dan chiing. Nhu ciu suf dung nang lUdng len cao khien My la nUdc phai nhap khau d i u lUa ldn nha't the gidi (khoing hdn 10 trieii thiing d i u mdi ngay, trdng dd 1/3 den tii' Venezuela);
dil viec s i n xua't nang lUdng sach dUdc d i u tu, khuyen khich nhUng ty le ngudn nang lUdng nay hien van chUa vUdt q u i dUdc 10°-o trdng tdng ngudn nang lUdng... Thanh qua trdng nU6c dang ke nhat cua My l i llnh viic gido due va chd'ng khung bd'. My dang
cd mpt nen giio due rat dn dinh va p h i t trien, vdi nhUng thanh tich giac due xep hang d i u the gidi. Cdn ve cho'ng khimg bd', sau vu 11/9/2001, cimg vdi viec t h i n h lap Bp An ninh npi dia la nhiing chinh sich, ke hoach, bien p h i p an ninh nghiem ngat, kip thdi, hieu qua, nen cho den nay, d My chUa xiy ra them vu khimg bd'nid.
2. Nhufng c h i n h s a c h doi noi cd b a n c u a My h i e n n a y
2.1. Thiet lap vd phdt trien mot Ngi cdc da dgng, cdi md, ldm viec hieu qud Ngay sau khi dac cif, Tdng thd'ng Obama da b i t tay vao thie't lap Npi cac v i ong trd thanh Tdng thd'ng My thie't lap xong dUdc tan Npi cac sdm nhat - h i n 1 t h i n g trUdc khi nham chiic (20/12/2008 - 20/1/2009). Chu trUdng xay diing mpt Ndi cac da dang, cdi md va lam viec hieu qua. Obama da lufa chpn, bd nhiem nhiing thanh vien nhieu tinh each v i gd'c gic phong phU: 3 ngUdi gdc A, 3 ngUdi gd'c My Latinh, 4 ngUdi gd'c Phi. 6 ngudi la phu nU. 2 ngudi la dang vien Cong boa (khong cimg dang Dan chu vdi Tdng thdng)... Ba Hilda Solis l i nhan vat cd xu hudng c i n h t i trdng dang Dan chu dUdc giao giut chiic Bp trUdng Lad ddng. Hai dng La Hood va Robert
Gates la dang vien Cong hda cdi md, dUdc bd nhiem giut chiic Bp trUdng Giao thong va Bp trUdng Quo'c phdng, nhu mpt bieu tUdng cua doan ket ludng dang. Nhiing ngUdi cdn lai trong tan Npi cac cua Tdng tho'ng Obama dUdc danh gia la cd xu hudng trung dung. Hp la nhiing ngUdi cd ca tinh manh. cd nang lufc, thufc dung va linh dpng, khac han nhiing nhan vat le me trcng Npi cac tien nhiem Bush. Truf ong Bill Richardson tii nguyen riit lui khdi chufc Bp trudng ThUdng mai (ngay 4/1/2009) dd mpt sd be bdi ca nhan, toin bp tan Npi cac cua Obama da dUdc ThUdng vien My phe chuan vac t h i n g 2/2009 va hoat dpng kha suon se, hieu qua tuf dd cho den nay.
Nhin mpt each sau hdn se thay, Tdng thd'ng Obama cdn n g i m chia Npi cic cua minh t h a n h 4 nhdm ma trUdng nhdm nhU nhutng ccng cu thiet thufc giiip ong dieu h i n h 4 linh vufc cd b i n : Joseph Biden. Phd Tdng thd'ng - kiem scat nhdm cd the lufc ve Nha Trang: Rahm Emanuel, Chinh Van phdng Npi cic - kiem soit nhdm cd the ilic ve moi trUdng; Timdthy Geithner, Bp trUdng Tai chinh - kiem scat nhdm cd the lufc ve he thd'ng dii trut lien hang; v i Hillary Clinton, Ngoai trUdng - kiem scat nhdm cd the liic ve chinh sich doi ngoai.
2.2. Khoi phuc nen kinh te vd tdi chinh
Chinh sich khdi phuc nen kinh te va tai chinh tieu bieu nha't l i viec chinh quyen Obama da xay dutng va thuyet phuc hai Vien cua Qud'c hpi My thong qua gdi kich thich kinh te ldn nhat trong lich suf Hca Ky tri gia 787 ty USD, dUdc Tong tho'ng ky ban hanh thanh luat vac ngay 17/2/2009 vdi ten gpi Dao luat Phuc hdi va Tai d i u tU My (ARRA of 2009). Gdi kich thich kinh te nay ra ddi da tao dUdc niem
tin vao suf vufc day cua nen kinh te My. Gdi nay chu ye'u la c i t giam thue va kich thich tieu dimg n h i m kich cau kinh te (danh 36% cho cic khoin c i t giam thue, 64% cho cic chUdng trinh xa hpi va d i u tU). Theo chUdng trinh nay, dai da sd ngudi lao dpng se dUdc giam thue - tuf 1/4/2009, mdi gia dinh tiet kiem dUdc khcang 65 USD mdi t h i n g va cd chufng 95%) sd hp gia dinh My n i m trong dien nay. Ke hoach kich thich kinh te cua chinh quyen Obama cung hudng tdi hd trd cho cic nan nhan cua suy t h c i i dudi dang trd cap that nghiep, cufu trd lUdng thufc thufc pham, cham sdc sutc khoe... Tuy nhien, nhUng ngudi thu nhap cac nha't (khoing 2% so' ngUdi phai ddng thue) se p h i i chiu mufc thue thu nhap cao hdn: chinh quyen Obama dii kien tang thue thu nhap tii 35% len 39,5%o ddi vdi nhUng ngUdi co thu nhap cao khdng dudi 250.000 USD mdi nam. Theo danh gii cua Van phdng N g i n sich Qud'c hpi Hoa Ky (CBO), gdi kich thich kmh te 787 ty USD nay se lam tang GDP len 3,8% trong quy IV/2009 va tao them 2,3 trieu viec lim mdi trong cung thdi ky'l Dieu n i y cung cd nghia l i lam cho suy thoii kinh te giam thieu va tao ra nhUng hy vpng mdi cho cic n h i kinh doanh.
Chinh quyen Obama cung dang thufc hien chUdng trinh cho vay, hd trd doanh nghiep v i ca nhan vdi ba phUdng thifc. Mdt Id, lap ra mpt quy cho vay mdi, giiip cung cap hieu qua cic khoan vay mua d td, vay t r i hpc phi, vay kinh doanh nhd cho ngUdi tieu dimg v i cic doanh nghiep. Hai Id, dua ra ke hoach nha d de giiip kheang 9 trieu gia dinh dang phai ddi mat vdi mdi de dea tich thu tai s i n the chap, giam hdt cic khoin thanh toan hang t h i n g cua hp va t i i t i i trd
cho cac tai s i n the chi'p cua hp (tren thufc te, mpt gia dinh trung binh ne'u tiep tuc nhan dUdc tai trd nhu vay co the tiet kiem g i n 2.000 USD moi nam trong tai san the chap cua hp). Ba Id, diing sifc manh v i sii b i c trd cua chinh quyen lien bang de dim bio ring, nhUng ngan h i n g chu yeu ma ngUdi My diia vid ludn cd du uy tin v i tien bae de cho vay ngay c i trong nhUng thdi diem khd khan nha't; budc cic chu ngan hang phai chiu trich nhiem cac, p h i i dieu chinh kinh doanh v i can ddi quye't t o i n cin thiet de ngan hang minh ludn tdn tai va phuc vu tich ciic khich hang.
2.3. Chdng ldng phi vd sd dung tie't kiem, hieu qud cong quy
Tuf khi len nam quyen cud'i t h i n g 1/2009 cho den nay, chinh quyen Obama rat chii trpng thufc hien nhUng chinh sich chd'ng tham nhung, lang phi, tieu hieu la:
Thd nhd't, chi thi cho ta't c i t h i n h vien Npi cac, nhdng quan chute hanh p h i p lien bang, thd'ng dd'c chinh quyen bang va thi trUdng chinh quyen dia phUdng p h i i chiu t r i c h nhiem trUdc Tong thd'ng va nhan dan ve viec suf dung tifng khoin n g i n quy cdng cua hp. Obama cung thiet lap mpt cd quan thanh s i t gdm mpt Tdng thanh tra cung cic nhan vien giiu ban linh, kinh nghiem chuyen mdn, trung thufc v i nhiet tinh de di giim sat, p h i t hien mpi trUdng hdp lang phi va gian ddi trong chi tieu cdng quy.
Thd hai, chinh quyen cho lap mpt website vdi ten gpi la recovery.com de mpi ngudi My cd the tha'y dUdc tien cua hp dang dUdc suf dung nhU the nid va d dau^
Thd ba, chinh quyen xem xet ky lUdng tifng van de trdng duf thid ban tdng the ngan sich lien bang h i n g nam de Icai bd nhUng chUdng trinh
28 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY gay lang phi va kem hieu qua, vdi dii
kien se tiet kiem dUdc 2.000 ty USD trong thap ky tdi. Trong ngan sach nay. se cham dift cac chUdng trinh giao due khong hieu qua va cham dift viec trd cap triic tiep cho cic n g i n h nong nghiep ldn khong can den khoin trd cap dd. Loai bd cac hdp ddng khdng qua dau t h i u da gay lang phi nhieu ty USD d Iraq va ddi mdi ngan sich quo'c phong de khong phai tra tien cho cic he tho'ng vu khi tif thdi Chien tranh Lanh m i My hien khdng sif dung. Triet p h i suf lang phi, lufa dio va lam dung trcng chUdng trinh cham soc sifc khoe. Cham dift viec cat giim thue doi vdi cic cdng ty dau tU ra nUdc ngoii va ddi vdi nhiing ngUdi My giiu CO nhat (chiem khoing 2% so' ngu'di My phai dong thue thu nhap).
Thd tii, cam ban lanh dao cic ngan hang va cong ty t i i chinh mua sam hoang phi va chi thifdng qua miic cho nhung thanh vien cua minh.
Thii ndm, tap trung sufa doi cich thufc ma Chinh phu phan bd cac hdp ddng va dau t h i u . Tii d i u t h i n g 3/2009. Tdng tho'ng Obama da chi thi cho Giim dd'c Ngan sich Nha T r i n g Peter Orszag pho'i hdp vdi cic thanh vien Npi cic cung nhung quan chute khic soan t h i o cic quy dinh hdp ddng mdi va soan xong vao cud! t h i n g 9/2009. Ke hoach nay n h i m tang cUdng tinh minh bach va cac dieu khoin kiem toan trong cic hdp ddng, nhd vay se khien cic n h i t h i u khd cd the xam pham tien cua nhung ngUdi ddng thue. nen se tiet kiem che nhiing ngu'di dong thue My mdi nam tdi 40 ty USD. Ngoai ra. ke hoach n i y ciing se giup cic nha t h i u dpc lap cd the kiem du'dc cac duf i n tri gia tdi khoang 500 ty USD moi nam.
2.4. Phdt trien ndng liidng sgch, ndng liidng tdi sinh vd sd dung hdu ich ndng liidng
Chinh quyen Obama khang dinh dang va se phat trien manh nang lUdng sach, nang lUdng tai sinh va sif dung hiiu ich nang lUdng - du nhiing linh vufc nay dang thua xa Nhat Ban, Dufc v i ci Trung Qudc. Ngudn nang lUdng sach, nang lUdng tai sinh hien mdi chi chiem chUa diy 10% trong tdng ngudn nang lUdng dUdc suf dung tai My.
Trong gdi kich thich kinh te 787 ty USD, chinh quyen suf dung 50 ty USD chd ke hoach p h i t trien va md rpng tai s i n xua't nang lUdng. Trong 3 nam tdi. ngudn nang lUdng t i i sinh cua My du kien se dUdc tang gap ddi. Qud'c hpi dang scan thao dac luat dat ra mifc gidi ban tran diia tren thi trUdng dd'i vdi mufc dp d nhiem khi cacbon va thiic day viec san xua't nhieu hdn nang lUdng cd the tai che d My. Chinh quyen se d i u tU 15 ty USD mdi nam de phat trien cic cdng nghe ve nang lUdng sach va hiiu ich nhU: nang lUdng siic gid. nang lUdng mat trdi, nhien lieu sinh hpc tien tien, than sach va cac chung loai xe d td suf dung nhien lieu tiet kiem, hieu q u i .
2.5. Ddu tit cho chdm sdc sdc khoe Phai dd'i dien vdi mpt thufc te l i tuy he thd'ng dich vu cham sdc sifc khoe d My nhiing nam g i n day ludn dufng hang d i u the gidi nhUng ngdn mpt lUdng ngan sach khimg khiep (nam 2008 chi tdi 2.300 ty USD, chie'm 16%
GDP), ngoai ra, hien van cdn gin 50 trieu ngUdi My khdng cd hao hiem y te va nhieu ngUdi khac khong h i i long khi bd tien ra mua, ddng thdi nhiing ngUdi cd h i o hiem y te nhUng chi dUdc hudng mpt so' dich vu cham sdc siic khoe nha't dinh ciing len tdi 25 trieu ngUdi, nen chinh quyen Obama dUa
ra va thufc hien mpt so chinh sich phu can thufc hien ngay nhiing chUdng trpng tam sau: trinh phit trien giao due sau day:
Ngay tuf giiia t h i n g 2/2009, Qudc Mgt Id, xay diing mot nen giio due hpi da thong qua luat cung cap v i hoan chinh va mang tinh canh tranh.
bao dam b i o hiem y te cho 11 trieu Md rong dang ke giio due m i m non tre em My cd cha me l i m viec day du va se tiep tuc cai thien chat lUdng he thdi gian. thd'ng giid due nay.
Chinh phu tap trung v i d i u tU ldn Hai la, cung cap cic ngudn liic cin nhat vao cdng t i e cham sdc phdng thiet de ngan chan nhUng sii- cat ngufa. Ddng thdi, cung se d i u tu vio giam v i sa thai giio vien. Khuyen ho sd sifc khoe dien tuf va cdng nghe khich, khen thUdng suf nhiet tinh mdi de giam bdt nhiing sai set ding giing day v i chat lUdng chuyen mdn tiec, d i m bao nhUng bi mat rieng tu cua giio vien.
va ha thap chi phi cho ngUdi dan khi Ba Id, thufc hien ke hoach giiip hudng dich vu cham sdc sutc khoe. them gin 7 trieu hpc sinh cd the tiep
Cic chUdng trinh, ke hoach tim kiem can dUdc vdi giang dudng dai hpc. Con sii chuta tri nhUng can benh nan y (ung em cua khoang 95% so' gia dinh dang thu, AIDS...) dUdc thufc hien vdi nhUng cd thu nhap dudi 250.000 USD mdi phUdng thifc, xu hUdng mdi de cd the nam hien nay dUdc trd cap 2.500 USD nhanh chdng dat ket qua hdn. mdi ngUdi trdng ca qua trinh hpc dai
D i n g chii y nha't l i , dau ' t h i n g hpc (4 nam).
9/2009, Tdng thd'ng Obama de nghi Bdn Id, de nghi mpi ngUdi dan My Qud'c hpi nhanh chdng thdng qua duf cam ket d i n h it nha't 1 nam tham gia luat ve ke hoach cai each y te. Npi giio due dai hpc hoac dao tao nghe".
dung chinh cua ke hoach n i y la n h i m Yeu ciu phu huynh hpc sinh ket hdp dua dich vu bio hiem y te tdi hau het quan ly v i giio due con em minh chat mpi ngUdi va c i t giam chi phi de giam che, hieu q u i hdn d nhUng liic va g i n h nang cho ngan sich. Neu dUdc nhUng ndi ngoii trUdng hpc.
thufc hien, khoing 97% dan sd My se Ndm Id, thdng qua v i thufc hien cd bio hiem y te, dUdc hUdng day du luat ve khuyen khich phat trien giic mpi dich vu cham sdc siic khoe v i due, tao dieu kien theo hpc dai hpc v i ngan sich chi p h i i chi khoang 900 ty ha mute hpc phi do hai ThUdng Nghi si USD mdi nam.^ Orrin Hatch v i Edward Kennedy khdi
2.6. Phdt trien mgnh ngdnh gido diic xUdng, de trinh.
Mac du nganh giao due My da va 2.7. Duy tri dn dinh an ninh ngi dia dang dat nhiing thanh tich hang diu vd cung co qud'c phdng
the gidi, nhUng trong Thdng diep lien Du sau vu khung bd 11/9/2001, npi bang ngiy 24/2/2009, Tdng thd'ng dia nUdc My chUa phai chiu them vu Obama canh bao rang, thufc trang nen nio niia, nhUng nguy cd la rat cac. De giae due My chUa dat dUdc chat lUdng dam bid duy tri an ninh npi dia, tUdng xifng vdi hinh thifc cua nd; suf thd chinh quyen Obama dang dUa ra v i d vdi giao due cdn cao, ty le bd hpc dai thiic hien cac chUdng trinh: md rpng hpc d My la nhieu nha't sd vdi bat ky chiic nang, quyen han va suf lien ket quc'c gia ccng nghiep hda nao va mpt vdi cic cd quan k h i c cua Bp An nmh nuta sd sinh vien khdng hac gid hoan npi dia; nang cao chuyen mdn v i thanh viec hpc hanh cua minh... Chinh phUdng tien ky thuat cua lufc lifdng
30 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY cho'ng khung bo'; khong dan t r i i m i tap
trung chd'ng nguy cd khimg bo' vao cac khu vTfc va thdi diem nhay cam, cii thien cdng tic duf bao de dat dp chinh xic hdn: de phong nhung phUdng tien v i hinh thifc khung bo' mdi cd the xiy ra tren dat My (dimg %!! khi hda hpc.
sinh hpc. dien. nUdc... tao dich benh, hda hoan... tren dien rpng).
Ve cimg co' quo'c phong, chinh quyen Obama tiep tuc d i u tu p h i t tnen cic loai vu khi mdi (siing laser, ten lufa sdng. bdm thong minh, m i y bay khong ngUdi lai. robot chien tranh...), tinh nhue hda quan dpi, tang lufc lUdng phdng thu bd bien v i linh thuy d i n h bp, tang lUdng cho binh si. tang quyen ldi va cham soc sifc khoe md rpng cho ciiu chien binh.
thiet lap cic khu vufc phdng thu chien lifdc tren dat My. Ta't ca cic boat dpng cung cd quo'c phong deu p h i i hUdng den 5 muc tieu cua Bp Quo'c phdng My: phong thu npi dia vung chic, gianh thang ldi neu cupc chien keo dai, thuc day an ninh tich ciic. ngan chan xung dot hieu q u i va gianh thang lo'i trong chien tranh qud'c te neu My tham gia.
3. Su t h a y doi va cac xu hifo'ng doi noi sap tdi cua c h i n h q u y e n O b a m a
3.1. Ve chinh tri
Tong tho'ng Obama dUdc coi l i mpt n h i chinh tri cdi md. on hoa. thich sii lien ket rpng rai. k h i c h i n ngUdi tien nhiem la Bush vo'n k h i ciing r i n . bio thu va tham chi ciic doan. Dieu nay the hien rat ro r i n g trong viec thiet lap va suf dung Npi cac. Neu nhU Npi cic cua Tdng thdng Obama gdm nhiing thanh vien nhieu tinh each va goc gic phong phii: da sd deu co quan diem trung dung, thufc dung va lam viec nang dpng. hieu qua thi Npi cac cua Tdng thdng tien nhiem Bush gdm
nhutng t h a n h vien h i u het la ngUdi da trang (chi cd 2 ngUdi gd'c Phi, 2 ngUdi gd'c My Latinh. 1 ngUdi gd'c A) va ding vien Cong hda, it phu nut; du da so' l i nhutng nhan vat cao tudi, nhieu kinh nghiem nhifng deu cd quan diem cifng ran. "dieu hau" va chUa linh dpng trcng giai quyet cac van de... Npi cic cua Obama dUdc duf doan la tdn tai lau d i i den het nhiem ky cua Tong thong, se it cd suf thay ddi nhan sii nao - dac biet la trong hai nhdm: co the lufc ve Nha T r i n g (cua Phd Tong thd'ng Joseph Biden) va cd the lufc ve chinh sich doi ngoai (cua Ngoai trUdng Hillary Clinton).
Su ndi len va lanh dao he tho'ng chinh tri cua dang Dan chu cung la mpt suf thay ddi d i n g chii y bdi dang Dan chu chi tifng lam dUdc viec do cich day da 14 nam. Tuy nhien, thufc trang lanh dao toan bp n i y dang phii dUdng dau vdi mpt so'khd khan, thach thufc. Thd nhdt, Tdng thd'ng Obama cua d i n g Dan chu du nhan dUdc nhieu suf tin nhiem. ca ngdi, nhUng van hi phe phan l i cdn ludng lii, mem mdng, thieu quyet doin va thieu cutng ran trong cic hoat dpng chinh tri cin thiet. Thd hai, di s i n lanh dao cua dang Cong hda l i rat nang ne ma d i n g Dan chu chUa de thay ddi. Thd ba, nUdc My dang phuc hdi kinh te rat cham va p h i i dd'i phd vdi tinh hinh ngcai giao phifc tap m i ca chinh quyen lan ban lanh dao va cac co' van cua dang Dan chu van chUa dUa ra dUdc giii phap hieu qua, thiet thufc, dot p h i . Thd tit, ty le chiem da sd^
trong Quo'c hpi lien hang va thd'ng doc cac bang cua dang Dan chu hien nay chi la da so' tUdng doi chut khong phai la da so' ap dao nen rat de cd the hi thay ddi trong ky b i u cuf t h i n g 11/2010 sap tdi - neu dieu nay xay ra thi vi the dang Dan chu giam siit
n h i e u va Tong thd'ng O b a m a v a t va hdn k h i l a n h dad vifa p h a i dd'i d i u vifa p h a i hdp t i c m a n h me vdi d a n g Ccng hda.
3.2. Ve kinh te
Trong cupc hpp b i o n g i y 9/2/2009, Tong thd'ng O b a m a t u y e n bd doan tuyet vdi Tong thd'ng tien n h i e m Bush trong n h a n thufc va hoach dinh chinh s i c h k i n h te c u n g n h u doi phd vdi k h u n g h d i n g , suy t h d i i k i n h te. Thee dng, trdng bd'i c a n h hien nay, N h a nUdc p h a i tich ciic can t h i e p thi mdi cc t h e c h a n hUng n e n k i n h te v i b a n che h a u q u a cua k h u n g hoang, suy t h o i i ; chi C h i n h p h u lien b a n g mdi cd du phUdng tien de hdi p h u c n e n k i n h te dang hi te liet: 'Vdi k h u vufc tU n h a n hi suy yeu n g h i e m t r p n g bdi suy t h d i i , Chinh p h u l i thufc t h e cudi cung cd cic ngudn lufc de l a m hdi sinh n e n kinh te^"'. N h u vay, O b a m a theo chu nghia k i n h te thufc d u n g kieu Clinton; k h i c b i n vdi B u s h theo chu n g h i a kinh te tuf do mdi, vd'n h i e n dien m a n h tii thdi Reagan (giai truf quy dinh, phd mac cho thi trUdng tuf dieu tiet, N h i nUdc chi can t h i e p d mifc td'i thieu).
Tong thd'ng O b a m a d a n g v i se cd ke hoach t a n g t h u e ddi vdi ngUdi giau, giam t h u e dd'i vdi ngUdi nghee v i t r u n g lUu; t a i d a m p h a n Hiep dinh Tii do ThUdng m a i B i c My (NAFTA); t a n g cUdng sutc m a n h cho c i c nghiep doan;
g i i m t h u e ldi n h u a n t h u dUdc tif d i u v i k h i dd't; t a n g t h u e ddi vdi t h u n h ^ p t u b i n va cd tifc cua c i c t a p doan; g i n k i n h te vdi c h i n h sach c h a m soc sutc khoe t o a n dien... Tuy nhien, gidi chuyen gia n h a n dinh, hpc t h u y e t kinh te cua O b a m a cd t h e dem lai t h u n h a p binh q u a n ldn hdn cho ngUdi dan My n h u n g t a n g trUdng k i n h te se cham hdn. Mac du thufc hien chinh sach d i n h t h u e cac, nhUng chinh quyen O b a m a se chi tieu n h i e u hdn va ngan
sach My - vd'n suy g i i m vi chinh s i c h cufu trd t i i chinh va t i c dpng cua suy thoai k i n h te - se t h a m h u t n h i e u hdn.
Ve hieu q u a cua gdi kich thich k m h te 787 ty USD, h i e n da co t i c d u n g tich ciic, nhUng chUa n h i e u . Ly dc cd b a n l i k h d n g p h a i sd' tien k h d n g Id dd dUdc g i i i n g a n n g a y t r o n g n a m 2009 nay, ma chi mpt p h i n : k h o i n g 150 ty USD dUdc g i i i n g a n t r d n g n a m 2009, 400 ty t r o n g n a m 2010 v i so' cdn lai trong nhutng n a m tiep theo. N g o i i ra, gdi kich thich k i n h te n a y cung d a n g va se tao n e n nhUng t h i c h thufc va hoai nghi: ai se la ngUdi "mdc v f cho goi n i y ; l i m t h e nao de dieu phd'i q u i t r i n h va ket q u a thufc thi; g i i m sat va q u i n ly t h e n i o k h o a n vd'n kech sii nay; gdi n a y se tao a n h hUdng chinh tri gi t r o n g n h i e m ky cua Obama?...
3.3. Ve ndng liidng
Neu n h u dd'i vdi chinh quyen Bush trUdc day, n a n g lUdng chi la van de binh t h u d n g , c h u n g c h u n g v i khong cd mpt ke hoach cung cd, p h i t trien cu the n i o , t h i dd'i vdi chinh quyen O b a m a hien nay, n a n g lUdng lai trd t h i n h v a n de q u a n trpng, cap b i c h v i dUdc Uu tien.
Thed chinh s i c h n a n g lUdng cua Obama, trong vdng 10 n a m tdi Chinh p h u My se chi r a 150 ty USD va thufc hien ba muc tieu: gan van de n a n g lUdng vdi kich thich kinh te, giam hieu ifng n h a kinh va p h a t trien an ninh n a n g lUdng. NhU vay, chinh s i c h n i y dUdc coi la "mpt mui ten triing ba dich".
Trong gdi kich thich k i n h te 787 ty USD se CO 50 ty U S D dimg cho ke hoach p h a t t r i e n va md rpng t i i s i n x u a t n a n g lUdng. Muc tieu l i t h d n g qua ke hoach l a m sach n a n g lUdng va p h i t t r i e n ke hoach n a n g lUdng t i i sinh, se l a m t h a y ddi thufc t r a n g n a n g lUdng d My, ddng thdi tad t h e m 460.000 cd hpi viec lam. T r o n g 50 ty
32 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY USD du'dc d i u tu. se cd 14 ty dimg cho
du an cai tao nang lu'dng. 4,5 ty dimg vac viec cii tao he thd'ng dien thong mmh. 6.4 ty dimg cho duf an lam sach nang lupng. 5 ty dimg de cii thien he tho'ng dien gia dinh... Ngoai ra. Chinh phu con se chi 189 ty USD cho he thd'ng "giao thdng xanh" - chu yeu la cai tao he tho'ng giao thong va cong trinh quoc 16 gan vdi van de nang lUdng va moi trUdng.
Trdng chinh sich nang lUdng cua Obama. muc tieu p h i t trien an ninh nang lUdng du'dc coi la chu yeu. Theo do. thd nhdt. van de "nang lu'dng dpc lap" la phUdng an mdi va p h i i cUdng quyet thiic hien sao cho den nam 2019.
My se xoi bd sii phu thuoc vao ngudn nang lu'dng nhap khau tut Trung Ddng va Venezuela, khien cac chinh sich do'i ngcai cua My tai hai khu \'Uc nay dUdc
"tu dd", linh dpng hdn. Thd hai. neu chinh quyen Bush tru'dc day chi quan tam den viec la cac ngudn va cac qud'c gia cung ufng nang lUdng c6 the dap ufng dUp'c nhu cau cua nu'dc My hay khcng thi chinh quyen Obama hien nay lai quan tam den \dec p h i t trien nang lUdng tai sinh, suf dung hieu qui.
tiet kiem nang lu'dng va cupc chien chd'ng bien ddi khi hau ra sao. Bp Nang lUdng My dang len ke hoach cu the ve phat trien nang lu'dng mat trdi.
sifc gio. t i l smh va cic nguon nang lUdng sach khac.
3.4. Ve chdm sdc sdc khoe vd phdt trien gido due
Neu nhu chinh quyen tien nhiem Bush trong cham soc sifc khoe va phat trien giao due thUdng chi tap trung vao cac chu de bifc xiic. mang tinh do'i pho thi chinh quyen Obama lai hudng tdi sii dau tu phat trien rpng rai va toan dien. hieu qua.
Ddi vdi linh vufc cham soc sufc khoe, chinh sich cua Obama la nang cap ha
tang cd sd cua dich vu cham sdc sufc khoe, d i u tu cho viec phdng benh va thufc hien ke hoach cai each y te sac cho h i u het mpi ngUdi My deu dUdc bao hiem y te ma ngan sach chi cho viec nay chi bang mpt niia chinh quyen tien nhiem (chinh quyen Bush tifng chi gap doi trong khi van co khoang 30%) so' ngudi My khdng dUdc bid hiem y te).
Dd'i vdi linh vufc giic due, chinh sich cua Obama la thie't lap mpt nen giio due hoan chinh, mang tinh canh tranh: phat trien ta't ca cac cap giao due. nhu'ng tap trung va Uu tien cap mam non va dai hpc; gia tang quyen ldi cua giao vien; trd cap cho sinh vien: nang cao tinh trach nhiem cua phu huynh va xa hpi dd'i vdi hpc sinh con em minh.
3.5. Ve an ninh ngi dia vd qud'c phong Chinh quyen Bush tuy phat trien manh viec bao ve an ninh npi dia va cho'ng khung bo' nhUng thufc hien con d i n t r i i , khdng trpng tam, lim suy giim hieu qua (canh bao qua mufc, dii bao khimg bd' sai, chi phi nhieu...).
Chinh quyen Obama se khac phuc dieu dd bang viec tap trung vio giai quyet hdp ly ha yeu to' cua cdng viec nay: khu vufc. thdi dierri va nhu cau.
Ve cung co' quo'c phdng, chinh quyen Obama se tinh nhue hoa phUdng tien v i lufc lu'dng quan suf, cii td he thd'ng. tinh bao. thiet lap cac khu vufc phdng thu chien lUdc tren tean lien bang, ddng thdi tap trung phat trien cdng tac phan tich, duf bio tinh hinh quan suf the gidi cung nhutng doi tUdng, nhutng nguy cd cd the mang den chien t r a n h cho nUdc My.
Nhu vay-, nhin tdng the ve chinh sach do'i npi, chinh quyen Obama dii van ke thifa nhUng thay ddi rat nhieu so vdi chinh quyen tien nhiem Bush.
Su thay ddi tieu hieu nha't la chinh
sach ddi ndi cua chinh quyen Obama tap trung hdn, chii trpng nhieu den yeu to' chi phi v i hieu qua. Tuy nhien, suf thay ddi tich ciic dd cung kem theo ban che la khdng da dang nhU chinh sich do'i npi cua chinh quyen Bush:
nhieu van de tuf trUdc den nay van rat quan trpng, cap bach ddi vdi nUdc My nhu cai each tU p h i p , dd'i phd tinh trang nhap cU, p h i t trien he thd'ng phiic ldi... da dUdc chinh quyen Bush de cap, chii y v i thufc hien, cdn chinh quyen Obama thi chUa •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Authony Tarantino, Governance, Risk, and Compliance Handbook, Wiley & Son Inc.
Hoboken, 2008.
2. Fareed Zakaria, The Post American World, W. 'W. Norton & Company Ltd, New York, 2008.
3. Thomas R. Dye & Harmon Zeigler, The Irony of Democracy, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston, 2009.
4. John W. Malsberger & James N. Marshall, The American Economic History Reader, Routledge, New York - London, 2009.
5. Tran Kiet Hung (chu bien), Xd hgi vd nen udn hod My, Nxb 'Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Noi, 2007.
6. Gary C. Jacobson & Samuel Kernell, Logic chinh tri My, Nxb Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha Noi, 2007.
7. Trieu Anh Ba & Quoc Thieu (bien soan), Barack Obama - Tiidng lai niidc My, Nxb Quan doi nhan dan. Ha Noi, 2008.
8. Robert A.Carp & Ronald Stidham, Khdi qudt he thdng phdp lugt Hoa Ky, Nxb Thanh men, Ha Noi, 2008.
9. Ta Ngoc Ai & Trinh Trung Hieu (bien soan), Barack Obama - Tong thdng da mdu ddu tien trong lich sii niidc My, Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi, 2009.
10. Nguyen Huiu Hai (chu bien), Tim hieu hdnh chinh cong Hoa Ky: Ly thuyet vd thiic tien, Nxb Chinh tri - Hanh chinh, Ha Noi, 2009.
11. Shel Leanne, Noi theo phong cdch Obama, Nxb Thanh pho Ho Chi Mmh, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, 2009.
12. Guillaume Serina, Barack Obama hay gidc md mdi ciia ngiidi My, Nxb Hoi Nha
van, Ha Noi, 2009.
13. Quoc Thieu & Hien Luong, Nu'dc My:
Cugc chuyen giao quyen liic lich sU, Nxb Quan doi nhan dan, Ha Noi, 2009.
14. Tap chi Foreign Affairs, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009.
15. Tap chi Chdu My ngdy nay, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009.
16. Tap chi Nghien ctiu Qudc te, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009.
17. Tap chi Nhiing van de kinh te & chinh tri the gidi, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009.
18. Cac website:
- www.whitehouse.gov I - www.senate.gov I - www.house.gov I
- www.supremecourtus.gov I - www.foreignaffairs.org I - www.politicalstudies.org I - www.opendemocracy.net I - www.fas.org I irp I world I - home.vnn.vn I
- vnexpress.net I - vi.wikipedia.orgI
Chu thich:
1) Thong tan xa Viet Nam, Tai lieu tham khao dac biet, ngay 7/2/2009, tr.3.
2); 3) Tap chi Chau My ngay nay, so' 137 nam 2009, t r . l 5 ; t r . l 8 .
4); 5) Thong tan xa 'Viet Nam, Tai lieu tham khao dac biet, ngay 10/3/2009, t r . l l ; tr.20.
6) Thong tan xa Viet Nam, Tin kinh te, ngay 12/2/2009, tr.3.
