Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 1994 telah meratifikasi konvensi perubahan iklim. Selain itu, Indonesia juga telah meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto melalui Undang-undang No. 17 Tahun 2004.
Pada COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, para pihak menyepakati “Paket Keputusan Doha” (Doha Climate Gateway) dengan beberapa keputusan,antara lain mengadopsi amandemen Protokol Kyoto yang akan menjadi dasar hukum berlakunya Periode Komitmen Kedua Protokol Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol’s Second Commitment
period/CP-2 KP), dengan jangka waktu mulai 1 Januari
2013 sampai 31 Desember 2020 (8 tahun).
Bagi Indonesia, periode Komitmen Kedua Protokol Kyoto membuka kesempatan untuk melanjutkan pengembangan Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) yang merupakan salah satu mekanisme fleksibel perdagangan karbon dalam Protokol Kyoto.Sebagai informasi, saat ini Indonesia memiliki 96 proyek CDM yang telah terdaftar di UNFCCC dengan potensi reduksi emisi sebesar 11,3 juta ton CO2 per tahun.
Pencemaran udara telah terjadi secara masif. Ini ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi gas The Government of Indonesia has ratified the
Convention of Climate Change through Law No. 6/1994. In addition, Indonesia has also ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law No. 17 of 2004.
At the COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, the parties agreed on the “Doha Package” (Doha Climate Gateway) which included several decisions, among others,to adopt amendments to the Kyoto Protocol, which will serve as the legal basis for the enactment of the Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol (CP-2 KP) from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 (8 years).
The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol provides Indonesia with the opportunity to continue the development of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the flexible mechanisms for carbon trading defined in the Kyoto Protocol. To date Indonesia has 96 UNFCCC-registered CDM projects, with an annual potential for emission reduction of 11.3 million tonnes of CO2.
Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), which increased 80 percent from 1970 to 2004
Catatan: 1Emisi dari kebakaran gambut diambil dari van der Werf et al (2008).
Notes:
1Emission from peat fires taken from van der Werf et al (2008).
Table 3.10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Gg CO2e) in Indonesia, 2000-2005
Tabel 3.10 Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun 2000-2005 (Gg CO2e)
Sector Sektor Year Tahun 2000 2005 Energy(Gg CO2e) Energi(Gg CO2e) 280.937,58 369.799,88
Industrial Processes (Gg CO2e) Proses Industri (Gg CO2e) 42.813,97 48.733,38
Agriculture (Gg CO2e) Pertanian (Gg CO2e) 75.419,73 80.179,31
Forestry and Land Use Change(Gg CO2e)
Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan(Gg CO2e) 649.254,17 674.828,00
Peat Fires (Gg CO2e) Kebakaran Gambut(Gg CO2e) 172.000,00 451.000,00
Waste (Gg CO2e) Limbah (Gg CO2e) 157.327,96 166.831,32
Total (incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) Gg CO2e)
Total (dengan Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut)1 (Gg CO2e) 1.377.753,41 1.791.371,892 Total (not incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) (Gg CO2e)
Fourth Assessment Report, 2007).Berdasarkan dokumen Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010,
emisi GRK Indonesia pada 2000 mencapai 1.38 Gigaton CO2e.
Pada 2005, emisi GRK mencapai 1,79 Gigaton CO2e, dengan sektor-sektor utama sumber emisi meliputi perubahan tata guna lahan dan kehutanan, energi, kebakaran gambut, limbah, pertanian dan industri. Menurut IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarious (SRES 2000) diproyeksikan emisi GRK akan meningkat dari 25 persen – 95 persen CO2-eq selama jangka 2000 - 2030, dengan bahan bakar fosil tetap menduduki posisi dominan penyebab perubahan iklim.
Karena itu, pada pertemuan G-20 di Pittsburg 2009, Indonesia secara sukarela telah menetapkan target nasional untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca sebesar 26 persen dengan usaha sendiri, dan 41 persen jika mendapat bantuan internasional pada 2020 dari kondisi tanpa adanya rencana aksi (bussines as usual/ BAU).
Untuk pelaksanaan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK, Indonesia menerbitkan dua peraturan presiden: Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Nomor 71 Tahun 2011 tentang Pelaksanaan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional. Selanjutnya, pada 19 Oktober 2011 presiden memberi arahan kepada Menteri Lingkungan Hidup untuk memastikan penurunan emisi 26 persen bersamaan dengan menjaga kestabilan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada tingkat 7 persen.
Dalam Perpres Nomor 61 Tahun 2011, Pasal 7, Menteri Lingkungan Hidup bersama Menteri PPN/Kepala Bappenas dan Menteri Dalam Negeri dimandatkan untuk memfasilitasi penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah untuk Penurunan Emisi GRK (RAD-GRK) Provinsi. Kegiatan fasilitasi tersebut telah dilaksanakan sepanjang 2012 dan menghasilkan RAD-GRK dari 27 provinsi. Implementasi Perpres itu untuk menurunkan emisi GRK dari kegiatan energi, transportasi, industri, kehutanan, pertanian, dan limbah.
Kebijakan dan langkah penurunan emisi dan inventarisasi GRK telah dilaksanakan di sektor-sektor terkait:
1. Di sektor kehutanan, penurunan deforestasi rata-rata periode 2000-2006 ke periode 2009-(SNC) Indonesia 2010, Indonesia’s GHG emissions in
2000 reached 1.38 Gigatonnes CO2e.
In 2005, GHG emissions reached 1.79 Gigatonnes of CO2e. Main sources of emission included land-use change and forestry, peatland fires, waste, as well as the energy, agriculture and industry sectors. According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES 2000), GHG emissions are projected to increase from 25 percent - 95 percent of CO2e over the period of 2000 to 2030, with fossil fuels remaining the dominant cause of climate change.
Therefore, during the G-20 meeting in Pittsburg in 2009, Indonesia voluntarily set a national target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percent on its own, and by 41 percent if it receives international aid, by the year 2020, with all reductions based on conditions in the absence of an action plan (business as usual/BAU).
For the implementation of GHG emission reduction policies, Indonesia has issued two presidential regulations: No. 61/2011 on regarding the National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and No. 71/ 2011 regarding the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Subsequently, on October 19, 2011, the President gave a briefing to the Minister of the Environment to ensure that the 26 percent emissions reduction was aligned with the need to maintain economic growth at a rate of 7 percent.
Article 7 of Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 mandates the Minister of the Environment together with the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the National Development Planning Agency and the Minister of Home to facilitate the compilation of Regional Action Plans for GHG Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). The facilitation of activities was carried out in 2012 and resulted in Regional Action Plans from 27 provinces. The implementation of the Presidential Decree aims to reduce GHG emissions from activities related to energy, transportation, industry, forestry, agriculture, and waste.
GHG policies, actions and inventories have been implemented in the following sectors:
1. In the forestry sector, a decrease of 0.675 million hectares per year in the average deforestation rate
2011 sebesar 0,675 juta hektare per tahun, telah menurunkan emisi GRK sebesar 0,489 Gigaton CO2e, setara 72,8 persen dari target penurunan emisi GRK sektor kehutanan dan lahan gambut pada 2020, sebesar 0,672 Gigaton CO2e. Terkait lahan gambut, peningkatan, rehabilitasi dan pemeliharaan jaringan reklamasi rawa di 23 provinsi, diperkirakan menurunkan emisi GRK 2,02 juta ton CO2e.
2. Di sektor pertanian, penurunan emisi GRK sebesar 10,3 juta ton CO2e pada 2011 dari kegiatan pengelolaan tanaman terpadu dan penggunaan varietas padi Ciherang. Penurunan emisi GRK pada lahan gambut ditargetkan sebesar 334 juta ton CO2e dilakukan dengan pengembangan pertanian di lahan marjinal dan lahan terdegradasi, pengelolaan gambut berkelanjutan, rehabilitasi, revitalisasi dan revitalisasi lahan gambut terdegradasi. Selain itu, dilakukan perbaikan dan pemeliharaan jaringan irigasi di 24 provinsi, dengan perkiraan penurunan emisi GRK 0,042 jutaton CO2e.
3. Di sektor energi, hasil perhitungan tingkat emisi GRK sektor energi pada 2010 sebesar 0,427 Gigaton CO2e. Melalui penerapan Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN), target penurunan emisi GRK pada 2020 sebesar 0,038 Gigaton CO2e diharapkan dapat tercapai.
4. Di sektor transportasi, dilakukan kebijakan dan langkah penurunan emisi GRK dan inventarisasi GRK di subsektor perhubungan darat, perkeretaapian, perhubungan laut, dan perhubungan udara.Saat ini sedang proses pengajuan program Sustainable Urban Transport sebagai Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Action (NAMAs) ke United Nations
Frameworks Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
5. Di sektor industri, dilakukan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK melalui identifikasi potensi penerapan konservasi energi, pemberian penghargaan industri hijau, penerapan Program Restrukturisasi Permesinan Industri Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil, Alas Kaki dan Gula. Melalui Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pengurangan Emisi CO2 Industri Semen, diperkirakan penurunan gas rumah kaca secara sukarela sebesar 2 persen selama 2011-2015, dan secara wajib sebesar 3 persen selama 2016-2020.
6. Di sektor limbah, telah dilakukan pembangunan sarana prasarana air limbah dengan system off-site from 2000-2006 and 2009-2011 has reduced GHG
emissions by 0.489 gigatonnes of CO2e. This equals 72.8 percent of GHG of the 2020 emissions reduction target of 0.672 gigatonnes CO2e in the forestry and peatlands sector. Improvement, rehabilitation and maintenance of wetlands reclamation networks in 23 provinces was estimated to reduce GHG emissions by 2.02 million tonnes of CO2e.
2. In the agricultural sector, GHG emission reductions of 10.3 million tonnes of CO2e were achieved in 2011 due to integrated crop management practices and the use of the Ciherang rice varietiy. Efforts to reach the GHG emission reduction target in peatlands of 334 million tonnes of CO2e included cultivation of marginal and degraded lands, sustainable peatland management, as well as rehabilitation and revitalization of degraded peatlands. In addition, irrigation network repair and maintenance work was carried out in 24 provinces, resulting in an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of 0.042 million tonnes of CO2e. 3. GHG emissions in the energy sector in 2010
were calculated at 0.427 gigatonnes of CO2e. The implementation of the National Energy Policy (KEN) is expected to make possible the achievement of the 2010 GHG emissions reduction targets of 0.038 gigatonnes of CO2e.
4. In the transport sector, policies and measures related to GHG emissions reduction and GHG inventories were undertaken in the land, rail, maritime and air transportation sub-sectors. At present the Sustainable Urban Transport Program is in the process of submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs).
5. GHG emission reduction policies in the industrial sector were implemented through the identification of potential benefits of energy conservation, green industry awards, and the implementation of machinery restructuring programs in the textile and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. Minister of Industry Decree No. 12/2012 on Technical Guidelines for the Reduction of CO2 Emissions in the Cement Industry estimated voluntary greenhouse gas reductions at 2 percent in 2011-2015, and mandatory reductions at 3 percent in 2016-2020.
Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 660/95/SJ/2012, Nomor 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 dan Nomor 01/MENLH/01/2012, tentang Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAD-GRK). Surat edaran ini sebagai tindak lanjut dari Peraturan Presiden Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 (sesuai amanat Pasal 7) dan Perpres Nomor 71 Tahun 2011 yang harus ditindaklanjuti dengan penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah dan pelaksanaan program setiap sektor. Provinsi telah menyusun RAD-GRK sebanyak 29, yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan gubernur.
Beberapa inisiatif program untuk menurunkan emisi GRK di antaranya: Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH), Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut, Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Lingkungan (PROPER), Gerakan Indonesia Bersih (GIB), Bank Sampah, Adipura, dan lainnya. Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) merupakan program pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan perbaikan kualitas lingkungan. Ada empat sasaran yang ingin dicapai. Pertama, meningkatnya tutupan vegetasi, diikuti perbaikan tata air dan kuantitas sumber air, menurunnya risiko bencana banjir dan tanah longsor, serta tertahannya laju kerusakan wilayah pesisir. Kedua, meningkatnya konservasi energi melalui pemanfaatan energi biofuel dan energi biomassa dari berbagai kegiatan penambahan tutupan vegetasi. Ketiga, menurunnya laju kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati. Keempat, meningkatnya perlindungan lapisan atmosfer.
Program MIH untuk memberi apresiasi kepada kabupaten dan provinsi dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan tutupan vegetasi di wilayahnya. Dalam kurun 2007-2011, KLH telah melakukan pembinaan dan pengawasan sekitar 260 kabupaten dengan parameter fisik, manajemen, peran-serta masyarakat dan inovasi para pihak.
Melalui Program Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) dapat dihitung perubahan cadangan karbon (carbon stock). Selama periode 2005 – 2010, KLH telah melakukan perhitungan di 21 kabupaten. Kabupaten Banyumas berhasil mempertahankan cadangan karbon tertinggi, sedangkan yang paling rendah adalah Kabupaten Pacitan.
Head of the National Development Planning Agency and Environment No. 660/95/SJ/2012, No. 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 and No. 01/MENLH/01/2012 concerned the preparation of Regional Action Plans for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). This circular letter was a follow up to Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 (as mandated by Article 7) and Presidential Decree No. 71/2011, which mandated the preparation of Regional Action Plans and the implementation of sectoral programs. A total of 29 provinces have compiled Regional Action Plans as stipulated in regulations by the respective governor.
Programs initiatives to reduce GHG emissions include: Towards Green Indonesia (MIH), Peatland Ecosystem Management, Environmental Performance Rating (PROPER), Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB), Waste Bank, Adipura Award, and others.
Towards Green Indonesia (MIH) is a supervision program on the implementation of environmental quality improvement. The program has four objectives. First, increased vegetation cover, improved water management and numbers of water sources, reduced risk of floods and landslides, as well as reduced rates of coastal degradation. Second, increased energy conservation through the use of biofuels and biomass energy from vegetation cover extension activities. Third, less loss in biodiversity. Fourth, enhanced protection of the atmosphere. The MIH program gives appreciation to regencies and provinces that improve and maintain vegetation cover in their regions. In 2007-2011, the Ministry of Environment provided guidance and supervision to approximately 260 regencies in relation to physical parameters, management, community participation and innovations by the parties.
The Towards Green Indonesia Program (MIH) facilitates calculation of changes in carbon stock. In 2005 - 2010, the Ministry of Environment carried out calculations in in 21 regencies. The Regency of Banyumas had the highest carbon stock, the Regency of Pacitan the lowest.