sungai di Indonesia. Seluruh wilayah sungai itu terdiri dari: 5 wilayah sungai Lintas-negara, 29 wilayah sungai Lintas-provinsi, 29 wilayah sungai Strategis Nasional, 53 wilayah sungai Lintas-kabupaten/Kota dalam provinsi dan 15 wilayah sungai dalam kabupaten/kota.
Sampai saat ini telah dibentuk 12 Balai Besar dan 21 Balai Wilayah Sungai yang tersebar di berbagai provinsi, dan 2 BWS pada awal 2011 di Maluku Utara dan Papua Barat (Buku Tahunan Sumber Daya Air, 2012). Dan, untuk menjalankan tugasnya, Direktorat Jenderal Sumberdaya Air saat ini membawahi 33 UPT/ Balai Besar dan Balai Wilayah Sungai, yang didukung 8.639 pegawai dan pejabat (PU, 2012).
Sebagai tindak lanjut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, pemerintah melakukan pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (PAM) di pusat dan daerah. Badan usaha milik negara dan badan usaha milik daerah ini merupakan penyelenggara pengembangan sistem penyediaan air minum.
Berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya air juga tercermin dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 Bab II pasal 21 tentang konservasi sumberdaya air, menjaga kelangsungan keberdayaan daya dukung, daya tampung dan fungsi sumberdaya air.
Sementara itu, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2008 Pasal 7 ayat 1 menjadi pengarah pengelolaan di tingkat nasionalselama 2011 – 2030, menjadi acuan bagi menteri atau pemimpin lembaga pemerintah dalam menetapkan kebijakan sektoral dan menjadi acuan penyusunan kebijakan pengelolaan sumberdaya airdi provinsi.
Peran pemerintah pusat sebagai pengarah mutlak diperlukan bagi pemerintah daerah.Pemerintah pusat harus mengontrol penuh kebijakan di daerah, untuk mencegah pengelolaan sumberdaya air yang hanya mementingkan pemasukan daerah (PAD) tanpa menimbang dampaknya.
Hingga kini pengelolaan sumberdaya air secara nasional menghadapi berbagai masalah di antaranya: - Kinerja pelayanan jaringan irigasi belum optimal: dari
7,46 juta hektar daerah irigasi yang dibangun, sekitar 1,34 juta hektar belum berfungsi optimal karena which classifies 131 river basins in Indonesia. In
total there are 5 country river basins, 29 cross-provincial river basins, 29 national strategic river basins, 53 cross-regency/city rivers basins inside on province, and 15 river basins inside one regency/city. To date, 12 BBWS and 21 BWS have been established in various provinces, with another 2 BWS in early 2011 in North Maluku and West Papua (Yearbook of Water Resources, 2012). To carry out its duties, the Directorate General of Water Resources currently oversees 33 UPT/BWS and BBWS with 8,639 employees and officials (PU, 2012).
As a follow-up to Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems, the government developed Drinking Water Supply Systems (PAM) on the national and regional level. The development of drinking water supply systems is carried out by state-owned enterprises and regional government-owned enterprises.
Various efforts to manage water resources also reflect Article 21, Chapter II, of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7/2004 regarding the conservation of water resources, which stipulates that carrying capacities and functions of water resources must be preserved.
Meanwhile, Government Regulation No. 42/2008 Article 7, paragraph 1 directs management at the national level from 2011-2030 and acts as reference for ministers or leaders of government agencies in setting sectoral policies as well as for formulation of policies for water resources management in the regions.
The role of the central government as the steering body is absolutely necessary for local governments. The central government should fully control regional policies to prevent water resource management practices that are profit oriented without consideration of any environmental impacts.
Until now, national water resource management has faced a variety of problems, among others:
- The performance of irrigation network is not yet optimal: Of the 7.46 million hectares that are
kerusakan jaringan irigasi, karena bencana alam, kurangnya pemeliharaan, rendahnya keterlibatan petani dan pihak lain dalam pengelolaan jaringan irigasi,
- Kinerja pelayanan jaringan reklamasi rawabelum optimal: dari 33,4 juta hektar lahan rawa pasang surut dan rawa lebak termasuk gambut, baru sekitar 1,8 juta hektare jaringan reklamasi rawa yang dikembangkan pemerintah,
- Perubahan garis pantai akan menimbulkan masalah bagi perlindungan sarana dan prasarana sepanjang pantai dan batas negara.
Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, ke depan perlu dilakukan (PU, 2012):
- Mengembalikan fungsi infrastruktur sumber daya air yang mengalami kerusakan karena bencana alam; - Menyelenggarakan pembinaan lebih intensif kepada
pemerintah daerah dan parapihak lainnya dalam pengelolaan irigasi;
- Mempertahankan kemampuan penyediaan air dari sumber-sumber air, karena berkurangnya areal terbuka hijau dan menurunnya kapasitas wadah air alami maupun buatan dengan cepat;
- Melakukan penataan organisasi pengelola sumberdaya air, seperti Unit Pelaksana Teknis Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS)/Balai Wilayah Sungai (BWS) maupun Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah/Balai Prasarana sumberdaya air;
- Meningkatkan koordinasi dan ketatalaksanaan penanganan untuk mengurangi konflik antarpengguna sumberdaya air;
- Meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan Sistem Informasi Sumberdaya air (SISDA) pada Balai Besar dan Balai WS, dinas, serta melengkapi data dan informasi untuk digunakan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan serta memperluas akses publik;
- Mengupayakan pengarusutamaan gender dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan sumberdaya air, baik dari segi akses, kontrol, partisipasi, maupun manfaatnya; - Mencari peluang investasi baru dalam pengembangan
infrastruktur sumber daya air. covered by the irrigation network, approximately
1.34 million hectares cannot function optimally due network damage, natural disasters, lack of maintenance, lack of involvement of farmers and others parties in managing the irrigation network, - Performance of swamp reclamation networks is not
optimal: of 33.4 million hectares of tidal swamps and non-tidal swamps including peatlands, only about 1.8 million hectares are covered by the government-build swamp reclamation networkt, - Changes in shoreline will cause problems for the
protection of facilities and infrastructure along the coast and national borders.
The following steps are necessary to tackle future problems (MoPW, 2012):
- Restore the function of water resource infrastructure damaged by natural disasters ;
- Provide more intensive irrigation management advancement measures to local governments and other stakeholders
- Maintain water supply capacities of water despite decreasing open areas and rapid declining capacities of natural and artificial water reservoirs;
- Restructure of water resource management organizations such as Large River Basin Organization ( BBWS)/River Basin Organizations (BWS) Technical Implementation Units and Regional Technical Implementation Units/Center of Water Resources Infrastructure;
- Improve coordination and handling management to reduce conflicts among users of water resources; - Improve performance of Water Resources
Information Systems (SISDA) management at BBWS and BWS as well as at agencies, supply data and information for decision making and expand public access;
- Promote gender mainstreaming in the
implementation of water resources activities in terms of access, control, participation, and benefits; - Identify new investment opportunities in the
Lebih 11 persen daratan Indonesia (sekitar 21,5 juta hektar) dicanangkan sebagai wilayah dilindungi, dalam bentuk suaka alam, suaka margasatwa, taman nasional, taman rekreasi alam, taman hutan raya, dan taman buru yang dikelola Kementerian Kehutanan. Selain itu, Indonesia memiliki tambahan 6,3 juta hektar taman laut (Direktur Konservasi dan Taman Laut Nasional, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2009).
Upaya pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati juga dilakukan di kebun raya, kebun binatang, taman safari, pusat penangkaran dan budidaya, serta arboretum. Kementerian Kehutanan juga mendirikan “bank genetika” untuk tanaman pangan, sementara Kementerian Pertanian memiliki koleksi sel dan plasma untuk ternak dan tanaman pertanian.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah merumuskan Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan, IBSAP) untuk memandu penerapan program
keanekaragaman hayati hingga 2020. IBSAP memuatlima sasaran, empat di antaranya berupa mengembangkan kesadaran masyarakat, mengembangkan sikap berorientasi-konservasi, dan melibatkan warga negara dalam masalah tata kelola. Sayangnya, IBSAP bukan dokumen yang mengikat secara hukum, dan karenanya tanpa kekuatan dan kewenangan hukum dalam pelaksanaannya
Sebagai negara megabiodiversity, Indonesia turut memperjuangkan pengembangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik (PRG) pada Konferensi PBB XI tentang Keanekaragaman Hayati (Convention on Biological
Diversity/CBD), yang diawali dengan pertemuan
parapihak pada Protokol Cartagena mengenai Keamanan Hayati VI di Hyderabad, India.
Pertemuan ini menghasilkan 16 keputusan yang menekankan pada kesepakatan pentingnya kajian dampak sosial ekonomi pengembangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik (PRG), upaya peningkatan kapasitas nasional dalam deteksi dan identifikasi PRG; serta perlunya sistem identifikasi dalam proses penanganan, transportasi, pengemasan dan identifikasi PRG. Pada Konferensi PBB XI itu diadopsi 33 keputusan dan beberapa keputusan yang pada intinya mencakup: perlunya percepatan proses ratifikasi Protokol Nagoya, More than 11 percent of Indonesia’s land area
(approximately 21.5 million hectares) were declared protected areas in the form of nature reserves, wildlife reserves, national parks, natural recreation parks, grant forest parks, and hunting parks managed by the Ministry of Forestry. In addition, Indonesia has an additional 6.3 million hectares of marine parks (Director of Conservation and Marine National Parks, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2009). Biodiversity conservation efforts also take place in the botanical gardens, zoos, safari parks, breeding and cultivation centers, as well as arboretums. The Ministry of Forestry also set up a “genetic bank” for food crops, while the Ministry of Agriculture has a collection of cells and plasmas for livestock and agricultural crops.
The Ministry of Environment has formulated an Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) to guide the implementation of the biodiversity program until 2020. IBSAP contains five goals including developing community awareness, developing conservation-oriented attitudes, and involve citizens in governance issues. IBSAP is not a legally binding document nor has it , the power and authority of the law in its implementation.
As a mega-biodiversity country, Indonesia supported the development of Genetically Engineered Products (GEPs) at the 11th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity/ CBD, which was precluded by the 6th Meeting of Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in Hyderabad, India.
The meeting produced 16 decisions which emphasized the importance of socio-economic impact assessments of Genetically Engineered Product (GEP) development, efforts to increase national capacities in GEP detection and identification, as well as the need for identification system in handling, transportation, packaging and GEP identification processes.
COP XI adopted 33 decisions, among others the need to accelerate the ratification process of the Nagoya Protocol, to monitor the implementation of the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and
Keanekaragaman Hayati
implementasi Strategic Plan 2011-2020 dan pencapaianAichi Target, serta Mobilisasi Sumber Daya (Resource Mobilisation).
Negara-negara maju sepakat akan meningkatkan dua kali lipat total aliran sumber pendanaan international kepada negara berkembang untuk implementasi Strategic Plan. Adapun negara berkembang berkewajiban memasukkan keanekaragaman hayati pada prioritas nasional serta melaporkan pengeluaran domestik dan mempersiapkan
national financial plans terkait keanekaragaman hayati
pada 2015. Indonesia menginginkan agar negara maju berlaku fair terhadap setiap pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik dan agar negara-negara sumber memperoleh manfaat yang sepadan dalam prinsip kesetaraan dalam masyarakat dunia.
the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as well as Resource Mobilization.
Developed countries agreed to increase two-fold the total flow of international funding to developing countries for the mplementation of the Strategic Plan. Meanwhile, the developing countries are under an obligation to include biodiversity programs as national priorities, as well as to report domestic spending and to prepare national financial plans related to biodiversity by 2015. Indonesia hoped that developed countries would be fair in utilizating genetic resources and that source countries would reap commensurate benefits based on the equality principle of the world community.
Figure 3.18 Biodiversity Management Flowchart
Gambar 3.18.Alur Proses Pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati
MoE KLH Governors Gubernur GLOBAL Regents/Mayors Bupati/Walikota
Conditions and Potential of Biodiversity Utilization
Kondisi dan Potensi pemanfaatan Kehati
Ministry of Forestry DEPHUT Natural Resources Conservation Center BKSDA Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology BPTP Research and Development Litbang Watershed Management Agency BPDAS National Park Center BTN Ministry of Agriculture DEPTAN Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishing DKP Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI Responsibilities Kewajiban Coordination Koordinasi Coordination Koordinasi Reports Laporan Reports Laporan Reports Laporan Reports Laporan
Utilization value/ utilization
Nilai manfaat/ pemanfaatan
- Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan - Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan - Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan - Coordination Koordinasi - NSPK
Norms, Standards, Guidelines, Criteria
- Sosialisasi & Asistensi
Promotion & Assistence
Support for sustainable utilization
Kelestarian tata nilai kelangsungan kehidupan dan penopang keberhasilan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan
Reg./City Gov. Agency:
SKPD Kab/Kota:
- Environment - Forestry - Agriculture - Marine & Fisheries
Lingkungan hidup Kehutanan Pertanian
Prov. Gov. Agency:
SKPD Provinsi:
- Environment - Forestry - Agriculture - Marine & Fisheries - etc
Lingkungan hidup Kehutanan Pertanian Kelautan & Perikanan dll