Article 2 then sought to understand the legal framework governing oil spill management in South Africa. First, the thesis contributes to the literature of the incident command system-risk management-management relationship of the marine oil spill.
INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
ORIENTATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
In addition to marine activities such as deep sea oil exploitation, the risk of marine oil spills is also influenced by the geographical positioning of the country. It is consistent with the previous description that the aim of the study was to develop a conceptual model for a Marine Oil Spill Management System in South Africa.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
CONTEXT OF STUDY SITE
To this extent, section 52 of the South African Maritime Safety Act (SA, 1998b) assigned the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) a role to manage oil spills, the SAMSA, as an agency of the Department of Transport (DoT). to combat. is entrusted with the prevention aspect. The activation of the Joint Response Committee (JRC) was only activated for the duration of the oil spill for the purpose of planning, reviewing and managing the operation.
CENTRAL THEORETICAL STATEMENTS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Research Questions
- Literature study
- Research design
- Sampling
- Data collection
- Data Analysis
- Validation and Triangulation of Results
- Ethical Consideration
In this article, we have identified practices that improve the coordination process for effective management of oil spill pollution in South Africa. In this study, we identified practices that improve the coordination process for effective management of oil spill pollution in South Africa.
RESEARCH PROCESS AND LAYOUT OF CHAPTERS
- Stage 1
- Stage 2
- Stage 3
This article has been developed based on the theoretical background from phase 1 of the study. This and the third article have been developed on the basis of the theoretical background from phase 1 of the study, and are closely linked.
CONCLUSION
THE THEORETICAL CONTEXT
INTRODUCTION
EVOLUTION OF ORGANISATIONAL THEORY
- Evolution of Classical Theory
- Criticism of the Classical Organisational Theory
- Neo-Classical Organisational Theory
- Criticism of Neo-Classical Organisational Theory
- Modern Approach
- System Approach
- The contingency approach
- Criticism on modernist approach
- Overview of the Incident Command System
- Contribution of organisational theory in the development of the Incident Command System
- Structure
- Division of labour
- Scalar and Functional process
- Incident Command System in the context of South African Marine oil spills
- Conclusion
Classical Organizational Theory (COT), dominant until the 1930s, is the first traditional theory to provide the foundation of all other classes of organizational theory, what Scott (1961) called the "anatomy of the formal organization." These are also critical contributions of the neoclassical approach to the body of knowledge of organizational theory (Scott, 1961).
SPILLS RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN SOUTH ................... AFRICA
INTRODUCTION
However, these studies do not articulate South Africa's institutional and governance principles for oil spill risk management. This article critically analyzes the oil spill risk management system in South Africa and is divided into five main sections.
NEED FOR OIL SPILL RISK MANAGEMENT
While exposure to oil reduces productivity in corals (Girard and Fisher, 2018), bacterial species such as Oceanospirillum and Cycloclasticus become resistant (Kleindienst et al., 2016). Dispersants are usually effective in treating these oils underground and at the sea surface (Socolofsky et al., 2015).
METHODOLOGY
In light of the literature review of marine oil spill risk management, the following section describes the methods developed to analyze the applicability of the system in the South African context. Thus, the code identified geographic location while respecting anonymity and thus preserving the regional usefulness of the data (Fereday and Muir-Cochrane, 2006).
FINDINGS
- Oil spill risk management challenges in South Africa
- Fragmented legislative mandates (poor coordination)
- Limited knowledge and understanding of marine oil spill
- Lack of Experience and specialised training
- Future Prospects in managing marine oil spills
- Closer interagency collaboration and a uniform IMS
- Existing technical capacity in oil spills risk management
- Financial arrangements for oil spill management
Respondents explained that the various parts of the legislation are devolved to multiple agencies, discouraging investment commitments in the overall oil spill risk management spectrum. The presidential initiative, Operation Phakisa, has outlined South Africa's blue economic future and has set crucial prospects for skillfully managing the risk of oil spills from the sea.
DISCUSSION
Furthermore, signs indicate that resources and expertise are a priority for oil spill management in South Africa. The study further identified operational budgeting and default insurance as two financing processes that provide access to funds for response and recovery projects for oil spill risk management in the country. The study highlights the need for cross procurement processes and rapid disbursement of allocated funds for effective and efficient oil spill risk management.
CONCLUSION
The local contextualization of the institutional arrangement points to insufficient knowledge about contingency planning, uncertainty in the implementation of the legislative framework, and unclear institutional roles and responsibilities for oil spill risk management. Notwithstanding the limited resources available for preparedness activities, particularly in the provincial and municipal government spheres, South Africa's relationship with the IMO and the recent engagement with GIWACAF have made progress in building oil spill response capacity. This study recommends a review of marine oil spill legislation and subsequent legislative reform for a comprehensive approach to reducing the risk of oil spills.
Oil Spill Economics: Estimates of the Economic Damage of an Oil Spill in Michigan's Mackinac Strait, For Love of Water, Traverse Citi, MI. 2018) 'Analyzing shoreline oil spill response in South Africa: the case study of Mv Kiani Satu, Knysna, 2013', Proceedings of the Interspill Conference, March 13-15, Intespill, London http://www.interspill.org/previous events/ (Accessed 10 May 2019). Treasure oil spill on African penguins Spheniscus demersus on Dassen Island: case study of a rescue operation', African Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 2017) ‘An overview of the legal and policy framework for controlling, offsetting and criminalizing ship-source pollution in Hong Kong’, Marine Policy, Vol.
CHAPTER 4: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS GOVERNING OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT IN
- INTRODUCTION
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Collection of the documents
- Content analysis of the policy documents
- FINDINGS
- International conventions on marine pollution applicable to the South African
- Marine liability laws in South Africa
- Environmental and conservation management laws of marine pollution
- DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
- Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002 as Amended in 2005
- Disaster Management Framework of 2005
- DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
It is estimated that close to 90% of South Africa's economy is transported by sea (Department of Transport, 2017). Within the core values of the IMO, the South African government ratified 30 international conventions to enable the effective management of marine pollution. NEMA's announcement is a breakthrough in the country's focus on environmental protection.
CHAPTER 5: ENHANCING COORDINATION FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF OIL SPILL POLLUTION IN SOUTH
- INTRODUCTION
- NETWORK GOVERNANCE FOR MANAGING COMPLEX ISSUES
- FROM INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM TOWARDS AN ALL-HAZARD INSTITUTIONALLY INTEGRATED SYSTEM
- METHODOLOGY
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- FINDINGS
- Political commitment for building a vision-driven coherence and common goals
- Bridging knowledge gaps
- Sharing of resources
- DISCUSSION
- Accountability: Resourcefulness through Monitoring & Evaluation
- Predictability: Resourcefulness through Innovative Problem-solving skills
- Common Understanding: Resourcefulness through collaborative capacity building
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
This article further contributes to the coordination literature in marine oil spill management through the lens of the Incident Command System (ICS). The evolution of the Incident Command System (ICS) is classified into three main periods: functional origins; voluntary adoption; and forced diffusion (Moynihan, 2009). Findings of the exercise observation revealed that coordination through resource sharing improves the management of marine oil spills.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR MARINE OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA
INTRODUCTION
This integrated oil spill management system should combine synchronous and asynchronous data operation for efficient and optimized decision making for short and long term processes. This study then intends to bridge this research gap by developing an analytical framework that will strengthen a multi-jurisdictional and multi-sectoral coordinated management system for marine oil spills (Brazer, 2019). Nevertheless, this paper does not discuss the merits of these theoretical convolutions, but rather focuses on adopting relevant factors from theoretical observations in designing a conceptual model of a marine oil spill disaster management system.
THEORETICAL GROUNDING FOR INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Moreover, the functionality of the system in terms of operational, tactical and situation are crucial components of an effective management system (Brazer, 2019). This is one of the cornerstones of the evolution and subsequent acceptance and development of organizational theory (Khangale et al., 2020). Similarly, an interim management structure, whether set up temporarily or for long-term conceptual planning, is valuable in regulating individuality, ensuring conformity, and rationalizing the coordination requirements critical to setting up the Incident Management System for offshore oil spills in South Africa. Africa.
METHODOLOGY
- Study Area
- Research Design
- Data Collection
- Sampling
- Data Analysis
Individuals participating in Operation Phakisa Oil and Gas initiative are assumed to have insights into oil spill issues in South Africa that are crucial to this study. Insights from these stakeholders provided inclusive perspectives of the government officials at different levels with enormous influential powers in shaping the oil spill management policy statements for South Africa and possibly within the neighboring countries on the coast. This method ensured that the main features defining the preferred approach in each segment of oil spill management were described in detail.
FINDINGS
- Behavioural Determinants for Collaboration
- Information integration
- Risk Determinants
- Risk assessment approach
- Capacity
- Performance standards
- Defining risk
- Adaptation Strategies
- The Consequences of a well-structured coordination
Findings indicate variable perspectives in terms of the compatibility of oil spill management plans with disaster management policies. In addition, mixed perspectives emerged regarding the functionality of the Disaster Management Centers in delivering a collaborative information management system. What is the influence of the existing legal framework in managing the risk of marine oil pollution.
DISCUSSION
Labels A, B and C illustrate the Behavioral Determinants of Cooperation, Risk Determinants, Consequences, and the way this interface generates the conceptual model for the marine oil spill. In the South African context, this approach provided a responsive and effective platform for conceptualizing an integrated marine oil spill strategy for the country. Box B details risk determinants that should be internalized in the development of an oil spill model.
RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
ARTICLE-BASED CONCLUSIONS AND ACHIEVEMENT OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
- Article 1: Oil Spills Risk Management System: Challenges and Prospects in South Africa
- Article 2:A Critical Analysis of the Legal Frameworks Governing Oil Spill Management in South Africa
- Article 3: Enhancing coordination fo effective management of oil spill pollution in South Africa
- Article 4: A conceptual model for marine oil spills management in South Africa
The qualitative response to the interview questions identified three key elements requiring attention in South Africa's oil spill risk management system. The starting point is the realization that these principles will support a comprehensive implementation of marine oil spill management in South Africa. The questions were further asked based on the weaknesses and capacities that influence the risk factors and the dynamics that enable and improve the coordination of marine oil spill management in the country.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
The model could drive engagement and increase capacity to manage the impact of oil spill risk. This thesis improves the understanding of the multidimensional nature of applying the ICS principles as a tool to identify and assess factors that increase the efficiency of marine oil spill management. The conceptual model developed in Article 4: A Conceptual Model for Marine Oil Spill Management in South Africa adds to the growing body of knowledge in incident command systems and marine oil spill management.
RECOMMENDATION
- Policy and work-related recommendation
- Recommendation on Future Research
In integrating organizational theory and incident command tools, the value of this study lies in recommending a conceptual model that includes intra-organizational and intra-organizational planning, preparedness, and response to marine oil spill risk. Thus, the study recommends that the proposed oil spill management model be recognized and considered for implementation. Furthermore, it is recommended that specific elements will be required to improve the integration of information in the context of the oil spill in South Africa.
LIMITATIONS
The thesis concluded that the country's capacity to manage the risk of oil spills is limited. The model will ensure that government entities and the oil industry operating in the district adopt performance standards for oil spill risk assessment and management; behavioral foundations; integrating multidisciplinary information and managing for collaboration and well-structured coordination. In the context of South Africa, the development of policies, frameworks and guidelines involves both practitioners and academia.
CONCLUSION
Diagnosing the impact of an event on hotel demand: The case of the BP oil spill. Long-term impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep-sea corals detected after seven years of monitoring. Prospects for the development of the oil and gas industry in the regional and world economy.
