This is the highest authority figure in the rural tribal authority. The name given to a married woman's accepted secret sexual partner while the man works in the cities.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction 21 2.2 Factors influencing HIV/AIDS 24
Married women's vulnerability to HIV/AID 46 2.8 Theories and theoretical framework that guide the study 51
Translation 87 3.12 Data management (handling and storage) 88
Transcription of data 88
Data analysis 88 3.15 Ethical considerations 89
Constraints and limitations 91 3.17 Experiences in carrying out research in the field/Africa Centre 92
The designed intervention programme 93 .1 Introduction and background to the development of the
Introduction 105 4.2 Presentation of results 108
Conclusion 162
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY
Introduction 163 5.2 Summary of the findings 164
Conclusion on the findings 177
Recommendations 178 5.5 Areas for future research 185
Limitations of the study 186
Conclusions 186 6. REFERENCES 188
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study
- Motivation of the study
- Statement of the problem
- Purpose of the study
- Objectives of the study
- Significance of the study
- The study area
- Definition of terms
- Outline of the chapters
- Conclusion
The study area covers 1,430 km2 of the HIabisa district in the northern part of KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. This area is known as Mpukunyoni in Mkhanyakude sub-district (see map in Appendix B).
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction
Factors influencing the spread of HIV/AIDS .1 Culture and gender in marriage
- Socialization
- Masculinity
- Gender Based Violence
- Mass Media
- Poverty
- Migration
In a patriarchal society, there is unequal status between the sexes, with men assuming a higher status and authority over women, resulting in the subordination of women and male dominance. For example, women may engage in sex with extramarital partners for money and in the process become infected with HIV.
Marriage and cohabiting .1 Marriage
- Cohabiting
South Africa has not been immune to changes in the proportion of women marrying and not. This results in uncertainty, which in the long run weakens the desire to marry.
HIV/AIDS and marriage
These studies showed that half of the women felt that they had no right either to insist that their partners use condoms or to refuse sex. According to Tallis (Inequality on the agenda by analyzing the position and status of women in relation to the position of men makes it obvious that women and men do not enjoy equal status or rights.
Gender and Health
It is difficult for women to pay for medical care or transportation costs as facilities are usually far away (Klugman, 1997b: 37). It is worth noting that women may not seek medical help if their illness occurs at harvest time, so that their complaint is ignored and the illness worsens.
Sexual practices of married women
Risk factors such as a large number of partners and extramarital affairs, which are known to increase the risk of HIV infection, were more common among migrant women in the Dominican Republic (Lurie et al. It also showed that two out of five married women had sexual relations with the lover in the previous two.
Married women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS
Violence against women is another social factor that makes women vulnerable to HIV infection in the form of marital rape and incest. Men have raped young girls in the belief that sleeping with a virgin cleanses them of the HIV infection (Leclerc-Madlala, 2002: 15).
Theories and theoretical framework that guide the study
- Feminist Theory
- Conceptual Model of Vulnerable Populations
- Application of the Feminist Theory and the Model of Vulnerable Populations in the study
According to him, feminism seeks to treat women as subjects in their own right in the investigative process. On the other hand, the disadvantaged women in the rural areas experienced no economic progress, which led to general impoverishment (extreme poverty) and marginalization in which women suffered disproportionately (Kabeer 1994:47). As a result, women, especially those in the rural areas, depend on men for economic support.
Women still suffer from gender oppression in their relationships, which makes them vulnerable to HIV infection, whether in rural areas or urban areas to which they have migrated (Hunter, 2002:101). In the introductory statement it was mentioned that feminist theories form the basis of the study, so the following discussion should be understood in this context. Risk factors are social beliefs, systems around phenomena such as masculinity in the form of sexual abuse and violence.
Conclusion
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction
- Research approach and design
- Study population
- Research assistant Recruitment
- Data collection strategies
- The interview process
- Trustworthiness
- Credibility
I also had a chance to observe overt behavior and thus developed an interest in the subject of the study. Some of the married women in this focus group were not married to migrant men. Data collection began with in-depth interviews with the key informants to get an idea of what happened when they were still wives of migrant husbands.
After the interviews of the key informants and the 3 focus group discussions, the interviews for married women and 2 focus group discussions were conducted. On the day of the focus group discussion, full information was given to the participants to obtain informed consent. With the participants in the focus group discussions, the researcher was assisted by peer leaders, as people who "walked in the shoes of the targeted group" (Fluskerud and Winslow, 1998:75).
I am a Woman of the new Millennium
Thus, the researcher rounded by using her own devastating experience so that it would not spill over into her study.
Triangulation
This process also included comparing what participants said publicly in the focus group discussions, and what participants said privately in the in-depth interviews. These views were also viewed from different perspectives, namely from the perspective of younger married women and older married women. Even the field notes taken of what people were talking about confirmed what the participants had already said.
In addition to interviews and focus group discussions, storytelling and field notes were used to identify patterns of occurrence and commonalities of incidents.
Transferability
It would be possible to apply the lessons learned in the context of this study to similar contexts in other studies, as the researcher has provided sufficient descriptions of the research context, the characteristics of the study, the nature of the participants' interactions with the researcher and the physicist. the environment. Consequently, a 'thick' understanding was made, a rich and complete description of the research environment or context and of the processes and transactions observed during the investigation. The inclusion of a theoretical framework guiding the study enabled the researcher to determine whether the study is transferable to other settings, such as (Reference is made to Chapter 2 above, on Feminist Theory and the Conceptual Model of Vulnerable Populations).
For purposes of both bracketing and transferability, it is crucial to mention that the participants for the focus group discussions (FGDs) were different from the participants for the in-depth interviews. Participants were distributed across five FGDs as follows: FGD 1 had 5 participants; FGD 2 had 7 participants; FGD 3 had 7 participants; FGD 4 had 10 participants; FGD 5 had 9 participants].
Pilot study
Translation
Data management (handling/storage)
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Confidentiality was ensured because, in order to identify the interviewee's name, the interview number had to match the codebook and both items were kept in separate secure locations. Only the researcher had access to the information provided by the participants and did not disclose it to anyone not involved in the study. The researcher established rapport at the beginning of the interviews and focus group discussions and discussed the issue of secrecy and confidentiality with the participants.
Constraints and limitations
The Africa Center had already conducted several studies in the area, so there was a low risk of stigmatization associated with visits by the Center's researchers. In Zulu culture, talking about sex is taboo, especially for strangers and especially for the opposite sex. This was mainly due to the sensitivity of the sexual language used by locals, which required knowledgeable researchers.
In addition, participants would speak in the third person when providing information, even if the matter relates to them. A limited number of respondents might have reduced the representativeness of the study, but it would not have affected the validity of the study, nor would it. However, the findings of the study indicate trends and could serve as a basis for further research, meaning that the sampling method used in this study could be transferred to other similar population groups (transferability).
Experiences in carrying out research in the field/ Africa Centre
- The content of the intervention
- The Designed Intervention
- Implications for Health Interventions
- Purpose
Development of the modules is based on the above mentioned 'HIV/AIDS education and life skills programme' (Van Dyk. However, this was also strongly supported by findings of the study as mentioned in the above section. About this one of the participants said: "Your only right is to be a woman, to be able to stay with him.
The use of the intervention tool can be evaluated through group discussions with the facilitators and participants. The chapter provided a comprehensive overview of the methodology used in collecting data for the study. Based on the data collected, an intervention would be developed, as one of the research objectives.
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction
- Factors that encourage women to
- Resource availability: societal
- Experiential Theme: Sexual practices that married women engage in
- Experiential Theme: Factors that encourage women to engage in these practices
- Experiential theme: Resource availability: societal and environmental resources
- Experiential Theme: Relative risk-high risk factors
- Experiential theme: Knowledge about AIDS epidemic
- Experiential theme: Human rights issues
It was a secret of the few in the family, as the rest of the family was not allowed to know. He had a garden in the woods and told his wife's husband about the relationship. Ungezi,ukhon' ubhodlendlini" (Don't come, don't come, the man is there. The man is in the house).
When the participants were asked about the meeting places for the married women and their amashands, they said that although some still met in the. According to one of the key informants, polygamy must be negotiated between the two people in the marriage. Participants were aware that it was unacceptable and shameful for women to engage in the same practices.
Even if they knew they married in community of property, they could not claim a 50% share in the husband's. The participants also maintained that there is a lack of support in the local communities, especially in the family.
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY
- Introduction
- Summary of the findings
- The historical emergence of the sexual practices of married women and their types
- Factors that encourage married women to engage in other sexual practices
- High risk behaviour
- Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and access to health care
- Human rights (including sexual and reproductive rights)
- Health status: Morbidity and mortality
- Strategies for designing an intervention
- Conclusion on the findings
- Recommendations
- Areas for future research
- Limitations of the study
- Conclusion
The discussions based on the findings of this study in the above sections provide a clear picture of how women become vulnerable to contracting HIV infection. Thus, the health status of married women in rural KwaZulu-Natal is greatly affected by the lack of understanding of HIV/AIDS as an epidemic in its own right. That married wives of migrant workers engage in other sexual partners in the absence of their husbands was shown not to be a new practice.
As an integral part of the community, religion could also play an important role in the mobilization of all. Cohabitation has worked in the past and would help unemployed rural women buy their raw materials, food and seeds in bulk. Rural women are aware of the existence of such policies, programs and projects, but they have never penetrated the rural areas.
