• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V PENUTUP

B. Saran dan Rekomendasi

Kasus yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini telah memberikan gambaran dalam kajian hubungan internasional bahwa suatu negara dapat menghentikan bantuannya karena perbedaan pandangan politik. Meskipun demikian, masih banyak sudut pandang yang dapat digunakan untuk memahami hasil penelitian dalam naskah ini.

Kekurangan dalam penelitian ini adalah tidak adanya sumber langsung dari pemerintah Iran ataupun Palestina dalam bentuk wawancara langsung. Penelitian ini hanya mengutip pernyataan yang dapat diakses melalui situs resmi sebagai rujukan. Penelitian lanjutan dapat mengembangkan penelitian mengenai hubungan Iran dan Hamas dengan merujuk kepada data-data yang lebih primer.

Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu kajian mengenai kawasan Timur Tengah, politik luar negeri Iran, dan motif yang melatarbelakangi perubahan kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara. Penelitian

99

ini juga diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan para pengambil kebijakan dalam menghadapi isu tertentu terkait Timur Tengah.

xv

DAFTAR PUSTAKA Buku dan Bagian Buku

Goodarzi, Jubin. 2013. “Iran: Syria as the First Line of Defence.” dalam The

Regional Struggle for Syria, ed. Julien Barnes-Dacey and Daniel Levy

London: ECFR.

Adams, Michael. 1989. Handbook to the Modern World: The Middle East. New York: Facts on File Publications.

Alam, Kamal. 2016. “The View from Damascus,” h. 15 dalam Understanding

Iran’s Role in the Syrian Conflict, diedit Aniseh Bassiri Tabrizi dan Raffaello

Pantucci. London: Royal United Service Institute.

Ali, As’ad Said. 2014. Al-Qaeda: Tinjauan Sosial-Politik, Ideologi, dan Sepak

Terjangnya. Jakarta: LP3ES.

Anderson, Ewan William, dan Liam D. Anderson. 2010. An Atlas of Middle

Eastern Affairs. New York: Routledge.

Bachtiar, Tiar Anwar. 2010 Hamas Kenapa Dibenci Amerika? Jakarta: Hikmah. Balanche, Fabrice. 2018. Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War. Washington DC: The

Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Burchill, Scott. 2005. The National Interest in Intenational Relations Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Carlsnaes, Walter. 2002. “Foreign Policy.” h. 335, diedit W. Carlsnaes, T. Rise, dan B. Simmons dalam Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage. Cragin, Kim, Peter Chalk, Sara A. Daly, dan Brian A. Jackson. 2008. Sharing the

Dragon’s Teeth: Terrorist Groups and the Exchange of Technologies. Santa

Monica, California: RAND Corporation.

Creswell, John. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed

Methods Approaches, edisi ke-4. California: SAGE.

Gleis, Joshua L. dan Benedetta Berti. 2012. Hezbollah and Hamas: A

Comparative Study. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Dacey, Julien Barnes dan Daniel Levy. 2013 The Regional Struggle for Syria. London: ECFR.

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan dan Raymond A. Hinnebusch. 1997. Syria and Iran. London dan New York: Routledge.

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. 2014. “The Foreign Policy of Iran.” h. 291-2 dalam The

Foreign Policy of Middle East States, diedit Raymond Hinnebusch &

xvi

Gilpin, Robert. 2001. Global Political Economy: Understanding the International

Economic Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Gold, Dore. 2007. Iran, Hizbullah, Hamas, and the Global Jihad: A New Conflict

Paradigm for the West. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.

Holsti, Kalevi Jaakko. 1992. International Politics: A Framework of Analysis, edisi ke-6. London: Prentince Hall International, Inc.

Ikbar, Yanuar. 2014. Metodologi dan Teori Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Refika Aditama.

Johnson, David E. 2011. Hard Fighting. California: RAND Corporation. Kaye, Dalia Dassa, Alireza Nader, dan Parisa Roshan. 2011. Israel and Iran.

California: RAND Corporation.

Kuncahyono, Trias. 2012. Musim Semi di Suriah: Anak-anak Sekolah Penyulut

Revolusi. Jakarta: Kompas.

Mas’oed, Mochtar. 1990. Imu Hubungan Internasional, Disiplin dan Metodologi. Jakarta: LP3ES.

Mintz, Alex dan Karl DeRouen. 2010. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision

Making. New York: Cambridge: University Press.

Moleong, Lexy J. 2002. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Nader, Alireza. 2013. Iran after the Bomb. California: RAND Corporation.

Neack, Laura. 2008. The New Foreign Policy: Power Seeking in a Globalized Era, edisi ke-2. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Noor, Juliansyah. 2012. Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.

Potter, Lawrence G. 2014. Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Povey, Elaheh Rostami-. 2010. Iran’s Influence: A Religious-Political State and

Society in Its Region. London: Zed Books.

Rabasa, Angel dkk. 2006. Beyond al-Qaeda: Part 2, The Outer Rings of the

xvii

Ramazani, R.K. 2008. “Iran’s Foreign Policy: Independence, Freedom, and Islamic Republic.” h. 8-18 di Iran’s Foreign Policy from Khatami to Ahmadinejad, diedit Anoushiravan Ehteshami dan Mahjoob Zweiri. Reading: Ithaca Press. Rosenau, James N. 1997. International Politics and Foreign Policy: A Reader in

Research and Theory. New York: Macmillan Publishing co.inc.

Saleh, Mohsen M. 2017. The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas): Studies of

Thought & Experience. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Centre for Studies and

Consultations.

. 2014a. The Palestinian Strategic Report 2012-2013. Beirut: Al- Zaytouna Centre for Studies & Consultations.

. 2014b. Islamic Resistance Movement Studies Studies of Thought & Experience. Beirut: Al-Zaytounna Centre for Studies & Consultations.

Shine, Sima dan Anna Catran. 2017. “Iran’s Policy in the Gaza Strip.” h. 151-2 di

The Crisis of the Gaza Strip: A Way out, diedit Anat Kurz, Udi Dekel dan

Benedetta Berti. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies. Siddiq, Mahfudz. 2003. Pemikiran dan Manhaj Politik Ikhwanul Muslimin.

Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiatuna.

Smith, Steve, Amelia Hadfield, dan Tim Dunne. 2008. Foreign Policy: Theories,

Actors, Cases. New York: Oxford University Press.

Stork, Joe dan Kristen Kane. 2002. Erased in a Moment: Suicide Bombings

Attacks Against Israeli Civilians. New York: Human Right Watch.

Thaler, David E, Alireza Nader, dan Shahram Chubin. 2010. Mullahs, Guards,

and Bonyads. California: RAND Corporation.

Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. California: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.

Wehrey, Frederic, David E. Thaler, dan Nora Bensahel. 2009. Dangerous but Not

Omnipotent. California: RAND Corporation. Jurnal dan Research Paper

“Sanction against Iran: A Guide to Targets, Terms, and Timetables.” Belfer Center

for Science and International Affairs (June 2015): 6.

Al-Madani, Ahmad dan Muhammad Muttaqien. “The Relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Palestinian Hamas Movement and Its Impact on

xviii

the Palestinian Issue (2010-2015).” PEOPLE: International Journal of Social

Sciences, 4 (2).

Al-Mousawwi, Abdul Hamid al-Eeed. “Iran and the Syrian Crisis.” Journal of US-

China Public Administration 14, no. 3 (Maret 2017).

Al-Smadi, Fatima. “Analysis: Hamas, Islamic Jihad Redefining Relations with Iran.” Aljazeera Center for Studies (20 September 2015): 3.

Amer, Amir M. Haji-Yousefi, “Iran’s Foreign Policy during Ahmadinejad: From Confrontation to Accommodation.” (Teheran: Shahid Behesti University, 2010), 12. This paper was presented to the Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association June 2-3, 2010, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.

Amiri, Reza Ekhtiari, Ku Hasnita binti Ku Samsu, and Hassan Gholipour Fereidoumi. “Iran’s Economic Considerations after the War and Its Role in Renewing of Iran-Saudi Diplomatic Relations.” Cross-Cultural

Communication 6, no. 3 (2010): 50.

Amiri, Reza, Ku Samsu, and Hasan Fereidomi. “Iran’s Economic Considerations after the War and Its Role in Renewing of Iran-Saudi Diplomatic

Relations.” Cross Cultural Communication 6, no. 3 (2010): 50; Parsi,

Treacherous Alliance: 235.

Amr, Ziad Abu. “Hamas: A Historical and Political Background.” Journal of

Palestine Studies, vol. 22, No. 4 (Summer, 1993): 6-8.

Butter, David. “Syria’s Economy: Picking up the Pieces.” Chatham House (June 2015): 8-9.

Byman, Daniel “State Sponsor of Terror: The Global Threat of Iran.” Center for the

Middle East Policy at the Brooking Institution (February 11, 2015): 5.

dan Sarah Kreps. “Agents of Destruction? Applying Principle- Agent Analysis to State Sponsored Terrorism.” International Studies

Perspectives (2010): 8. Diunduh pada 30 Agustus 2019

(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Agents-of-Destruction-Applying- Principal%E2%80%90AgenttoBymanKreps/2bfc35823bdb19b95af8d5c4b8 0ca380e90786dd).

Cepoi, Ecaterina. “The Origins of Hamas: An Offshot Muslim Brotherhood or the Result of PLO’s Moral Corruption?” International Conference of Scientific

Papers 2013, 23-25 May 2013, 4.

Chubin, Shahram. “Iran and the Arab Spring: Ascendacy Frustated.” Gulf

Research Center (September 2012): 39.

Cohen, Yoram and Jeffrey White. “Hamas in Combat: The Military Performance of the Islamic Resistance Movement.” The Washington Institute (October 2009): 8.

xix

Dickinson. “Follow the Money: How Syrian Salafis are Funded from the Gulf.”

Carnegie Middle East Center, https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/54011

(diakses pada 25 November 2019).

Djalili, Mohammad Reza. “Iran’s Syria Policy in the Wake of the Arab Springs.”

Turkish Review 4, no. 4 (2014): 396-7.

Edwards, Beverley Milton. “Hamas and the Arab Spring: Strategic Shifts?” Middle

East Policy Council xx, no. 3 (2014). Diakses 13 November 2019

(https://mepc.org/hamas-and-arab-spring-strategic-shifts).

Ezbidi, Basem. “Arab Spring: Weather Forecast for Palestine.” Middle East Policy xx, no. 3 (2013).

Gelbart, Jonathan. “The Iran-Syria Axis: A Critical Investigation.” Stanford

Journal of International (Fall 2010), 39-40.

Golmohammadi, Vali. “The Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Prospects for Change and Continuity.” All Azimuth 8, N1 (2019): 96-97. Goodarzi, Jubin M. “Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional

Environment.” Ortadoğu Etütleri 4, no 2 (January 2013): 31-34.

Humud, Carla, Christopher Blanchard, Jeremy Sharp, dan Jim Zanotti. “Iranian Assistance to Groups in Yemen, Iraq, Syria, and the Palestinian Territories.”

Congressional Research Service (31 Juli 2015): 5. Diunduh pada 18 April

2018 ).

Jasser, M. Zuhdi. “Sectarian Conflict in Syria.” Syria Supplement 4 (2014): 60. Jervis, Robert. “Cooperation under Security Dilemma.” World Politics 30, no. 2

(January 1978): 167-174, (diunduh pada 19 November 2019).

Jones, Stephen. “The Islamic Republic of Iran: An Introduction.” House of

Commons Library. (December 11, 2009).

Juneau, Thomas. “Iran’s Policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: A Limited Return on A Modest Investment.” International Affairs 92, no. 3 (2016): 647.

Karmon, Ely. “Hamas in Dire Straits.” Perspectives on Terrorism 7, no. 5 (Oktober 2013): 111-113.

. “The Iran-Palestine Linkage.” IDC Herzliya, 15 December 2013. Katzman, Kenneth. “Hamas’s Foreign Benefactors.” Middle East Quarterly 2 (Juni

1995): 33-38. Diunduh 23 Juni 2019 ().

. “Iran’s Foreign Policy.” Congressional Research Service (Juni 27, 2016): 17-18.

xx

Kowalzyk, Devin. “Explanatory Research.” Study.com. Diakses 12 Agustus 2019 (http://study.com/academy/lesson/purposes-of-research-exploratory-descriptive- explanatory.html 64).

Maqdsi, Muhammad. “Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine.” Journal of Palestine Studies 22, No. 4 (Summer, 1993): 123. Martini, Jeffrey, Erin York, dan William Young. 2013. ”Syria as Arena of Strategic

and Competition.” California: RAND Corporation.

Mohn, Erik dan André Bank. “Syrian Revolt Fallout: End of the Axis Resistance.”

Middle East Policy XIX, no.3, (Fall 2012): 25.

Napolitano, Valentina. “Hamas and the Syrian Uprising: A Difficult Choice.”

Middle East Policy Council XX, https://www.mepc.org/hamas-and-syrian-

uprising-difficult-choice (diakses pada 13 Agustus 2019).

Nasur, Nader Ibrahim M. Bani. “Syria-Iran Relations (2000-2014).” International

Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4, no. 12 (October 2014): 82.

Nishikida, Aiko. “Hamas and the Gaza War of 2014: Development since the Arab Spring in Palestine.” IDE Discussion Paper (November 2018).

Noer, Ahmad Thamrin. Perjuangan Mencari Bentuk Negara Palestina Antara

Islamis dan Nasionalis. JurnalPKTI UI Vol. IV, 2009.

Oseran, Shai. “Hezbollah-Hamas Cooperation: Motivation, Manifestations and Future Outlook.” ICTPWS (Oktober 2013).

Ostovar, Afshon. “Sectarian Dilemmas in Iranian Foreign Policy: When Strategy and Identy Politics Collide.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2016. http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/11/30/ sectarian- dilemmas-in-iranian-foreign-policy-when-strategy-and-identity-politics- collide-pub-66288 (diakses pada 6 November 2019).

Phillips, Christopher. “Sectarian and Conflict in Syria.” Third World Quarterly 36, no. 2 (Maret 2015): 369.

Potter, Lawrence G. “Sectarianism in the Middle East.” Great Decisions (2015): 30.

Rabi, Uzi and Chelsi Mueller. “The Geopolitics of Sectarianism in the Persian Gulf.” Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 12, no. 1, 56-57. Ramazani, R.K. “Ideology and Iranian’s Pragmatism.” The Middle East Journal 58,

no. 4 (Autumn 2004): 7.

Risseeuw, Rafke. “The Syrian-Iranian Nexus: a Historical Overview of Strategy Cooperation.” Brussels International Center (December 2018): 3-14.

xxi

Sadeghi, Zeinolabedin, Hamid Reza Horry, and Sadegh Khazaee.”An Economic Evaluation of Iranian Natural Gas Export to Europe theough Proposed Pipelines.” Energy Strategy Reviews 18 (2017): 3.

Sadjadpour, Karim. “Iran’s Unwavering Support to Assad’s Syria.” CTC Sentinel vol. 6 (August 2013): 11.

Singer, J. David. “The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations.”

World Politics and Law 3, no. 2 (September 2010): 203.

Soltani, Fakhreddin. “Foreign Policy of Iran after Islamic Revolution.” Journal of

Politics and Law 3, no. 2 (September 2010): 203.

Susser, Asher. “The Rise of Hamas in Palestine and the Crises of Secularism in the Arab World.” Brandeis University Crown Center for the Middle East (Februari 2010).

Terrill, W. Andrew. “Iran’s Strategy for Saving Assad.” Middle East Journal 69, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 226.

Urbina, Ricardo. “Campuzano v. Islamic Republic of Iran.” United States District

Court, District Columbia (September 10, 2003): 2.

Wilkinson, Paul. “Hamas: An Assessment.” Jane’s Intelligent Review (Juli 1993): 313.

Wilson, Tom. “Hamas Today: An Assessment of Alliances and Capabilities.”

Centre for the New Middle East (Maret 2015).

Yazigi, Jihad. “Syria’s Economy.” European Council on Foreign Relations (April 2014): 2, 4.

Zarif, Mohammad Javad. “What Iran Really Wants: Iranian Foreign Policy in the Rouhani Era.” Foreign Affairs 3 (May/June 2014): 55-58.

Tesis dan Disertasi

Thomson, Amy. “The Ties that Bind: Iran and Hamas Principal Agent Relationship.” Tesis master, Massey University, 2012.

Laporan

“International Conference on Supporting Palestine Intifada.” Islamic Republic of

Iran’s Parliamentary. Diunduh 13 September 2019

(https://icpalestine.parliran.ir/LoadModule.aspx?Command=qlC6Sr+s1ASP LnN8Q+Kh5pXNUEaFX60USYoffD/GA7s=&view=print

“Iranian Support for the Palestinian Terrorist Organization.” The Meir Amit

xxii

“Iranian Support of Hamas.” Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the

Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (January 12, 2008),

22.

Australian Government Department of Trade and Foreign Affairs. Draft Country

Information Report, June 7, 2018.

Blanchard, Christopher M. “Islam: Sunnis and Shiites.” CRS Report to Congress (Februari 2005): 1-2. Diunduh 18 April 2018 ().

Bush, George W. “President Delivers State of the Union Address. The White White, January 29, 2002. Diakses pada 9 November 2019 (https://georgewbush- whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html).

Central Intelligence Agency. “Iran: Bani-Sadr’s Foreign Policy Views.” National

Foreign Assessment Center. February 1980.

Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center. Iranian Support of Hamas, 12 Januari 2018, 6 Islamic Parliament of Iran. “First Conference; Tehran: October 19-22, 1991.”

Diakses pada 22 September 2019.

(https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/VjNwWFh0M0pycmcxVEE3Y0VmZ2doN1lu SzAlMmZsa3BROA==/First-Conference-Tehran-October-19-22-1991). Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Iran Provided Most of Hamas’s Weapon.

Diakses pada 18 September 2019.

(https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Iran/SupportTerror/Pages/Iran- provided-most-of-Hamas-weapons-31-Aug-2014.aspx).

The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. “Iranian support for the Palestinian terrorist organizations.” The Israel Intelligence Heritage

& Commemoration Center (IICC), January 20, 2013. Internet

‘Amman, Muhammad an Najar “Misheal Tajanub Liqa’ al ‘Asadi qabla

Mughaadarati Dimashqi,” Al Jazeera (Arabic) 19 Februari 2019,

www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/ab318b39-612f-4700-bb4d-6aefc374fc14, diakses pada 18 September 2019.

“Hamas: We Stand with the Political Legitimacy of Yemen and Its People’s Choice.” Safa News, 28 Maret 2015, diakses 3 November 2018. “Iran Pledges $50 Million to Palestinians.” CNN.com 17 April 2006,

http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/04/16/mideast/, diakses pada 13 September 2019

“Iran Rejects two-State Solution for Palestine.” Aljazeera, 2 Oktober 2011, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/10/201110222010936488 .html, diakses pada 13 September 2019.

xxiii

“Jordan’s King Receives Hamas Leader.” Aljazeera, 30 Januari 2012, , diakses 14 November 2019.

“L’Iran Confirme Une Aide “Militaire” aux Groupes Palestiniens de Gaza.” Le

Monde, 21 November 2012, https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-

orient/article/2012/11/21/l-iran-confirme-une-aide-militaire-aux-groupes- palestiniens-de-gaza_1793802_3218.html, Diakses pada 25 September 2019. “Regional Sectarianism and Irans Existential Choice.” Middle East Policy Council,

https://mepc.org/commentary/regional-sectarianism-and-irans-existential- choice, diakses 8 Januari 2020

“Report:Tehran to Host Intifada Conference.” Ynet News, October 1, 2011, https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4129345,00.html, diakses pada 13 September 2019.

“Reports: Iranian Troops in Syria for Joint Offensive.” Aljazeera, 2 Oktober 2015, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/reports-iranian-troops-syria-joint- offensive-151001143337046.html, diakses 10 Desember 2019

“Syria Conflict: Cleric Qaradawi Urges Sunnis to Join Rebels.” BBC News, 1 Juni 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-2E2741588, diakses pada 25 November 2019

“Syrie: Conférence Internationale en Iran.” Le Figaro, 27 Mei 2013, https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/05/27/97001-

20130527FILWWW00493-syrie-conference-internationale-en-iran.php, diakses pada 11 Desember 2019.

“Velayati: Daesh, al-Qaeda Are ‘Exports’ of Wahhabism.” Tehran Times, 6 Mei 2016, http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/301168/Velayati-Daesh-al-Qaeda- areexports- of-Wahhabism, diakses 18 September 2019.

Abouzeid, Rania. “Syrian Refugees: Itching for a Flight with Assad and His Regime.” Time, 25 Oktober 2011,

http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2097761,00.html, diakses pada 22 November 2019.

AFP. “Iran Pushes for Peace Talks in Syria Conference.” The Express Tribune, 10 Agustus 2012, https://tribune.com.pk/story/420078/iran-pushes-for-peace- talks-in-syria-conference/, diakses 10 Desember 2019.

. “SANA: Friends of Syria Meeting Blocks Peace Conference.” al Arabiya, 23 Mei 2013, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-

east/2013/05/23/Friends-of-Syria-meeting-blocks-peace-conference-SANA- .html, diakses 11 Desember 2019.

xxiv

Ahmed, Mubaraz. “What is Hamas?” Tony Blair Institute for Global Change 5 Oktober 2015, https://institute.global/insight/co-existence/what-hamas, diakses pada 16 September 2019.

Alabbasi, Mamoon. “How did Hamas’s Military Expertise End Up with Syria’s Rebels?” Middle East Eye, 22 Mei 2015,

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/how-did-hamass-military-expertise- end-syrias-rebels, diakses pada 16 September 2019.

Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. “Hamas Says Its Iran Ties Worsen over Syrian Civil War.”

Reuteurs 19 Juni 2013, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-

hamas/hamas-says-its-iran-ties-worsen-over-syrian-civil-war- idUSBRE95I0W220130619, diakses pada 15 September 2019.

Al-Muslimi, Farea. “How Sunni-Shia Sectarianism is Poisoning Yemen.” Carnegie

Middle East Center, 29 Desember 2015, https://carnegie-

mec.org/diwan/62375, diakses pada 27 November 2019.

Amer, Adnan Abu. “Disagreement Keeps Hamas-Iran Rapprochment on Ice.” Al-

Monitor, 18 Februari 2015, https://www.al-

monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/02/iran-hamas-rapprochement-demands- meshaal-resignation.html, diakses pada 3 Agustus 2019.

. “Hamas Redraws the Map of Its Alliances after the War in Yemen.” Al-Monitor, 8 April 2015, , diakses 3 November 2018.

. “Why Palestinian Have Lost Faith in Iran,.” Al-Monitor, 10 April 2017, https://www.al-

monitor.com/pulse/fr/contents/articles/originals/2017/04/palestine-public- opinion-opposition-iran-hamas-relations.html, diakses pada 8 September 2019.

. “Will Iran, Hamas Break Ties over Aleppo?” Al-Monitor, 29 Desember 2016, https://www.al-

monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/12/hamas-iran-relations-aleppo- condemn.html, diakses pada 8 September 2019.

Amer, Ahmad Abu. “Did Iran ever Stop Funding Hamas?” Al-Monitor, 12 Maret 2019, , diakses 27 Maret 2019.

Associated Press in Cairo. “Hamas Prime Minister Backs Syrian Protests against

Assad.” The Guardian, 24 Februari 2012,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/24/hamas-pm-backs-syrian- protests, diakses 15 Oktober 2019.

xxv

Attalah, Ola. “Khaled Meshaal Says Hamas-Iran Relations ‘Stagnant’.” Anadolu

Agency, 15 Maret 2016, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/khaled-meshaal-

says-hamas-iran-relations-stagnant-/537804, diakses pada 2 September 2019. Balousha, Hazem. “Will Iran, Hamas Resume Relations?” Al-Monitor, 30

Desember 2013, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/12/iran- hamas-resume-relations-funding.html, diakses 2 September 2019.

Barkan, L. “In Wake of Arab Spring, Deadlock in Peace Process, Jordan Thaws Relations with Hamas.” MEMRI, 27 Juli 2015, , diakses 14 November 2019. Bergman, Ronen. “How Hamas Beat Israel in Gaza.” The New York Times, 10

Agustus 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/opinion/how-hamas- beat-israel-in-gaza.html, diakses pada 4 Agustus 2019.

Blum, Ruthie. ”Report: Iranian Commander Assures Hamas Tehran will never Cease Fighting Against Israel.” the Algemeiner, 18 Maret 2016, https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/03/18/report-iranian-commander-

assures-hamas-tehran-will-never-cease-fighting-against-israel-says-nuclear- deal-changed-nothing/, diakses 9 September 2019.

Buck, Tobias. “From Exile to Engagement.” Financial Time, 15 Februari 2012, https://www.ft.com/content/8c38ec1Terrorisc-56f3-11e1-be5e-

00144feabdc0, diakses 27 Juni 2019.

Charbonneau, Louis and Parisa Hafezi. “Iran Invite to Syria Talks Withdrawn after

Boycott Threat.” Reuters, 20 Januari 2014,

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-un-iran/iran-invite-to-syria-talks- withdrawn-after-boycott-threat-idUSBREA0J01K20140120, diakses pada 11 Desember 2019.

Chulov, Martin. “Syria Peace Talks Pin Hopes for End to War on Iran and Saudi

Arabia.” The Guardian, 30 Oktober 2015,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/30/syria-peace-talks-vienna- iran-saudi-arabia, diakses 11 Desember 2019.

Clark, Neil. “Crisis, What Crisis? The al-Qaeda Takeover of Syria.” RT, 27 April 2015, https://www.rt.com/op-ed/253481-al-qaeda-syria-takeover-assad/ diakses 22 November 2019.

Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1979, 32. Diunduh 7 Agustus 2019, https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ir/ir001en.pdf;

Crabben, Jan van der. “Levant.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 28 April 2011, https://www.ancient.eu/levant/, diakses 2 November 2019.

Dikmen, Yesin dan Melih Aslan. “Muslim Nations Accuse Iran of Supporting Terrorism: Summit Communique.” Reuters, 15 April 2016,

xxvi

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-summit/muslim-nations-accuse- iran-of-supporting-terrorism-summit-communique-idUSKCN0XC1LQ diakses 11 Desember 2019.

El-Deeb, Sarah. “Haniyeh: Iran Pledges $250 M in Aid.” Foxnews.com, 11 Desember 2006,

https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Dec11/0,4670,PalestiniansAid,00.htm l, diakses 27 Oktober 2019.

Fletcher, Holy. “Palestine Islamic Jihad.” Council on Foreign Relations, 10 April

Dokumen terkait