Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang atau COREMAP adalah program yang diparkarsai The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management
September 1998, terjadi beberapa perubahan dalam tata pemerintahan di Indonesia. Program ini pun perlu penyesuaian, antara lain dengan perubahan tahapan. Tahap Inisiasi (1998 – 2004); Tahap II Desentralisasi dan Akselerasi (2004 – 2009); dan Tahap III, Pelembagaan (2010 – 2015).
COREMAP didanai pemerintah Indonesia, dengan dukungan World Bank, Asian Development Bank, dan Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID), yang hanya untuk COREMAP Tahap I. Lembaga Pelaksana (Executing Agency) COREMAP Tahap I adalah Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Dengan dibentuknya Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) pada 1999—kini Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanaan, Lembaga Pelaksana Tahap II beralih ke kementerian yang baru ini. LIPI tetap berperan, tapi fokus pada bidang informasi, ilmiah, pelatihan serta pendidikan.Dalam pelaksanannya, Lembaga Pelaksana bekerjasama dengan lembaga pemerintah terkait di pusat maupun daerah, dengan lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan masyarakat lokal. Gagasan COREMAP bermula dari keprihatinan para peneliti kelautan LIPI terhadap nasib terumbu karang yang makin memburuk.Pada 1980-an, Indonesia ikut dalam Program ASEAN-Australia, Living Coastal Resources, untuk memantau sumberdaya laut di Asia Tenggara. Survei pendahuluan pada 1984 menemukan terumbu karang dalam keadaan baik tinggal sekitar 5 persen; kondisi lumayan, 29 persen; buruk, 25 persen; dan sangat buruk, 40 persen.
Temuan ini menumbuhkan kesadaran para pengambil keputusan perlunya langkah komprehensif untuk melestarikan ekositem sumberdaya perikanan dan kelautan ini. Dengan dorongan Badan Perancang Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), penelitian terumbu karang mulai ditingkatkan, melibatkan 10 universitas dari berbagai provinsi, yang membentuk jejaring informasi, cikal bakal Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC).
COREMAP tahap I(1998-2004) menetapkan landasan kerja sistem pengelolaan terumbu karang. Tahap ini dilaksanakan LIPI bersama beberapa provinsi dan kabupaten sebagai pelaksana. Pada COREMAP tahap II, penanggung jawab program adalah Direktorat Jenderal Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, Kementerian After its launch in early September 1998, there are
some changes within governance in Indonesia. The program’s phasing was re-adjusted into a initiation first phase (1998 - 2004) a decentralization and acceleration second phase (2004 - 2009), and a institutionalization third phase (2010-2015).
COREMAP was funded by the Indonesian government, with World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) support for COREMAP Phase I only.
The executing agency of COREMAP Phase I was the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. With the establishment of the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) in 1999 – now the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - implementation of Phase II was switched to the other agency. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences continued to play a role, but focused on the areas of information, science, training and education. In practice, the executing agency cooperated with related central and regional government agencies, as well as with non-governmental organizations and local communities.
The idea for COREMAP stemmed from several Indonesian Institute of Science marine researchers who were concerned by deteriorating condition of coral reefs. In the 1980s, Indonesia participated in the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal Resources Program for monitoring marine resources in Southeast Asia. A preliminary survey in 1984 found that coral reefs in good condition amounted to just about 5 percent, while 29 percent were in fair condition, 25 percent in poor condition, and 40 percent in very poor condition. These findings raised the awareness of decision makers about the need for comprehensive measures to conserve marine ecosystems and the fisheries resources. Backed by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the study of coral reefs was intensified and involved 10 universities from various provinces. They formed an information networkwhich eventually became the Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC).
COREMAP Phase I (1998-2004) established the foundation for a coral reef management system. This phase was executed by the Indonesian Institute of Science in cooperation with several provinces
Kelautan dan Perikanan. Pelaksana program Ditjen Kehutanan dan Perlindungan Alam, Kementerian Kehutanan, LIPI, 8 provinsi dan 15 kabupaten. Pada tingkat desa terdapat Lembaga Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang. Untuk membantu kegiatan, masyarakat menunjuk fasilitator dan motivator desa sebagai staf penasihat.
Jaringan pengelolaan terumbu karang ini dilengkapi Tim Pengarah Nasional dan Tim Pengarah Teknis dengan anggota dari Bappenas, LIPI, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Polisi Perairan dan Udara (Airud), TNI Angkatan Laut, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) dan Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR).
Program pengelolaan terumbu karang inidari Nias, Sumatera Utara, sampai Raja Ampat dan Biak di Papua Barat dan Papua telah membuahkan hasil. Data dari penelitian tahun 2012 menunjukkan kondisi terumbu karang sangat baik, 5,30 persen;kondisi baik, 27,19 persen; cukup baik, 37,29 persen; dan kurang baik 27,19 persen.
Masyarakat pesisir semakin sadar dan bertanggung jawab melindungi dan melestarikan terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya. Desa-desa pesisir memiliki peraturan desa yang melindungi terumbu karang. Banyak nelayan mantan pengebom ikan malah menjadi motivator pelestarian terumbu karang. Penangkapan ikan dengan bahan peledak dan racun kimia semakin menurun, terutama di wilayah program COREMAP. Terumbu karang Teluk Maumere, Sikka, NTT, misalnya, yang hancur akibat gempa dan tsunami pada 1992, kini sudah pulih. Bahkan pada 2010, di sana diselenggarakan lomba fotografi bawah laut, menampilkan keindahan terumbu karang. Teluk Maumere pernah menjadi sentra produksi rumput laut di NTT yang berkembang sangat baik pada 1990-an. Tapi lantas merosot tajam akibat pencemaran dari pupuk green tonic oleh pembudidaya rumput laut. Setelah COREMAP turun tangan memberikan bantuan bibit dan pendampingan, usaha rumput laut kembali berkembang.
Di Raja Ampat, program COREMAP mendorong and regencies. The Directorate General of Coasts
and Small Islands of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries was in charge of Coremap Phase II, which was implemented by the Directorate General of Forestry and Nature Protection of the Ministry of Forestry, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 8 provinces and 15 regencies. Coral reef management boards (LPSTK) were introduced at village level. Villagers appointed facilitators and motivators as advisory staff to assist them in their activities. The coral reef management network is supported by a National Steering Committee and a National Technical Steering Committee consisting of representatives from the National Development Planning Agency; the Indonesian Institute of Sciences; the Ministries of Forestry, Home Affairs, and Environment; Water and Air Police, the Navy, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR).
The coral reef management program that extends from Nias, North Sumatra, to Raja Ampat and Biak in West Papua and Papua has been successful. 2012 research data has showed 5.30 percent of coral reefs were in excellent condition, 27.19 percent in good condition, 37.29 percent in fair condition and 27.19 percent in poor condition.
Coastal communities are becoming increasingly aware and committed to protecting and conserving coral reefs and their ecosystems. Coastal villages have village regulations that protect coral reefs. Many fishermen who used to practice blast fishing have become motivators for reef conservation instead. Fishing with explosives and toxic chemicals is declining, especially in areas covered by the COREMAP program.
Coral reefs in Maumere Bay in the Sikka regency of East Nusa Tenggara, for example, were destroyed by a 1992 earthquake and tsunami but have now recovered. There even was a underwater photography competition in 2010, featuring the beauty of the coral reefs. Seagrass cultivation once flourished in Maumere Bay during 1990s, but then production declined sharply due to pollution caused by green tonic fertilizers used by seagrass farmers. After
Udara
Air
Sampai saat ini, BMKG memiliki 44 jaringan stasiun pemantau kualitas udara. Dari 44 unit kerja pemantau kualitas udara itu, 42 mengamati parameter SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter), 31 stasiun parameter kimia air hujan (KAH), 7 stasiun parameter SO2 dan NO2, 4 stasiun parameter PM10, 3 stasiun parameter Aerosol, dan 2 stasiun melakukan pengamatan parameter Ozon (O3) permukaan, serta 1 stasiun lainnya memonitoring gas rumah kaca (GRK).
Program Kampung Iklim (ProKlim) yang diinisiasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup merupakan upaya memperkuat berbagai inisiatif lokal terkait perubahan iklim. Melalui ProKlim, pemerintah memberi penghargaan bagi partisipasi aktif masyarakat yang melakukan upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim yang terintegrasi di tingkat lokal. Sehingga, dapat mendukung target penurunan emisi GRK nasional dan meningkatkan ketahanan masyarakat terhadap dampak perubahan iklim.
Dalam konteks perubahan iklim, produksi dan konsumsi manusia dapat berdampak pada pemanasan global sekaligus membuat penipisan lapisan ozon, seperti pemakaian HCFC dan CFC sebagai bahan perusak ozon (BPO). Untuk mengatasinya, Indonesia berperan aktif di tingkat global melalui Protokol Montreal tentang Pengendalian Bahan Perusak Ozon (BPO). Penghapusan BPO akan berkontribusi, tidak saja untuk perlindungan lapisan ozon, namun juga mereduksi CO2 ekuivalen, yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung melindungi sistem iklim.
Pemerintah Indonesia telah menghapus BPO jenis
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Halon, Carbon tetrachloride
(CTC), Methyl chloroform (TCA) dan Methyl
bromide (MBr) untuk keperluan non-karantina dan
The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency has a network of 44 air quality monitoring stations. Of these 44 stations, 42 monitor Suspended Particulate Matter, 31 monitor rainwater chemistry (KAH) parameters, 7 monitor SO2 and NO2 concentrations, 4 monitor PM10 levels, 3 measure monitor aerosol parameters, 2 measure monitor surface ozone (O3), and 1 measures monitors greenhouse gases (GHG). The Climate Village Program (ProKlim), initiated by the Ministry of the Environment, was an effort to strengthen local initiatives related to climate change. Through ProKlim, the government gave recognition to the active participation of communities that had engaged in integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts at the local level. Such efforts supported the achievement of the national GHG emission reduction targets and increased community resilience against climate change impacts.
In the context of climate change, human production and consumption may have an impact on global warming and cause thinning of the ozone layer, through the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as HCFCs and CFCs. To avert this, Indonesia is active at the global level through the Montreal Protocol on Controlling Ozone-Depleting Substances. The phase-out of ODS will not only support the protection of the ozone layer but also reduce CO2-eq, which directly and indirectly protects the climate system.
The Indonesian government has phased out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halon, varbon tetrachloride (CTC), methyl chloroform (TCA) and methyl bromide (MBR) for non-quarantine and pre-shipment uses since December 31, 2007, or two years
bagi ekosistem laut, menyebarluaskan pemahaman melestarikan terumbu karang kepada masyarakat pesisir lain yang tidak terlibat langsung dalam COREMAP.
or lobster cultivation, develop small businesses, managing homestays, and not depend entirely on fishing. As the institutionalization phase superseded COREMAP II, it remained important to continue fostering awareness about marine ecosystems and provide information about coral reef conservation to other coastal communities that were not directly involved in COREMAP.
prapengapalan sejak 31 Desember 2007. Ini berarti 2 tahun lebih cepat dari jadwal yang ditetapkan Protokol Montreal. Untuk itu, pada 2011 UNEP dan Sekretariat Protokol Montreal memberikan apresiasi kepadaIndonesia.Dalam upaya mencapai target Protokol Montreal, Indonesia menyusun strategi percepatan penghapusan HCFCs melalui HCFC
Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) dengan dana hibah Multilateral Fund.
Demi keberhasilan penghapusan HCFCs, Pemerintah Indonesia telah merevisi Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 24/M-DAG//PER/6/2006 tentang Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon menjadi Peraturan Menteri Nomor 3 /M-DAG/PER/1/12 tentang Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon. Selain itu, pemerintah akan menetapkan regulasi pelarangan penggunaan HCFC pada industri manufaktur dan larangan impor barang yang mengandung HCFC. Pemerintah juga akan melaksanakan alih teknologi HCFC menjadi non-HCFC pada industri manufaktur Air
Conditioning (AC), refrigerasi dan foam. Berdasarkan
perhitungan dalam proposal HPMP, kontribusi penghapusan HCFC dapat menurunkan jumlah CO2 -eq sebesar dari 1.954.170 ton CO -eq menjadi 385.640 ahead of the schedule set in the Montreal Protocol.
Because of that, in 2011 the UNEP and the Secretariat of the Montreal Protocol gave appreciation to Indonesia. To achieve the targets of the Montreal Protocol, Indonesia has developed a HCFC phase-out acceleration strategy through the HCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) with grants from multilateral funds.
To ensure successful phase-out of HCFCs, the Indonesian government has revised Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 24/M-DAG/PER/6/2006 on Provisions regarding the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances into Minister Regulation No. 3/M-DAG/ PER/1/12 on Provisions on the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances. In addition, the government will impose regulations on the prohibition of the use of HCFCs in the manufacturing industry and on the prohibition of the import of goods containing HCFCs. The government will also implement the conversion from HCFC to non-HCFC technology in the air conditioning (AC) manufacturing, refrigeration and foam sectors. Based on the calculations in the HPMP proposal , the phase-out of HCFC could reduce the amount of CO-eq from 1,954,170 million tonnes to
jumlah kendaraan bermotor pada kisaran 10 persen (BPS, 2012), meningkatkan konsumsi bahan bakar fosil, yang menaikkan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca. Pemantauan kualitas udara jalan raya di beberapa kota besar pada 2012, menunjukkan beberapa parameter pencemar udara cenderung meningkat— namun masih dibawah baku mutu. Penurunan kualitas udara akan berdampak burukbagi kesehatan manusia, merusak tanaman dan bangunan, pertumbuhan hutan terganggu dan berkurangnya jarak pandang.
Untuk itu, program Langit Biru dikemas sebagai upaya pengendalian pencemaran udara untuk sumber bergerak meliputi:
1. Penetapan baku mutu emisi, 2. Penggunaan bahan bakar bersih,
3. Manajemen kebutuhan transportasi (Transport
Demand Management),
4. Pemeriksaan emisi dan perawatan kendaraan bermotor.
Program langit biru bertujuan mengendalikan dan mencegah pencemaran udara dan mewujudkan perilaku sadar lingkungan baik dari sumber tak bergerak (industri) maupun sumber bergerak. Program Langit Biru diluncurkan pada 1996 oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, melalui Keputusan Menteri Nomor 15 Tahun 1996.
Saat ini sistem transportasi mengalami krisis energi dan krisis lingkungan, terutama pencemaran gas buang kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini telah menjadi perhatian Kementerian Perhubungan yang bertanggung jawab moral kepada pengguna jasa angkutan maupun masyarakat umum.
Upaya Ditjen Perhubungan Darat Kementerian Perhubungan untuk meningkatkan kualitas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor antara lain: pendekatan teknologi ramah lingkungan, inspeksi kendaraan bermotor, penetapan standar emisi gas buang kendaraan, serta manajemen lalu-lintas yang baik. Teknologi otomotif saat ini terus diupayakan menuju teknologi berwawasan lingkungan. Salah satunya, penyempurnaan desain maupun perlengkapan treatment emisi gas buang. Selain itu, penyempurnaan motor bensin maupun diesel juga akan diimbangi dengan pemanfaatan bahan bakar ramah lingkungan. Pengembangan lain adalah teknologi hibrida bensin-number of vehicles (BPS, 2012) caused consumption
of fossil fuels to rise, which in turn increased the concentration of greenhouse gases.
Roadside air quality monitoring in several major cities in 2012 showed that some parameters of air pollutants tended to worsen, but still complied with the quality standard. Deterioration of air quality will negatively affect people’s health, damage crops and buildings, hinder forest growth and reduce visibility.
The Blue Sky program was launced to control air pollution from moving sources and included the following measures:
1. Establishment of emission standards, 2. Use of clean fuels,
3. Transportation demand management, 4. Emissions inspection and motor vehicle
maintenance.
The Blue Sky Program aimed to control and prevent air pollution and reduce environmental loads from both stationary sources (industry) and mobile sources. The Blue Sky Program was launched in 1996 by the Ministry of Environment through Ministerial Decree No. 15 of 1996.
These days, the transportation system is in the midst of an energy crisis and an environmental crisis, especially in regard to pollution from motor vehicle exhaust gases. This has come to the attention of the Ministry of Transportation, which bears a moral responsibility towards public transport users and the general public.
Efforts by the Ministry of Transportation’s Directorate General of Land Transportation to improve the quality of motor vehicle exhaust emissions include application of environmentally-friendly technologies, motor vehicle inspection, establishment of standards for vehicle exhaust emissions, as well as improvement of traffic management.
There are ongoing efforts to make today’s automotive more environmentally-friendly, for instance by improving the design and performance of exhaust systems. Improvement in the design of gasoline and diesel engines will be compounded by the use by the use of environmentally- friendly fuels. Another development is the application of gasoline-electric
listrik atau ecocar, yang tidak banyak memakai bahan bakar fosil. Pengembangan yang lebih canggih adalah teknologi fuel cell yang tidak menghasilkan gas buang beracun. Teknologi terakhir ini menjadi harapan bagi teknologi kendaraan ecocar.
Dalam hal inspeksi dan pemeliharaan, pemerintah telah menyiapkan rancangan program uji semua kendaraan bermotor.Emisi gas menjadi bagian dari kelaikan kendaraan yang harus diuji terlebih dahulu. Persyaratan ambang batas kelaikan menyebutkan ketebalan asap kendaraan yang penyalaan kompresinya berbahan bakar solar, ditentukan maksimum sebesar 50 persen. Upaya yang dilakukan antara lain dengan:
- Penerapan standar emisi CO2 untuk mobil penumpang,
- Pemasangan Converter Kit (gasifikasi angkutan umum),
- Penerapan Congestion Charging dan Road Pricing, - Pembinaan Peningkatan Pelayanan Angkutan
Umum.
Dengan pengujian itu, para pemilik kendaraan merawat kendaraannya dengan baik dan teratur sehingga laik jalan. Penetapan standar emisi gas buang untuk kendaraan yang sudah berjalan juga tengah diupayakan pemerintah.
Menteri Lingkungan Hidup menetapkan standar baru emisi gas buang untuk kendaraan bermotor baru dengan keputusan Nomor 141 Tahun 2003 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang sedang diproduksi. Dalam ketentuan itu disebutkan kendaraan bermotor tipe baru yang diproduksi harus memenuhi syarat uji emisi sesuai standar EURO 2, yang jauh lebih ketat dibanding aturan sebelumnya. Untuk pelaksanaannya, Kementerian Perhubungan telah menandatangani kerjasama dengan BTMP dan BPPT untuk uji emisi melalui kerjasama Nomor AJ.402/4/19/DRJD/2005 dan Nomor 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 pada 6 April 2005. Pendekatan lainnya, menata manajemen lalu lintas yang baik sehingga jalan menjadi lebih lancar. Kemacetan menyebabkan emisi gas buang kendaraan meningkat lebih besar. Upaya yang dilakukan di antaranya:
- Reformasi sistem transit - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)/ semi BRT,
hybrid technology to limit the consumption of fossil fuels. More sophisticated is fuel cell technology, which does not produce toxic exhaust gases and is the most promising technology for eco-cars.
The government has prepared a draft test program for all motor vehicles in regard to inspection and maintenance. Emissions testing will be required to determine the roadworthiness of a vehicle. A provision regarding threshold values stipulates that smoke opacity of vehicles with diesel-fueled compression-ignition engines shall not exceed 50 percent. Other efforts include:
- Application of CO2 emission standards for passenger cars,
- Installation of converter kits (use of natural gas for public transport),
- Application of congestion charging and road pricing,
- Improvement of public transport services
With the introduction of testing, vehicle owners will be inclined to maintain their vehicles properly and regularly to ensure their roadworthiness. Establishment of exhaust emission standards for vehicles that are already in operation is also being prepared by the government.
The Minister of Environment has set a new standard for exhaust emissions of new type motor vehicles in Decree No. 141/2003 regarding Emission Standard Limits for Vehicles in Current Production. This provision stipulates that new types of motor vehicles must comply with emission testing requirements according to the EURO 2 standard, which is much stricter than previous rules. Testing is conducted in cooperation with the Laboratory for Thermodynamic Engines and Propulsion (BTMP-BPPT) in accordance with cooperation agreement No. AJ.402/4/19/ DRJD/2005 and No. 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 signed on 6 April 2005.
Other approaches include improvement of traffic management to reduce traffic congestion, which is a major cause for the increase in vehicle emissions. Efforts undertaken included:
- Overhaul of the transit system - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)/semi BRT ,
jalan nasional,
- Penerapan manajemen parkir di jalan nasional, - Mendorong pembinaan dan pengembangan
sistem transit - BRT/Semi BRT,
- Pembangunan budaya smart driving (ecodriving),