• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Ahmad T, Priyono A, Aslianti T, Setiadharma T, Kasprio. 1993. Pedoman Teknis Pembenihan Ikan Bandeng. Seri Pengembangan Hasil Penelitian Perikanan No.PHP/KAN/24/1993. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 68 hal.

, Ratnawati E, Yakob MJR. 2006. Budi Daya Bandeng Secara Intensif. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. 96 hal.

APHA American Public Health Association. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.

Anggoro, S. 1984. Pengaruh salinitas terhadap kualitas dan kuantitas makanan alami serta produksi biomassa nener bandeng (tesis). Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. 109 hal.

Anonim. 2005. Petunjuk Teknis Analisis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air dan Pupuk. Balai Penelitian Tanah, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Bogor, 136 hal.

Avnimelech Y. 1999. Carbon / nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176: 227235.

, Ritvo G. 2003. Shrimp and fish pond soils: processes and management. Aquaculture 220: 549–567.

. 2006. Bio-filters: The need for a new comprehensive approach.

Aquaculture 34: 172178

. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture 264:140147.

. 2009. Biofloc Technology. World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana, USA. 182 p.

Azim ME, Milstein A, Wahab MA, Verdegem MCJ. 2003. Periphyton–water quality relationships in fertilized fishponds with artificial substrates.

Aquaculture 228: 169–187.

, Little DC. 2008. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 283: 29–35.

Bagarinao TU. 1994. Systematics, distribution, genetics and life history of milkfish, Chanos chanos. Environmental Biology of Fishes 39: 2341. Balcazar Jl, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cunningham D, Vendrell D, Muzquiz JL.

2006. Review: The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology 114: 173186.

, Rojas-Luna T. 2007. Inhibitory Activity of Probiotic Bacillus subtilis

UTM 126 Against Vibrio Species Confers Protection Against Vibriosis in Juvenile Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). Current Microbiology 55(5): 409412.

Bautista MN, de la Cruz MC. 1988. Linoleic (ω6) and linolenic (ω3) acids in the diet of fingerling milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal). Aquaculture 71: 347–358.

Begum NN, Chakraborty SC, Zaher. 1994. Replacement of fishmeal by low-cost animal protein as a quality fish feed ingredient for Indian major carp,

Laheo ruhita, fingerlings. Food Agriculture. Science 64: 191197.

Borlongan IG. 1992. Essential fatty acid requirements of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) juveniles. Aquaculture 93: 313-322.

, Coloso RM. 1993. Requirements of milkfish (Chanos chanos

Forsskal) juveniles for essensial amino acids. J. Nutr. 123:125132. Boujard T. 2001. Feeding behavior and regulation of food intake. In: Guillaume J,

Kaushik S, Bergot P, Metailler P, editors. Nutritional and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans. Bodmin, UK: Spinger, hlm. 1725.

.

Boyd CE. 1982. Water Quality Management for Pond Fish Culture. Elsevier Science Publishers. 318 p.

. 1985. Chemical budget for channel catfish ponds. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114: 291298.

. 1990. Water Quality in Pond for Aquaculture. Auburn University, Alabama. 482 p.

. 1998. Pond water aeration systems. Aquacultural Engineering 18(1): 940.

, Fast AW. 1992. Pond monitoring and management. In: Fast AW & Lester LJ, editors, Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices. Elsivier Science Publications. Amsterdan. pp. 497514.

Brune DE, Schwartz G, Eversole AG, Collier JA, Schwedler TE. 2003. Intensification of pond aquaculture and high rate photosynthetic systems.

Aquaculture Engineering 28: 6586.

Brunty JL, Bucklin RA, Davis J, Baird CD, Nordstedt RA. 1997. The influence of feed protein intake on tilapia ammonia production. Aquacultural Engineering 16:161166.

Burford MA, Thompson PJ, Bauman H, Pearson DC, 2003. Microbial communities: Affect water quality, shrimp performance at Belize Aquaculture. Global Aquaculture Advocate: 6465.

, McIntosh RP, Bauman RH, Pearson DC. 2004. The contribution of flocsculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero exchange system.

Aquaculture 232: 525–537.

Burhanuddin, Sulaeman, Tonnek S. 1994. Budidaya ikan bandeng, Chanos chanos dalam keramba jaring apung volume kecil dengan padat penebaran berbeda. J. Penelitian Budidaya Pantai, 10 (2): 5769.

Chaignon V, Lartiges BS, El Sambrami A, Mustin C. 2002. Evolution of size distribution and transfer of mineral particles between flocs in activated sludges: an insight into floc exhange dynamic. Water Res. 36(3): 676684.

Chamberlain G, Avnimelech Y, McIntosh R, Velasco M. 2001. Adventages of aerated microbial reuse systems with balanced C:N. Global Aquaculture Advocate: 5356.

Chen JC, Chin TS. 1988. Acute toxicity of nitrite to tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, larvae. Aquaculture 68: 253262.

Chiu YN, Sumagaysay NS, Sastrillo MAS. 1986. Effect of feeding frequency and feeding rate on the growth and feed efficiency of milkfish Chanos chanos

Forsskal juveniles. Asian Fisheries Science 1: 27–31.

Colt J. 1983. Pond culture practices. In: Lannan JE, Smitherman RO,

Tchobanoglous G, editors. Principles & Practices of Pond Aquaculture: A State of the Art Review. Newport: Oregon State Univeristy, hlm. 187195. Crab R, Chielens B, Wille M, Bossier P, Verstraete W. 2009. The effect of

different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for

Macrobrachium rosembergii postlarvae. Aquaculture Research 41: 559567.

Davies SJ & Wareham H. 1988. A preliminary evaluation of an industrial single cell protein in practical diets for tilapia (Oreochromis mossarnbicus

Peters). Aquaculture 73:189199.

De Carvalho CVA, Bianchini A, Tesser MB, Sampaio LA. 2010. The effect of protein levels on growth, postprandial excretion and tryptic activity of juvenile mullet, Mugil platanus (Gunther). Aquaculture Research 41: 511518

Defoirdt T. 2007. Quorum sensing disruption and the use of short-chain fatty acids and polyhydroxyalkanoates to control luminescent vibriosis (PhD thesis), Gent. Ghent University, Belgium. 204p

De Schryver P, Crab R, Defoirdt T, Boon N, Verstraete W. 2008. The basics of bioflocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture

De Silva S, Anderson, TA. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman & Hal, London, 319 p.

Durazo E, Cruz AC, Lopez LM, Lazo JP. Drawbridge M, Viana MT. 2010. Effect of digestible protein levels in isonitrogenous diets on growth performance and tissue composition of juvenile Atractoscion nobilis. Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 5460.

Ekasari J. 2008. Biofloc technology: The effect different carbon source, salinity and the addition of probiotics on the primary nutritional value of the bio-flocs (M.Sc thesis). Ghent. Ghent University, Belgium. 72p

Ebeling JM, Timmons MB, Bisogni JJ. 2006. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257:346–358.

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Information, Data and Statistics Unit (FIDI). 2007. Fishery Statistical Collection. FIGIS Data Collection. FAO, Rome. Updated March 2007. Available via FIGIS from: http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/static?dom=collection&xml=global-

aquaculture-production.xml.20 April 2009.

Farzanfar A. 2006. The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 48(2): 149–158.

Gunarto, Hendrajat EA. 2008. Budidaya udang vanamei, Litopenaeus vannamei

pola semi intensif dengan aplikasi beberapa jenis probiotik komersial.

Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 3(3): 339349.

Garatun-Tjeldsto O, Ottera H, Julshamn K. 2006. Food ingestion in juvenile cod estimated by inert lanthanide markers – effect of food particle size. ICES,

Journal of Marine Science 63: 311319.

Garcia LMB. 1987. Fisheries biology of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal). Technical Papers. FAO. http://www.org/docrep/field/003/AC282E/ AC282E04.htm#ch3.2.12 Mei 2009.

Glencross B. 2006. The nutritional management of barramundi, Lates calcarifer - a review. Aquaculture Nutrition 12: 291309.

Halver JE, Hardy RW. 2002. Nutrient flow and retention. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW, editors. Fish Nutrition. New York: Academic Press, hlm. 755770. Hardy RW. 1989. Diet preparation. In: Halver JE, editor. Fish Nutrition. Second

Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, hlm. 476549.

. 2002. Diet formulation and manufacture. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW, editors. Fish Nutrition. New York: Academic Press, hlm. 505600.

Hargreaves JA. 2006. Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture.

Hari B, Madhusoodana K, Varghese JT, Schrama JW, Verdegem MCJ. 2004. Effects of carbohydrate addition on production in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture 241: 179–194.

, Kurup BM, Varghese JT, Schrama JW, Verdegem MCJ. 2006. The effect of carbohydrate addition on water quality and the nitrogen budget in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture 252: 248–263.

Harris E. 2006. Akuakultur berbasis “Trophic Level”: Revitalisasi untuk

ketahanan pangan, daya saing ekspor dan kelestratian lingkungan. Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar tetap Ilmu Akuakultur, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. 65 hal.

Huisman EA. 1987. Principles of Fish Production. Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands. 170p.

Indradjaja D. 2009. Dampak krisis global dalam produksi pakan ikan/udang dan penanggulangannya. Proseeding Temu Pakan Nasional 2009. GPMT. Bandung.

Ismail A, Poernomo A, Sunyoto P, Wedjatmiko, Dharmadi, Budiman RAI. 1994.

Pedoman Teknis Usaha Pembesaran Ikan Bandeng di Indonesia. Seri Pengembangan Hasil Penelitian Perikanan No. 26/1993. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Jakarta. 73 hal.

Ju ZY, Foster I, Conquest L, Dominy W, Kuo WC, Horgen FD. 2008. Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of amino acid profiles, Aquaculture Research

39(2): 118133.

Jorand F, Zartarian F, Thomas F, Block JC, Betteru JV, Villemin G, Urbain V, Manen J. 1995. Chemical and structural (2nd) linkage between bacteria within activated-sludge flock. Water Res 29 (7):16391647.

Kesarcodi-Watson A, Kaspar H, Lategan MJ, Gibson L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture 274: 1–14.

Kaushik SJ, Seiliez I. 2010. Review articlle, protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research 41: 322332.

Liao IC, Chen TI. 1986. Milkfish culture methods in Southeast Asia. In: Lee CS, Gordon MS, Watanabe WO, editors. Aquaculture of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) State of The Art. Hawaii: The Oceanic Institutei. hlm. 209242. Lee SM. 2002. Apparent digestibility coefficients of various feed ingredients for

juvenile and grower rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture 207: 79–95.

Lim C, Borlongan IG, Pascual FP. 2002. Milkfish, Chanos chanos. In: Webster CD, Lim C. editors. Nutrient Requirement and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. Frankfort, USA. CABI Publishing, hlm 172183.

Mambrini M & Guillaume J. 1999. Protein nutrition. In: Guillaume J, Kaushik S, Bergot P, Metailler R. editors. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans. Bodmin, UK, Springer, hlm 81110.

McIntoch RP. 2000. Ghangin paradigms in shrimp farming: IV. Low protein feeds and feeding strategies. Global Aquaculture Advocate 3(2): 4450.

. 2001. Ghangin paradigms in shrimp farming: V. Establishment of heterotrophic bacterial communities. Global Aquaculture Advocate 4(1): 5358

Midlen A, Redding T. 2000. Environmental Management for Aquaculture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. 223.p.

Mikkelsen LH, Gotfredsen AK, Agerbaek ML, Nielsen PH, Keiding K. 1996. Effects of colloidal stability on clarification and dewatering of activated sludge. Water Sci. Technol. 34 (3– 4): 449–457.

Millamena OM. 2002. The essential nutrients. In: Millamena OM, Coloso RM, Pascual FP, editors. Nutritional in Tropical Aquaculture. Iloilo, Philippines, SEAFDEC. hlm. 775.

Mohanta KN, Mohanty SN, Jena JK, Sahu NP. 2008. Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 14: 143152.

Montoya R, Velasco M. 2000. Role of bacteria on nutritional and management strategies in aquaculture systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate 3(2): 3536.

Moriarty D. 1998. Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 164: 351–358.

Muthuwani V, Lin CK. 1996. Water quality and nutrient budget in intensive shrimp culture ponds. Proceedings of the World Aquaculture Society Meeting, Bangkok, p.270.

Newell GE, Newell RC. 1977. Marine Plankton a Practical Guide 5th Edition. Hutchinson of Londong, 244 p.

NRC National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirement of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington. D.C. 114 p.

Ozorio ROA, Valente LMP, Correia S, Pousao-Ferreira P, Damasceno-Oliveira A, Escorcia C, Oliva-Teles A. 2009. Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum growth of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15: 8593.

Perry SF, Laurent P. 1993. Environmental effects on fish gill structure and function. In: Rankin JC, Jensen FB. Editors. Fish Ecophysiology. London, Chapman & Hall. hlm. 231264.

Piedrahita RH. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture

226: 35–44.

Ray AJ, Lewis BL, Browdy CL, Leffler JW. 2010. Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems.

Aquaculture 299: 89–98.

Santiago CB, Aldaba MB, Songalia ET. 1983. Effect of artificial diets on growth and survival of milkfish fry in freshwater. Aquaculture 34(3): 327252. . 1986. Nutrition and feeds. In: Lee SC, Gordon MS, Watanabe WO,

editors. Aquaculture of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) State of The Art. Hawaii: The Oceanic Institute, hlm. 181208.

Sardar P, Abid M, Raudhawa HS, Prabhakar SK. 2009. Effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass composition, and haemato-biochemical status in Indian Mayor Carp, Roho (Labeo rohita H.) fed soy protein-based diet. Aquaculture Nutrition 15: 339346.

Schulz C, Knaus M, Wirth, Rennert B. 2005. Effect of varying dietary fatty acid propile on growth performance, fatty acid, body and tissue composition of juvenile pike perch (Sander lucioperca). Aquaculture Nutrition 11:

403413.

Schneider O, Amirkolaie AK, Vera-Cartas J, Eding EH, Schrama JW, Verretl, JAJ. 2004. Digestibility, feces recovery and related carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus balances of five feed ingredients evaluated as fish meal alternative in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. L. Aquaculture Research

35:13701379.

, Sereti V, Eding EH, Verreth JAJ. 2005. Analysis of nutrient flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquaculture Engineering. 32: 379–401.

Schram E, Roques JAC, Abbink W, Spanings T, de Vries P, Bierman S,van de Vis H, Flik G. 2010. The impact of elevated water ammonia concentration on physiology, growth and feed intake of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture 306: 108115.

Shiau SY, Peng CY. 1993. Protein sparing effect of carbohydrate in diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticusOreochromis aureus. Aquaculture 117: 327–334.

Soliman AK, Jauncey K, Robert RJ. 1986. The effect of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on hatchability, survival rate and fry performance in

Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter). Aquaculture 59: 197–208. Steel RGD, Torrie JH. 1995. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika. Alih bahasa:

Bambang Sumantri. Gramedia Pusaka Utama, Jakarta. 748 hal.

Sumagaysay NS. 1991. Effect of fibre in supplemental feeds on milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) production in brackiswater ponds. Asian Fisheries Science 4: 189199.

, Borlongan IG. 1995. Growth and production of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in brackishwater ponds: effect of dietary protein and feeding levels. Aquaculture 132: 273283.

Sun YZ, Yang HL, Ma RL, Zhang CX, Lin WY. 2011. Effect of dietary

administration of Psycrobacter sp on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes and immune response of grouper Epinephelus coioides.

Aquaculture Nutrition 17: 722740

Takeuchi T. 1988. Laboratory work-chemical evaluation of dietary nutrients. In: Watanabe T. Editor. Fish Nutrition and Mariculture. Tokyo: Departemen of Aquatic Bioscience, University of Fisheries, hlm. 179233.

Tacon AGJ & Cooke DJ. 1980. Nutritional value of dietary nucleic acids to trout.

Nutr. Reports Int. 22: 631640.

. 2000. Shrimp feeds and feeding regime in zero exchange outdoor tanks. Global Aquaculture Advocate 3(2): 1516.

Thompson FL, Thompson CC, Hoste B, Vandemeulebroeke K, Gullian M, Swings J. 2003. Vibrio fortis sp. nov. and Vibrio hepatarius sp. nov., isolated from aquatic animals and the marine environment. IJSEM 53:14951501 Usman, Palinggi NN, Harris E, Jusadi D, Supriyono E, Yuhana M. 2010. Analisis

tingkat kecernaan pakan dan limbah nitrogen (N) budidaya ikan bandeng serta kebutuhan C-organik untuk penumbuhan bakteri heterotrof (bioflok).

Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 5(3): 481–490.

, Harris E, Jusadi D, Supriyono E, Yuhana M. 2011. Penumbuhan bioflok dalam media budidaya ikan bandeng. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 6(1): 4150

Villaluz AC, Unggui A. 1983. Effects of temperature on behavior, growth, development and survival of young milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal).

Aquaculture 35: 321–330.

Waluyo L. 2007. Mikrobiologi Umum. UMM Press. Malang, 372 hal.

Webster CD, Lim C. 2002. Introduction to Fish Nutrition: Protein and amino acid. In: Webster CD & Lim. Editors. Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. New York,CABI Publishing, hlm. 127.

Wedemeyer GA. 1996. Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture Systems. Chapman & Hall. New York, 277 p.

Wilen BM, Balmer P. 1999. The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size and size distribution of activated sludge flocs. Water Res.

33(2): 391–400.

Wilson RP. 2002. Amino acids and proteins. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW, editors.

Fish Nutrition. New York: Academic Press, hlm. 143179.

Yamaji I. 1976. Illustration of Marine Plankton of Japan. Hoikusha Publishing Co. Ltd.Osaka Jepang.

Yan S, Subramanian B, Surampalli RY, Narasiah S, Tyagi RD. 2007. Isolation, characterization, and identification of bacteria from activated sludge and soluble microbial products in wastewater treatment. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 11: 240258. Yap WG, Villaluz AC, Soriana MGG, Santos MN. 2007. Milkfish production and

processing technologies in the Philippine. Phillipine, Milkfish Project Publication Series No. 2. 96 p.