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Table 1. The empirical size for the studied tests with asymptotic nominal level 1%, 5%, 10% and a = 1.1, b = 11, c = 0.5
Figure 1. The empirical power of the Wlevel is 5% and we takeb, Wst, and Ww tests for fixed sample size T = 500 and varying c parameter
Table 5. The p-values of the Wst, Ww, and Wb tests for testinginstantaneous causality between the U.S
Figure 3. The Nadaraya-Watson kernel estimation of the covariance structure �Patilea and Ra¨ıssi (12(r) for the two datasets

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