D r. P .S . d e B ru y n
D e p a r t e m e n t A f r ik a a n s - N e d e r la n d s B E T E K E N IS EN G E B R U IK
’n I'a a l h c s t a a n iiit ’n v o o r r a a d w o o r d e , k o n stru k sie s, in to n a sic s, g e y k te u i t c lr u k k in g s , cns. Spraak nidiskoers k a n g e b r u i k w o r d o m d i e h a n d e l i n g , d ie a k t i w i t c i t ( d i e g r o e p h a n d c l i n g e ) te b c n o e m o m d i n g e te sê. D i e v o o r r a a d t a a l o n d c r d c l e is n i e a k t i w i t c i t n ie, m a a r d i s ’n s t a n d h o u d c n d e b r o n v a n w a a r t a a l v o o r r a a d o n t t r e k k a n w o r d .
M e n s tel t a a l o p ; m e n s le e r d i t ook . D i e t a a l k o r p u s b e s t a a n u i t ’n k o r p u s o n d e r r i g i ) a r c d i n g e w a t n i e st a ti e s is n i e t o t d a t d i t ’n d o o i e t a a l is. D a a r is nie a l t y d k o n s c n s u s o o r w a t a s d e e l v a n ’n spes ifiek e t a a l o n d e r r i g b e h o o r t te w o r d nie. D i t sn y p r o b l c m e a a n soos; w a n n e e r w o r d ’n frase ’n i d i o o m ; h o e
O l i d k a n ’n n e o l o g i s m e we es; w a t is d i e p l e k v a n “ s l a n g ” . U i t d i e b e n a d e r i n g is d it d u i d c l i k d a t d i t g a a n o o r ’n o n d e r s k e i d tu s s e n T a a l e n Spraak.
O m iets in ’n t a a l te sc, b e t e k e n o m d i e b e t r o k k e s t u k k ie s t a a l te k e n , m a a r b e t c k c n n i c ’n a k t i e w e k e n n i s v a n d a a r d i e o n d e r d e l e nie. O p d i e b e t r o k k e o o r n b l i k g e b r u i k d i e s p r e k e r d i t w a t h y v o o r h e e n b e k o m h e t e n h y h a n d e l n o n m e t d i t w a t h y besit. D i e w o o r d e , k o n s t r u k s i e s , in t o n a s i c s , ens. w a t h y i n s p a n is n i e ’n a n d c r d e c i v a n d a a r d i e t a a l n i e , m a a r ’n m o m e n t e l e h a n d e l i n g ( o p t i e d c ) met d e le v a n d a a r d i e t a a l .
D i t is ’n p r o b l e e m o m d i e o n d e r d e l e v a n d i e t a a l , d i t is w o o r d e , k o n s t ru k s i e s , ens. te o n d e r s k e i v a n s i n n e w a t s p r a a k e e n h e d e is. W o o r d e e n k o n s t r u k s i e s w o r d gf'lcer o m ’n t a a l m a g t i g te w o r d , m a a r s i n n e w o r d g e s k e p w a n n e e r m e n s iets sê. W o o r d e se g e s k i e d e n i s k a n g e w o o n l i k in h u l e t i m o l o g i e ë n a g c g a a n w o r d , m a a r s i n n e se g e s k i e d e n is k a n n i e n a g e g a a n w o r d n ie ( b e h a l w e m i s k i c n sg. i d i o m e e n v a s t e u i t d r u k k i n g e ) . D i e g e s k i e d e n is v a n d i e sinm aker ( s p r e k e r , sk r y w c r ? ) k a n w e l n a g e g a a n w o r d . W o o r d e w a t g e l e e r is, v o r m s i n n e w a t d i e s p r e k e r s a a m s t e l — d i t b e t e k e n d a t s i n n e n i e a a n g e l e c r k a n w o r d n i c ( R y l e , p. 110). H i c r b y k a n g e v o e g w o r d d a t o o r s p r o n k l i k e g r o t c r g e h e l c n i e a a n g c l c c r is nie.
Dis n ic a l l e d a a g s d a t d a a r g c p r a a t w o r d o o r d i e s i n n e w a t m e n s e p r o d u s e e r nie. D a a r w o r d c e r d c r g c p r a a t v a n h u l l c b c s k u l d i g i n g s , k la g t e s , belo fte s, oorciele, v c rs o e k e , g c v a t h e d e , b e k e n t e n i s s e , b e v e le , v r a e , v c r s o e k c , d r e i g c - m e n t e , en.sovoorts. R y l e b e w e e r (op. c it .) d a t d i t h o o f s a a k l i k g r a m m a t i c i , s a m e s t e l l e r s , v c r t a l c r s , r e d a k t e u r s , c n s o v o o r t s is w a t g c m o e i d is m e t w a t as sinne b e k c n d s t a a n o m s e k e r e p r a k t i e s e o o r w e g in g s . H u l l c is n i e t e m i n to g g c m o e i d m e t m o o n t l i k e b c s k u l d i g i n g s , k la g te s , cns. soos h i c r b o g c n o e m ,
m a a r t n e e r b c p a a l d m e t h u l l e p i i n k t a s i e e n n i e icts a n d e r s nie; h u l l e Icn g te e n n i c hiillc w a a r h e i d nie ; h u l l e m o d u s e n t y e e n n i e bv. h u ll e b e t r o k k e n h e i d nie.
F i n d l a y (p. 116) w y s t e r e g d a a r o p d a t d a a r o n d e r s k e i m o e t w o r d tu s s e n ’n sin as ’n k o r r e k t e g r a m m a t i k a l e k o m b i n a s i e v a n w o o r d e e n d i e b c d o e l i n g v a n so ’n sin in gebruik. G r a m m a t i c i is se k e r lik h i e r i n g e ï n t e r e s s e e r d e n d a n m e c r b e p a a l d d i e k o n te k s w a a r i n ’n u i t i n g v o o r k o m , vjiant k o n l e k s b c p a a l b c d o e l i n g in ’n g r o o t m a t e . D i e v r a a g k a n w e l i s w a a r g estel w o r d o ig eb ru ik d a n n ic d i e b c l a n g r i k s t e k o m p o n e n t v a n t a a l g e b r u i k is nie.
F i n d l a y (p. 118) a r g u m e n t e e r d a t o m n a d ie gehruik v a n t a a l te k yk in p la a s v a n d i e be.lekenis is o m te k y k n a iets w a t v c r s l u i e r is in ’n filosoliese wolk . A l h o e w c l R y l e sc a r g u m e n t gebruik o n d e r s t c u n , is F i n d l a y d a a r t e e n g e k a n t , o m d a t , soos hy sc (o p. cit.):
“ . . . t h e n o t i o n o f use, ... p r e s u p p o s e s t h e n o t i o n o f m e a n i n g (in its c e n t r a l a n d p a r a d i g m a t i c sense), a n d it c a n n o t t h e r e f o r b e u s e d to e l u c i d a t e t h e la t t e r , a n d m u c h less to r e p l a c e o r to d o d u t y for it.”
D a a r w o r d v e r d e r t e r e g o p g e m e r k d a t d i e b e g r i p gebruik b a i e m e e r as slegs d i e b e g r i p helekenis d e k , m a a r d i e b e t e k e n i s f u n k s i e in d i e p a r a d i g m a t i e s e si n is se k e r lik e e n v a n d i e d i n g e w a t d a a r d e u r g e d e k w o r d e n dis o n m o o n t l i k o m ’n l i e l d e r w e e r g a w e v a n g e b r u i k te g e e s e n d e r o m h i e r d i e fu n k s ie te v o o r o n d e r s t e l .
D i t is n o g t a n s e e n v a n d i e b c l a n g r i k s t e o n t d e k k i n g s v a n d i e m o d c r n e s c m a n t i e k d a t d a a r s e k e r e u i t d r u k k i n g s is w a a r v a n d i e g e b r u i k in s ek ere k o n t e k s t e n ie is o m te b e n o e m nie, m a a r o m bv. g e v o e lc n s e n w e n s e u i t te s p r e e k (d i e sg. i l l o k u s io n ê r e k r a g ) e n o m s e k e r e h o u d i n g s in a n d e r e o p te w ek (d ie sg. p e r l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g ) — d i t w o r d l a t e r v o l l e d i g e r b e s p r c e k . W a t v i r F i n d l a y (p. 120) d u i d c l i k b ly k is:
“ W h a t is i m p l i c i , h o w e v e r , in t h e sl o g a n ‘D o n ’t ask fo r t h e m e a n i n g : ask fo r t h e u s e ’ is n o t t h a t t h e use c o v e r s more t h a n t h e c o n n o t a t i v e a n d d e n o t a t i v e f u n c t i o n s o f l a n g u a g e , b u t t h a t it s o m e h o w r e s u m e s a n d c o m p l e t e l y e x p l a i n s t h e l a t t e r , t h a t w e c a n c o m p l e t e l y see a r o u n d a n d sec t h r o u g h t a l k a b o u t t h e r e f e r e n c e a n d c o n n o t a t i o n s o f e x p re s sio n s b y t a k i n g n o t e o f t h e w a y p e o p l e o p e r a t e w i t h s u c h e x p r e s s io n s ...”
D i t w y s o p d i e b e l a n g r i k h e i d v a n g e sk ik te situasies w a a r i n u i t in g s g e b r u i k w o r d , in d i e v c r l e d e e n d ie to e k o m s . V i r F i n d l a y g a a n d i t t e n sl o tt e (p. 127) o m lig te w e r p o p d i e g e d a g t e s a g t e r d i e w o o r d e — d á á r is, v o l g e n s ho rn , d ie o p lo s s in g te v i n d v i r d i e p r o b l e m e v a n b e te k e n is.
D i e fcit v a il dii- s a a k is clat ' n woorcl a s ’n t a a l h a n d c l i n g g c b r u i k k a n w o r d (vgl. R y l e , p. I l l ) w a a r e e n w o o r d o f u i t i n g (soos l a t e r o p g c w y s sal w o r d ) v c r s k i l l c n d f d it ig c k a n sc. R y l e (op. cit .) il l u s t r e e r ’n p r o b l c m a t i e s e v o o r b c e l d a a i i d i e h a n d v a n C a e s a r se “ V e n i ; vidi; v ic i” .
W a n n e e r g e p r a a t w o r d , is t w e e s o o r t e f o u t e m o o n t l i k : (i) f o u t e g e m a a k o m d a t d i r s | ) r e k c r n i e d i c t a a l b e h o o r l i k m a g t i g i s nie ; (ii) ’n a n d e r s o o r t fo u l is o m bv. iets a b s u r d s te se, j o u s e l f te e te s p r e e k . D i e g e n e g e ï n t e r e s s e e r d in d ie lo g i k a e n d i e (ilosofic is u i t h u l l e a a r d g e 'in t e re s s e e rd in d i e so o r t d i n g e w a t m e n s c se. ( D i e s o o r t fo u t e w a t in t a a l g e b r u i k v o o r k o m , is s e k e r n e t soveel d i e s a a k v a n d i e lin g u is ). S leg s w a a r d a a r v a ls e r e d e n a s i e s is, k a n d a a r g e ld i g e g c v o l g t r e k k i n g s w ees, nl. in a r g u m e n t e ; ook: slegs w a a r d a a r a b s u r d i t e i t e k a n wees, k a n d a a r n i c - a b s u r d i t e i t e w ees, nl. in u i t s p r a k e .
D it g a a n v i r R y l e h i e r n i e o m t a a l f o u l e n i e — m e n s k a n spraakfoute ( a b s u r d , vals ) m a a k , d i t w a t logici c n (ilo sow e i n t e r e s s e e r s o n d e r d a t d i t t a a l f o u t e is.
D i t k o m d a a r o p n e e r d a t d a a r ’n o n d e r s k e i d g e m a a k m o e t w o r d tu s s e n taal e n spraak. D i e filosowe w a t d i t d o e n , m a a k d i e fo u t o m s i n n e te b e h a n d e l soos w o o r d e e n in b e s o n d c r o m w a t ’n sin b e t e k e n o p d ic s e lfd e w y se te p r o b e e r b e p a a l as w a a r o p d a a r n a d i e b e t e k e n i s v a n ’n w o o r d gesoek w o r d . S h w a y d e r (p. 129) m a a k o o k d i e o n d e r s k e i d d a t w o o r d e v e rw y s , o n d e r s k e i , kw a lil is e e r, ens. I r r w y l w a t h y t a a l - i n - g e b r u i k n o e m ( i m n e m . a . w . ) g e b r u i k w o r d o m te b e v e e l , o n d e r v r a , v e r s o e k , en s. A s d i e b e g r i p v a n d i e b e t e k e n i s v a n ’ n w o o r d g e ly k gestel w o r d m e t d i e b e g r i p v a n d i e g e b r u i k v a n ’n w o o r d , w o r d d a a r v e r d e r g e g a a n e n d i e b e t e k e n i s v a n ’n sin w o r d g e ly k g estel a a n d i e g e b r u i k v a n d a a r d i e sin. D a a r m o e t o n t h o u w o r d d a t as d i e w o o r d e v a n
’n t a a l g e l e e r w o r d , is d e e l v a n d i e a k t i w i t e i t o o k h o e o m d i t te g e b r u i k . D i e kw essic o m n a g e b r u i k te v r a e n n i e d i e b e t e k e n i s n ie , is v i r R y l e (p. 114) a d v i e s a a n lilo sow e c n n i e t a a l k u n d i g e s nie. H y k o m t o t d i e s l o ts o m (p. 115, 116) d a t lilo s o w e e n logici g c s p r e k k e m o e t h ê o o r s p r a a k , w a n t d i t is d ie gebruik v a n d i e t a a l w a t k o m m u n i k a s i e l a a t slaag .
V o l g c n s A l s t o n (p. 3 2) is d i t o p v a l l e n d d a t in d i e sg. b e h a v i o r i s t i e s e te o r i e ë (soos d i é w a a r b e t e k e n i s g e k o p p e l w o r d a a n gebruik) b y n a g e e n a a n d a g g eg ee w o r d n i e a a t i w a t d i e s p r c k e r s (S) d o e n as h u l l e t a a l g e b r u i k . K l e m w o r d m e r c n d c e l s gelc o p d i e h o o r d e r ( H ) se rea k s ie . D i t is v crras.send d a t d i e fokus j u i s o p d i e H g e p l a a s w o r d w a n t o f H r e a g e e r o f n ie , is d i t so d a t S a l t y d iets d o e n , a l l y d handel. A s a a n v a a r w o r d d a t d i e b e t e k e n i s v a n ’n u i t d r u k k i n g iets is w a t d i e l e d e v a n ’n t a a l g e m e e n s k a p m e t d i e b e t r o k k e u i t d r u k k i n g (/oirn, wil d i t t o g v o o r k o m o f d a a r m e e r b e l o f t e in s te e k o m te k yk n a d i e h a n d e l i n g v a n S. W a a r o m te o r e t i c i w e g g e s k r a m h e t v a n d i e ro l v a n d i e S, is o m d a t d a a r w a a r s k y n l i k d a a r v a n slegs ges6 k a n w o r d d a t h y ’n s e k e r e sin g c u i t h e t;
10
w a t d a n d a a r d i e sin o o k a l sy b e t e k c n i s gee, sou lets m e e r m o e s wees as d ie b l o l e feit v a n sy p r o d u k s i c . D i t b l y k d a t o m slegs d i e S se a k t i w i t e i t te b c s p r e e k , b e t m e n s slegs d i e p r o b l e e m v a n b e t e k c n i s vo o r g e s te l, s e n d e r o m iets b y te d r a l o t sy o p lo s s in g . D i t sal e g t e r b l y k ’n g r o o t fo n t te w e e s o m te v e r o n d e r s t e l d a t d a a r n i e v eel m e e r gesê k a n w o r d o o r d i e S se a k t i w i t e i t iiie.
D i e u i t i n g m o e t o n d e r s o e k w o r d as ’n t a l i g e u i t d n i k k i n g v a n b e t e k e n i s w a t r e a l i s e e r d c u r d i e w yse w a a r o p d i t g e b r u i k w o r d d e u r d i e S.
O m d i t te k a n d o e n , m o e t d a a r m e t die sin b e g i n w o r d o m d a t d i t d i e k le i n s t e t a a l e e n h e i d is w a t k a n o p t r e e as ’n v o l l e d i g e h a n d e l i n g w a t d u i d c l i k l i n g u is ti c s is. A l s t o n (p. 33) w y s t e r e g in ’n v o e t n o o t d a t sg. c e n w o o r d s i n n e c llip tie s e s u b s t i t u t e is v i r v o ll e d ig e s i n n e w a t u i t d i e k o n te k s afgelei k a n w o r d . S o is ’n a n t w o o r d .soos
“ S o u t . ”
w a a r s k y n l i k ’n re a k s ie o p ’n v r a a g soos
“ W a t is o p d i e tafel?”
s o d a t d i e a n t w o o r d c in t li k g e i n t e r p r e t c c r m o e t w o r d as
“ D i t is s o u t w a t o p d i e ta lcl is.” .
D i e konteks m a a k d a t d i e e e n e n k e l e w o o r d v o l d o e n a a n d i e v c rc i s te s v a n d ie b e t r o k k e g e sp r e k situ a sie .
D a a r w o r d t e r e g ’n s a a k u i t g e m a a k d a a r v o o r d a t d i e b e t e k c n i s v a n i n d i v i d u e l e w o o r d e eers o n d e r d i e k n ie g e k r y m o e t w o r d v o o r d a t d i t i n g e s p a n k a n w o r d in b e r c e l d e s i n n e . S i n n e k a n d a n d e u r s p r e k e r s g e b r u i k w o r d v i r d i e e e n o f a n d e r d o e l, v i r d i e b e r e i k i n g v a n d i e e e n o f a n d e r t a a l h a n d c l i n g .
V i r A l s t o n (loc. c it .) is d i e v e r h e l d c r i n g v a n d i e b e t e k e n i s v a n d i e w o o r d die h o o g s t e p r i o r i t c i t , o m d a t b y d i e a a n l e e r v a n ’n t a a l m o e t ’n l e e r l i n g e e r s d ie w o o r d e k e n e n d i e k e n n i s d a n t o e p a s o p d ie a a n g e l e e r d e s i n s t r u k t u u r . So w o r d s i n n e g e v o r m , s o n d e r d a t d a a r a a n d i e l e e r l i n g d i e b e te k c n is v a n sin vir sin g e l c e i 'w o r d .
D i t sou o o k o n m o o n t l i k wees, a a n g e s i c n d i c h o e v c c i lie i d w o o r d e in ’n t a a l ’n s e k e r e h o c v e e l h c i d is, m a a r s i n n e o n b e p c r k . W a t h i e r b e d o e l w o r d is d u i d c l i k as d i e g e d a g t e v a n C h o m s k y (1 9 7 2 :2 6 ) se Ï G G v a n to e p a s s i n g g e m a a k w o r d w a a r ’n o n c i n d i g c a a n t a l s i n n e g c g c n c r e e r k a n w o r d m e t d ie f o r m u l e
S - N S + W S .
’n K w e s s i c w a t u i t g e m a a k b e h o o r t te w o r d (e n w a a r v o o r h i e r d i e n ie d i e g e l c c n t h e i d is nie) is o f d a a r n i e v a n d i e g e h e e l (sin e n g r o t e r s i r u k t u r e soos
d is k o e rs bv .) n a d i e d e l e ( w o o r d e ) g e w e r k m o e t w o r d nie . D i t b e h o o r t o ok n o g u i t g e m a a k tc w o r d in w a i t e r m a t e k o n t e k s d i e w o o r d se b e t e k e n i s b e p a a l e n in w a i t e r m a t e d i e spcsifieke w o o r d j u i s gekies w o r d o m in ’n spesifieke k o n te k s v a n w c e sy b e t e k e n i s o p tc tr ee.
D i t g a a n v e r d e r o o r d i e s e m a n t i e s e s t a t u s v a n ’n u i t d r u k k i n g w a t ’n fu n k s ie is v a n w a t s p r e k e r s d a a r m e e d o e n . D i e g e d a g t e d a t ’n s p r e k e r i d s d o e n , ’n h a n d e l i n g u i t v o e r as hy p r a a t is d e u r A u s t i n b e g i n e n g o e d d e u r ho rn b e s p r e e k in sy “ H o w to d o t h i n g s w i t h w o r d s ” — m y u i t g a w e is e e n v a n 1976. H i e r i n w o r d d i t u i t g e m a a k d a t ’n t a a l h a n d e l i n g v e r d e e l k a n w o r d in d r i e o n d e r a f d e l i n g s nl. (1) lo kusie -, (2) p e r l o k u s ie - e n (3) i l lo k u s i e h a n d e l i n g e . (1) L o k u s ie h a n d e lin g e
H i e r d i e o n d e r d e e l v a n d i e s p r a a k h a n d e l i n g h e t te d o e n m e t d i e h o o r b a r e g e i u i d e d e u r d i e s p r a a k o r g a n e v a n d i e m e n s v o o r t g e b r i n g . D i e s p r a a k k l a n k e w o r d b e h a n d e l d e u r d i e f o n e t ie k , f o n o l o g ie e n sinta ksis. By h i e r d i e o n d e r a f d e i i n g is b e d o e l i n g e n b e t e k e n i s n i e t e r s p r a k e nie.
(2) P e r l o k u s ie h a n d e lin g e
D i t k a n as d i e newe-eíTek v a n ’n u i t i n g b e s k o u w o r d . D e u r ’n m o e d e r e n h a a r d o g t e r to e te v o e g
“ U lyk soos s u s te r s ”
k a n d i e o u e r d a m e ge v le i o f d a l k g e a m u s e e r — d i e j o n g e r d a m e m a g d a l k g e a m u s e e r w ees o f b e le d i g . S o k a n ’n u i t i n g d a l k v e r b a s i n g o p w e k , o f vre es, afs k u , en s. D i t k a n d o e l b e w u s a a n g e w e n d w o r d , o f d i t k a n t o e v a l l i g w ees e n d i t sal lice) w a a r s k y n l i k b y v e r s k i l l e n d e p e r s o n e re a k s ie s o n tl o k .
(3) I llo k u s ie h a n d e lin g
H i e r d i e a s p c k v a n ’n u i t i n g is d i t w a t d i e s p r e k e r se v o o r n e m e o m ’n b e s o n d e r c h a n d e l i n g u i t te v o e r o o r d r a . I n sy beusiese v o r m w o r d u i t d r u k l i k gese w a t p l a a s v i n d as ’n u i t i n g g e m a a k w o r d . D i e spesifieke b e d o e l i n g v a n ’n s p r e k e r is h i e r t e r s p r a k e . D i e v o l g e n d e k a n as v o o r b e e l d e d ien :
E k helowe']on d a t e k j o u sal h e lp .
E k verklaar d a t d i e g e w e e r n i e g e l a a i is nie.
S u l k e u i t d r u k k i n g s s t a a n a sperform atiewe uitings b e k e n d e n d i t w o r d d a a r a a n u i t g e k e n d a l d i e sin b e g i n m e t d i e e e r s t e p e r s o o n e n k e l v o u d , g e v o l g d e u r ’n w e r k w o o r d in d i e t e e n w o o r d i g e t y d w a t d i e k r a g v a n d i e u i t i n g o o r d r a . ( H i e r o o r l a t e r m e e r ) .
12
O p h i c r d i e s t a d i u m w o r d n a d e r g e le t o p d i e v crskil tu s s e n d i e illo kusie - h a n d c l i n g e n d i e p e r l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g . D i t b ly k uit d i e v o l g c n d c w e r k w o o r d e w a t d i e vers kil is (vgl. A ls t o n p. 35 e.v.)
I llo k u s ic h a n d e lin g P e r lo k u s ie h a n d e lin g
r a p p o r t e e r o m p r a a t
a a n k o i i d i g kul
v o o r s p e l a a n s p o o r
to e g e e i r r i t e e r
v r a a m u s e e r
v e r s o e k i n s p i r e e r
s u g g e r e e r b e ï n d r u k
b e v e c l v e rv e e l
b c l o w e in v c r l e e n t l i e i d b r i n g
b e d a n k e n s o v o o r ts
D i t b e v e s t i g d a t d i e p e r l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g te d o e n h e t m e t e e n o f a n d e r efrek
— d i e i l l o k u s i c h a n d e l i n g . D i t is o o k so d a t ’n i l l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g ’n l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g n o d i g h e t , a n d e r s as ’n p e r l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g — m e n s k a n bv. i e m a n d s o v e r k ry o m k o n f y t a a n te g e e d e u r slegs d a a r n a te kyk. M e n s k a n e g t e r n i e versoek d a t d i e k o n f y t a a n g e g e e w o r d s o n d e r o m ’n s e k e r e sin te u i t n i e ( o f o m v a n e e n o f a n d e r t e k e n g e b r u i k t e m a a k ) . ’n V e r d e r e v crs k il is d a t ’n i l l o k u s i c h a n d e l i n g d i e m i d d e l k a n w ees t o t ’n p e r l o k u s i e h a n d e l i n g , m a a r n i e o m g e k c c r d nie . M e n s k a n v e r s o e k d a t d i e k o n f y t a a n g e g e e w o r d e n o m i e m a n d so te i r r i t e e r , m a a r m e n s k a n m o e i li k i e m a n d a m u s e e r s o d a t hy d a a r d e u r v e r s o e k k a n w o r d o m d ie k o n fy t a a n te gee.
D i e fcit v a n d i e s a a k is d a t v e r s k e ie u i t i n g e g e b r u i k k a n w o r d o m d ie s c lfd e g e d a g t e o o r te d r a . ’n G r o e p i e s i n n c k a n a l m a l t e r u g g e v o e r w o r d n a d ie e n k c l e p a r a l a s e . V c r g e l y k b y v o o r b e c l d d i e v o lg c n d c ;
D i t is k o u d in d i e k a m e r .
D i t sou g a a f w ees as d i e w i n d m i n d e r w a a i.
W a t m a a k m e n s as jy b y ’n v e r t r e k in k o m ? D o e n v i r m y ’n g u n s m e t d i e d e u r!
D i e b o s t a a n d c s i n n e k a n a l m a l e e n b e d o e l i n g he;
M a a k to e d i e d e u r .
E l k c e n v a n d i e reck s s i n n e s al n a t u u r l i k sy c ie s i t u a s i c h e — d i t k o m b asics d a a r o p n e c r d a t ’n s p r c k c r ’n h o o r d e r beveel o f versoek o f vra o m ’n d e u r to e te
m a a k . D i t b c t e k c n d u s c i n t l i k ( o m a a n te sluil b y d i e sg. p e r f o r m a t i c w e u i t i n g v r o c c r g c ii o e m ) d a t d a a r , a l l i a n g e n d e v a n d i e situ asie, e i n t l i k gcsê w o r d :
r v r a
E k V bcvcci
vcrsoek\
jou, m a a k lo e d i e d c u r .
D i e w c r k w o o r d e vra, versoek, beveel, e n a ll e a n d e r s o o r t g e l y k e w e r k - w o o i d r w a t o p d i e w y se g e b r u i k w o r d , s t a a n b e k e n d as performaliewe werkwoorde w a t d i e i i i t i n g s k r a g v e r t c e n w o o r d i g . A u s t i n (1971:13) m a a k ’ii o n d e r s k e i d tu s s e n w a t h y n o e m konstaliewe e n performaliewe.
D i t k o m v i r fiio sow c b asics n e e r d a a r o p d a t ’n k o n s t a ti e f , d ik w e ls ’n stellirig g r n o e m , w a a r o f v a ls k a n w ees. D i e v o l g e n d e k a n w a a r o f vals w ees (’n konstatief):
D i e m o t o r is h i e r As e g t e r gesê w o r d
E k b e i o w e jou ck k o m k u i e r E k v r a jou m a a k to e d i e d e u r ens.,
k a n n i e gese w o r d d a l d i t w a a r o f v a ls k a n w ees n i e — o m s u l k e u i t i n g e te m a a k , is o n i ’n h a n d e l i n g u i t te vo er.
D i e v r a a g o n t s t a a n n o u o f a ll e u i t i n g e n i e in d i e s o g e n a a m d e d i e p t e - s t r u k t u u r , d .w .s . o n d e r l i g g e n d , g e p a a r d g a a n m e t e e n o f a n d e r p e r f o r m a t i e f nie. D i t s o u b e t e k e n d a t ’n sin soos
P r y s e d a a l
in w e r k li k li c id d i e d i e p t e s t r u k t u u r h e t v a n E k sê jo u (lii e r m e e ) p r y s e d a a l . S k e m a t i e s w o r d d i t soos v o l g u it e e n g e s i t:
S
W S
P r y s e d a a l
14
w s N S
E k
H i e r d i e t c o r i c w o r d d e u r R o ss (1 9 7 0 : 2 2 2 e .v.) u it e c n g c s i t. D i e t e o r i e h c t b a ic m c r i e t c e n d i c n d i e d o e l d a t d i e b c d o e l i n g , d i e u i t i n g s k r a g v a n d i e s p r e k e r t e l k e n s a g t e r h a a l k a n w o r d d e u r n a d i e p e r f o r m a l i e w e w e r k w o o r d in d ie p e r f o r m a t i e w e sin te soek.
D i e b e s t a a n v a n d i e p e r f o r m a t i e f w o r d o n d e r a n d e r e b e tw y fe l d e u r L e e c h ( 1 9 7 5 : 3 4 9 ) w a t d a a r o p w y s d a t e k s p l is i e te p e r f o r m a t i e w e s i n n e so s k a a r s is, d a l d i t h o o g s o n w a a r s k y n l i k is d a t e lk e sin d i e o p p e r v l a k s t r u k t u u r k a n w ees v a n ’n d i e p t e s t r u k t u u r w a a r i n ’n p e r f o r m a t i e f v o o r k o m . L e e c h r e d e n e e r d a t
’n n u u s b e r i g d a n e i n t l i k so u m o e s b e s t a a n u i t t a l le s i n n e w a t frases soos E k r a p p o r t e e r . . .
b e v a t . W a t uit d i e o o g v e r l o o r w o r d , is d a t d i t juis d i e a a r d v a n ’n k o e r a n t b e r i g is w a t d i t o n n o d i g m a a k o m te l k e n s d ie p e r f o r m a t i e f eksplisiet b y te v o e g . D i t is d i e s i t u a s i e w a t t o e l a a t d a t d i e p e r f o r m a t i e w e sin te l k e n s g e s k r a p w o r d o m d a t d i e b e d o e l i n g u i t d i e s i tu a s i e d u i d e l i k is. As d ie p e r f o r m a t i e f eksplisiet v o o r k o m , is d a a r ’n spesifieke r e d e v o o r. V e r o n d e r s t e l
’n o u e r sal t e e n o o r ’n k i n d sê:
M a a k to e d i e d e u r
e n g e e n r e a k s ie k ry n i e ( o m w a t t e r r e d e o o k a l) . As d i e o u e r d a n sê
E k h c v e c i j o u m a a k t o e d i e d c u r
w o r d sy b e d o c l i n g six’siilck g e n o e m c n k o m lot u i t i n g in d ie p c r f o r m a t i e w e sin se p c r f o r n i a l i c w e w c r k w o o r d .
H i e r d i c a s p c k v a n b c t c k c n i s c n t a a l g e b r u i k soos d i t in d i e t a a l h a n d c l i n g s - le o r i e n a v o r e korn c n g e s t a l t e g e v i n d h e t in d i e t e o r i c v a n die p e r f o r m a t i e f , is slcgs d i e p u n t j i e v a n d i e y s b e r g t e n o p s i g t c v a n d i e in t e r c s s a n t c t e m a v a n d i e b c t c k c n i s in t a a l g e b r u i k c n d i e s e m a n t i e k . D i e fcit d a t d i e t a a l k u n d e n o g n ie
’n d u i d c l i k o m l y n d c p ic k v i r d i e s e m a n t i e k g e v i n d h e t nie, b e t e k e n d a t d a a r h i c r o o r n o g l a n k g e f d o s o f e e r g a a n w o r d — h i c r d i e a r t i k e l is ’n p o g i n g o m ’n b r u g te se e k tu s s e n filosofie c n t a a l k u n d e .
B IB L IO G R A F IE
A L S T O N , W . P . 1964. P h i l o s o p h y o f l a n g u a g e . E n g l e w o o d C l ilTs, P r e n t i c c - H a ll.
A L S T O N , W . P . 1970. M e a n i n g a n d use. {In: G . H . R . P a r k i n s o n , red. T h e t h e o r y o f m e a n i n g . L o n d o n , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press).
A U S T I N , J . L . 1971. P e r f o r m a t i v e - c o n s t a t i v e . (/«.• J . R . S e a r l e , red. 1971.
T h e p h i l o s o p h y o f l a n g u a g e . L o n d o n , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press).
A U S T I N , J . L . 1976. H o w t o d o t h i n g s w i t h w o r d s . O x f o r d . C l a r e d o n Press.
C H O M S K Y , N . 1972. S y n t a c t i c stru ctu re.s. ’s - G r a v c n h a g c , M o u t o n . J A C O B S , R . A . & R O S E N B A U M , P .S . 1970. R e a d i n g s in E n g l i s h
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l G r a m m a r . W a l t h a m , M a s s ., G i n n . L E E C H , G . 1975. S e m a n t i c s . H a r m o n d s w o r t h , P e n g u i n .
P A R K I N S O N , G . H . R . , red. T h e t h e o r y o f m e a n i n g . L o n d o n , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press.
R O S S , J . R . 1970. O n d e c l a r i t i v e s e n t e n c e s . {In: R . A . J a c o b s & P .S . R o s e n b a u m . W a l t h a m , M a s s ., G i n n ) .
R Y L E , G . & F I N D L A Y , J . N . 1970. U s e , u s a g e a n d m e a n i n g . {In: G . H . R . P a r k i n s o n , red. T h e t h e o r y o f m e a n i n g . L o n d o n , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press).
S E A R L E , J . R . , red. 1971. T h e p h i l o s o p h y o f l a n g u a g e . L o n d o n , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press.
S H W A Y D E R , D .S . 1970. U s e s o f l a n g u a g e a n d uses o f w o r d s . {In: G . H . R . P a r k i n s o n , red. T h e t h e o r y o f m e a n i n g . L o n d o n , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press).
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