• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

7.1 Simpulan

Berdasarkan hasil Percobaan 1, 2, dan 3 maka dapat disimpulkan:

1. Secara umum, kolesom dengan pemupukan organik menghasilkan produksi pucuk yang tidak berbeda di musim hujan dan lebih tinggi di musim kemarau dibandingkan dengan pemupukan inorganik.

2. Kolesom dengan kedua jenis pemupukan memiliki kapasitas antioksidan yang tidak berbeda di dalam musim yang sama.

3. Metabolit primer (vitamin C) dan sekunder (flavonoid) yang bersifat antioksidan pada kolesom dengan pemupukan organik dan inorganik didapatkan lebih tinggi di musim kemarau dibandingkan dengan musim hujan. 4. Kolesom dengan pemupukan organik dan inorganik diduga memiliki lintasan

biosintesis senyawa fenolik yang berbeda di kedua musim. Biosintesis senyawa fenolik di musim hujan diduga lebih banyak melewati lintasan fenilpropanoid; sedangkan di musim kemarau diduga lebih banyak melewati lintasan asetat malonat.

5. Tanpa penambahan pupuk organik atau inorganik di musim tanam berikutnya menyebabkan produksi pucuk menurun 26-50 %, namun tidak menurunkan kualitas.

7.2 Saran

Mengacu pada hasil percobaan 1, 2, dan 3 maka dapat disarankan:

1. Produksi pucuk kolesom yang tinggi dilakukan dengan pemberian pupuk organik.

2. Penanaman kolesom di musim hujan memerlukan drainase yang baik.

3. Pemupukan organik berulang diperlukan untuk mempertahankan produksi yang tinggi di musim tanam berikutnya.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

[Balittanah Deptan] Balai Penelitian Tanah, Departemen Pertanian. 2009. Analisis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air, dan Pupuk. Ed ke-2. Bogor: Balittanah.

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Pupuk Guano SNI 02-2871-1992. Jakarta: BSN.

[Deptan] Departemen Pertanian. 2003. Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 238/Kpts/OT.210/4/2003 tentang Pedoman Penggunaan Pupuk An-organik. Jakarta: Deptan.

Abad A, Lloveras J, Michelena A. 2004. Nitrogen fertilization and foliar urea effects on durum wheat yield and quality and on residual soil nitrate in irrigated mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res 87:257-269.

Abbasi D, Rouzbehan Y, Rezaei J. 2011. Effect of harvest date and nitrogen fertilization rate on the nutritive value of amaranth forage (Amaranthus hypocohondriacus). Animal Feed Sci Technol, in press.

Abedi T, Pakniyat H. 2010. Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech J Genet Plant Breed 46:27–34.

Abusuwar AO, Ahmed EO. 2010. Seasonal variability in nutritive value of ruminant diets under open grazing system in the semi-arid rangeland of Sudan (South Darfur State). Agric Biol J N Am 1: 243-249.

Abu-Zahra TR, Al-Ismail K, Shatat F. 2007. Effect of organic and conventional systems on fruit quality of strawberry (fragaria x ananassa duch) grown under plastic house conditions in the Jordan Valley. Acta Hort (ISHS) 741:159–171.

Adekayode FO, Olojugba MR. The utilization of wood ash as manure to reduce the use of mineral fertilizer for improved performance of maize (Zea mays L.) as measured in the chlorophyll content and grain yield. J Soil Sci Environ Manag 1:40-45.

Adil WH, Sunarlim N, Roostika I. 2006. Pengaruh tiga jenis pupuk nitrogen terhadap tanaman sayuran. Biodiversitas 7:77-80.

Ahaiwe MO. 2008. Field performance of palm bunch ash on ginger growth in a humid environtment. J Agri Soc Res 7:1-4.

Ahmad N, Hassan FU, Belford RK. 2009. Effect of soil compaction in the sub-humid environment in Pakistan on uptake of NPK and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum): I. Compaction. Field Crop Res 110:54-60.

Ahmed YM, Shalaby EA, Shanan NT. 2011. The use of organic and inorganic cultures in improving vegetative growth, yield characters and antioxidant activity of roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). African J Biotechnol 10:1988-1996.

Aja PM, Okaka ANC, Onu PN, Ibiam U, Urako AJ. 2010a. Phytochemical composition of Talinum triangulare (water leaf) leaves. Pakistan J Nutr 9:527-530.

Aja PM, Okaka ANC, Onu PN, Ibiam U, Urako AJ. 2010b. Proximate analysis of Talinum triangulare (water leaf) leaves and its softening principle. Pakistan J Nutr 9:524-526.

Ali MB, Khandaker L, Oba S. 2009. Comparative study on functional components, antioxidant activity and color parameters of selected colored leafy vegetables as affected by photoperiods. J Food Agri Environ 7:392-398.

Kharusi LM, Elmardi MO, Ali A, Said Juanda F, Abdelbasit KM, Al-Rawahy S. 2009. Effect of mineral and organic fertilizer on the chemical characteristics and quality of date fruit. Int J Agri Biol 11:290-296.

Al-Moshileh AM, Errebi MA. 2004. Effect of various potassium sulfate rates on growth, yield, and quality of potato crown under sandy soil and arid conditions. IPI Regional Workshop on Potassium and Fertigation Development in West Asia and North Africa; Rabat, 24-28 November 2004. Morocco: IPI.

Alsafar MS, Al-Hassan YM. 2009. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and oil yield of indigenous mint (Mentha longifolia L.). Biotechnol 8:380-384.

Amic D, Davidovic-Amic D, Beslo D, Trinajstic N. 2003. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoid. Croatia Chem Act 76:55-61. Amodeo G, Talbott LD, Zeiger E. 1996. Use of Potassium and Sucrose by Onion

Guard Cells during a Daily Cycle of Osmoregulation. Plant Cell Physiol 37:575-579.

Amodio ML, Colelli G, Hasey JK, Kader AA. 2007. A comparative study of composition and postharvest performance of organically and conventionally grown kiwifruits. J Sci Food Agric 87:1228-1236.

Anas I. 1989. Menghitung Agar-Cawan untuk Menghitung Jumlah Total Mikroorganisme Tanah.. Di dalam: Soepardi G, editor. Biologi Tanah dalam Praktek. Bogor: IPB. hlm 10-20.

Andarwulan N, Batari R, Sandrasari DA, Bolling B, Wijaya H. 2010. Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of vegetable from Indonesia. Food Chem 121:1231-1235.

Andarwulan N, Wijaya CH, Cahyono DT. 1996. Aktivitas antioksidan dari daun sirih (Piper betle L.). Bul Tek Industri Pangan 7:29-37.

Anterola AM, Lewis NG. 2002. Trends in lignin modification: A comprehensive analysis of the effects of genetic manipulations/mutations on lignification and vascular integrity. Phytochemistry 61:221-294.

Apak R, Guclu K, Demirata B, Ozyurek M, Celik SE, Bektasoglu B, Berker KI, Ozyurt D. 2007. Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with CUPRAC assay [ulasan]. Molecules 12:1496-1547.

Arancibia-Avila P, Toledo F, Park YS, Jung ST, Kang SG, Heo BG, Lee SH, Sajewicz M, Kowalska T, Gorinstein S. 2008. Antioxidant properties of durian fruit as influenced by ripening. Food Sci Technol 41:2118-2125. Araujo AFP de, Pochapsky TC, Joughin B. 1999. Thermodynamics of interactions

between amino acid side chains: experimental differentiation of aromatic-aromatic, aromatic-aliphatic, and aliphatic-aliphatic side-chain Interactions in Water. Biophysic J 76:2319–2328.

Arbianti R, Utami TS, Kurmana A, Sinaga A. Comparison of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Dillenia indica extracts obtained using various techniques. 14th Regional Symposium Chemical Engineering, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, 4-5 Des 2007. Yogyakarta: Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University.

Ardiansyah. 2005. Daun beluntas sebagai bahan antioksidan dan antibakteri alami [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Ashraf M, Iram A. 2005. Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora 200 :535–546.

Averbeke W van, Juma KA, Tshikalange TE. 2007. Yield response of African leafy vegetable to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium: The case of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum Dun. Water S A 33:355-362.

Ayeni LS. 2010. Effect of cocoa pod ash, NPK fertilizer, and their combinations on soil chemical properties and yield of tomato on two soil types. New York Sci J 3:1-11.

Azhar N, Hussain B, Ashraf MY, Abbasi K. 2011. Changes in growth, physiology and secondary metabolites of Desi Ajwain (Trachyspermum Ammi L.) [edisi khusus]. Pak J. Bot 43:15-19.

Aziz EE, Nadia G, Nadia MB. 2007. Effect of cobalt and nickel on plant growth, yield and flavonoids content of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Australian J Basic Appl Sci 1:73-78.

Azzaz NA, Hassan EA, Hamad EH. 2009. The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of fennel plants treated with organic and bio-fertilizer instead of mineral fertilizer. Australian J Basic Appl Sci 3:579-587.

Baker BP, Benbrook CM, Groth III E, Benbrook KL. 2002. Pesticide residues in conventional, IPM-grown and organic foods: Insights from three U.S. data sets. Food Addit Contam 19:427-46.

Baligar VC, Fageria NK, He ZL. 2001. Nutrient of use efficiency in plants. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32:921-950.

Beale SI. 1990. Biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole pigment precursor, δ -aminolevulenic acid, from glutamate [ulasan]. Plant Physiol 93:1273-1279.

Benbrook C, Zhao X, Yanez J, Andrews P. 2008. New evidence confirms the nutritional superiority of plant-based organic foods. State of Science Review. The Organic Center. www.organic-center.org.

Benkeblia N. 2000. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, pyruvic acid, and total phenolics variation in onion bulbs during long-term storage. Lebensm-Wiss u-Technol 33:112-116.

Berardo A, Grattone F, Rizzali R, Garcia F. 1997. Long-term effects of phosphorous fertilization on wheat yields, efficiency, and soil test levels. Better Crops International 12.

Birnin-YauriUA, YahayaY, BagudoBU, Noma SS. 2011. Seasonal variation in nutrient content of some selected vegetables from Wamakko, Sokoto State, Nigeria. J Soil Sci Environ Management 2:117-125.

Blamel-Cox PJ, Barker TGF, Eastin JD. 1991. Selection and testing Environments for improved performance under reduced-input condition. Di dalam: Sleper DA, editor. Plant Breeding and Suitanable Agriculture Consideration for Objectives and Methods. Madison: CSSA, Inc.

Boerjan E, Ralph J, Baucher M. 2003. Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:519-546.

Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. 1993. The flavonoids: New perspectives in biological activities and therapeutics. Chimicaoggi 25-28.

Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm-Wiss u-Technol 28:25-30.

Brielmann HL, Setzer WN, Kaufman PB, Kirakosyan A, Cseke LJ. 2006. Phytochemical: The chemical components of plants. Di dalam: Cseke LJ, Kirakosyan A, Kaufman PB, Warber S, Duke JA, Brielmann HL, editor. Natural Products from Plants. Ed ke-2. USA: CRC Press. hlm 1-49.

Brohi AR, Karaman MR, Topbas MT, Aktas A, Savasli E. 2000. Effect of potassium and magnesium fertilization on yield and nutrient content of rice crop crown on artifical siltation soil. Turk J Agric For 24:429-435. Burford JR, Bremner JM. 1975. Relationships between the denitrification

capacities of soils and total, water-soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter. Soil Biochem 7:389–394.

Burkart MR, James DE. 1999. Agricultural-nitrogen contributions to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. J Environ Qual 28:850–859.

Butkuviene E, Skuodiene R, Daugeliene N. 2006. Effect of wood ash rates on red beet and potato yields and their quality. Sodininkyste ir Darzininkyste 25:207-215.

Carbonaro M, Mattera M, Nicoli S, Bergamo P, Cappelloni M. 2002. Modulation of antioxidant compounds in organic vs. conventional fruit (peach Prunus persica L., and pear Pyrus communis L.). J Agric Food Chem 50:9-11.

Caris-Veynard C, Amiot MJ, Tyssandier V, Grasselly D, Buret M, Mikolajczak M, Guilland JC, Bouteloup-Demange C, Borel P. 2004. Influence of organic versus conventional agricultural practice on the antioxidant microconstituent content of tomato and derived purees, consequence on antioxidant plasma status in humans. J Agric Food Chem 52:6503-6509. Carlson JR, Bauer BA, Vincent A, Limburg PJ, Wilson T. 2007. Reading the tea

leaves: anticarcinogenic properties of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Mayo Clin Proc 82:725-732.

Cartea ME, Francisco M, Soengas P, Velasco P. Phenolic compounds in Brassica vegetables [ulasan]. Molecules 16:251-280.

Celik G, Turhan E. 2011. Genotypic variation in growth and physiological responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings to flooding. African J Biotechnol 10:7372-7380.

Chang CC, Yang MH, Wen HM, Chern JC. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal 10:178-182.

Chatzitheodorou IT, Sotiropoulos TE, Mouhtaridou GI. 2004. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilisation and manure on fruit yield and fruit quality of the peach cultivars ‘Spring Time’ and ‘Red Haven’. Agron Res 2:135-143.

Chaves N, Escudero JC, GutierrezMerino C. 1997. Role of ecological variables in the seasonal variation of flavonoid content of Cistus ladanifer exudate. J Chem Ecol 23:579-603.

Cheng GW, Breen PJ. 1991. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and concentration of anthocyanins and phenolics in developing strawberry fruit. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 116:865-869.

Clark RB. 1990. Physiology of cereals for mineral nutrient uptake, use, and efficiency. Di dalam: Bakigar VC, Duncan RR, editor. Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use. London: Acad. Press Inc.

Connor AM. 2005. Genotypic and environmental variation in antioxidant activity and total phenolic content among blackberry and hybridberry cultivars. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 130:527-533.

Coppen PP. 1983. The use of antioxidant. Di dalam: Alien JC, Hamilton RJ, editor. Rancidity in Foods. London: Applied Science Publishers.

Crespo SC, Moreno-Chacón AL, Rojas A, Melgarejo LM. 2011. Principal component analysis of changes due to water stress for some osmolytes, pigments and antioxidant enzymes in Gmelina arborea Robx: leaves from trees planted in northern Colombia. J Brazilian Chem Soc 22:2275-2280. Cseke LJ, Kaufman PB. 1999. How and why these compounds are synthesized by

plants. Di dalam: Kaufman PB, Cseke LJ, Warber S, Duke JA, Brielmann HL, editor. Natural Products from Plants. USA: CRC Press. hlm 37-90. Cseke LJ, Lu CR, Kornfeld A, Kaufman PB, Kirakosyan A. 2006. How and why

these compounds are synthesized by plants. Di dalam: Cseke LJ, Kirakosyan A, Kaufman PB, Warber S, Duke JA, Brielmann HL, editor. Natural Products from Plants. Ed ke-2. USA: CRC Press. hlm 51-100. Csiszár J, Lantos E, Tari I, Madoşă E, Wodala B, Vashegyi A, Horváth F,

Pécsváradi A, Szabó M, Bartha B, Gallé A, Lazăr A, Coradini G, Staicu M, Postelnicu S, Mihacea S, Nedelea G, Erdei L. 2007. Antioxidant enzyme activities in Allium species and their cultivars under water stress. Plant Soil Environ 53:517–523.

Cushman JC. 2001. Crassulacean acid metabolism: a plastic photosynthetic adaptation to arid environtments. Plant Physiol 127:1439-1448.

Daiss N, Lobo GM, Socorro AR, Bruckner U, Heller J, Gonzales M. 2008. The effect of three organic pre-harvest treatments on swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cycla L.) quality. Eur Food Res Technol 226:345-353.

Dangcham S, Bowen J, Ferguson BI, Ketsa S. 2008. Effect of temperature and low oxygen on pericarp hardening of mangosteen fruit stored at low temperature. Postharvest Biology and Technology 50:37-44.

Davies JM, Atkinson CJ, Burns C, Woolley JG, Hipps NA, Arroo RRJ, Dungey N, Robinson T, Brown P, Flockart I, Hill C, Smith L, Bentley S. 2009. Enhancement of artemisin concentration and yield in response to optimization of nitrogen and potassium supply to Artemisia annua. Annals Bot 104:315-323.

De Lima VLAG, Melo EDA, Lima LDS. 2001. Physicochemical characteristics of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) [komunikasi singkat]. Rev Bras Frutic Jaboticabal-SP 23:421-423.

Du H, Zhang L, Liu L, Tang XF, Yang WJ, Wu YM, Huang YB, Tang YX. 2009. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Plant MYB Transcription Factor Family [ulasan]. Biokhimiya 74:5-16.

Dubey RS, Pessarakli M. 1995. Physiological mechanism of N absorption and assimilation in plant under stressful conditions. Di dalam: Pessarakli M, editor. Handbook and Crop Physiology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. El-Maksoud MF Abd. 2008. Effects of levels and splitting of N-fertilization on

growth, yield components, yield and grain quality of some rice cultivars. Res J Agri Biol Sci 4:392-398.

Errebhi M, Wilcox GE. 1990. Plant species response to ammonium‐nitrate concentration ratios. J Plant Nutr 13:1017-1029.

Estiasih T, Kurniawan DA. 2006. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak umbi akar ginseng jawa (Talinum triangulare Willd.). J Teknol Industri Pangan 18:166-182. Field TS, Lee DW, Holbrook NM. 2001. Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The

Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood. Plant Physiol 127:566–574.

Frei B, Higdon JV. 2003. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr 133:3275.

Fresco P, Borges F, Diniz C, Marques MPM. 2006. New insights on the anticancer properties of dietary polyphenols. Med Res Rev 26:747.

Gapper C, Dolan L. 2006. Control of plant development by reactive oxygen species. Plant Physiol 141:341-345.

Gascho GJ et al. 1998. Nitrate-nitrogen, soluble, and bioavailable phosphorus runoff from simulated rainfall after fertilizer application. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:1711–1718.

Gharib FA, Moussa LA, Massoud ON. 2008. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. Int J Agri Biol 10:381-387.

Ghasemi M, Arzani K, Yadollahi A, Ghasemi S, Sarikhani-Khorrami S. Estimate of Leaf Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Content in Asian Pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) by CCM-200. Not Sci Biol 3:91-94.

Gholizadeh A. 2011. Effect of drought on the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the leaves and roots of maize inbreds. Australian J Basic Appl Sci 5:952-956.

Gill KP, Sharma AD, Singh P, Bhullar SS. 2001. Effect of various abiotic stresses on the growth, soluble sugars and water relations of sorghum seedlings grown in light and darkness. Bulg J Plant Physiol 27:72-84.

Gill SS, Tuteja N. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:909-930. Giorgio D De, Sisto D, Ubaldo D, Vonella AV. 2004. The effects of

N-fertilization levels and root mycorrhizal colonization on plant-growth and grain yield in durum wheat. Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions. 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference; Brisbane, Jul 2004. Brisbane: ISCO. Hlm 1-4.

Giovannoni JJ. 2007. Completing a pathway to plant vitamin C synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:9109–9110.

Gordon MH. 1990. The mechanism of antioxidants action in vitro. Di dalam: Hudson BJF, editor. Food Antioxidant. London: Elsevier Applied Science. hlm 1-18.

Goss MJ, Goorahoo D. 1995. Nitrate contamination of groundwater: measurement and prediction. Fert Res 42:331–338.

Gould KS. Nature’s Swiss Army Knife: The Diverse Protective Roles of Anthocyanins in Leaves [ulasan]. J Biomed Biotecnol 5:314–320.

Goveas SW, Miranda EC, Seena S, Sridhar KR. 2006. Observations on guano and bolus of Indian flying fox, Pteropus giganteus. Current Sci 90:160-162. Grzesiak MT. 2009. Impact soil compaction on root architecture, leaf water status,

gas exchange, and growth of maize and triticale seedlings. Plant Root 3:10-16.

Hadad R, Anderson RG. 2004. Analysis of organic fertilizers for use ini vegetable transplant production. Floriculture Res Rep 19-04.

Hakl J, santrucek J, Kocourkova D, Fuksa P. 2007. The effect of the soil compaction on the contents of alfalfa root reserve nutrients in relation to the stand density and the amount of root biomass. Soil Water Res 2:54-58.

Hallman E, Rembialkowska E. 2007. Comparison of the nutritive quality of tomato fruits from organic and conventional production in Poland. 3rd QLIF Congress: Improving Sustainability in Organic and Low Input Food Production Systems, Germany, 20-23 Mar 2007. Germany: University of Hohenheim.

Hartatik W, Widowati LR. Pupuk Kandang. Di dalam: Simanungkalit RDM, Suriadikarta DA, Saraswati R, Setyorini D, Hartatik W, editor. Pupuk Organik dan Pupuk Hayati. Bogor: Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. hlm 59-82.

Hashim AB, Aminuddin, Siva KB. 1996. Nutrient content in rice husk ash of some malaysian rice varieties. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci 19:77-80. Helton TJ, Butler TJ, McFarland ML, Hons FM, Mukhtar S, Muir JP. 2008.

Effects of dairy manure compost and supplemental inorganic fertilizer on Costal Bermudagrass. Agron J 100:924-930.

Herencia JF, Ruiz-Porras JC, Melero S, Garcia-Galavis PA, Morillo E, Maqueda C. 2007. Comparisson between organic and mineral fertilization for soil fertility levels, crop macronutrient concentrations, and yield. Agron J 99:973-983.

Herrera A, Delgado J, Paraguatey I. 1991. Occurence of inducible crassulacean acid metabolism in leaves of Talinum triangulare (Portulacaceae). J Experimen Bot 42:493-499.

Herrera A. 2009. Crassulacean acid metabolism and fitness under water deficit stress: if not for carbon gain, what is facultative CAM good for? Annal Bot 103:645-653.

Heyne K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia. Volume ke-2. Badan Litbang Departemen Kehutanan, penerjemah. Jakarta: Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya. Terjemahan dari: De Nuttige Planten Van Indonesie.

Hichri I, Barrieu F, Bogs J, Kappel C, Delrot S, Lauvergeat V. 2010. Recent advances in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway [ulasan]. J Exp Bot:1-19.

Hilbert G, Soyer JP, Molot C, Giraudon J, Milin S, Gaudillere JP. 2003. Effects of nitrogen supply on must quality and anthocyanin accumulation in berries of cv. Merlot. Vitis 42:69-76.

Hsu YM, Tseng MJ, Lin CH. 1999. The fluctuation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds in flooded wax-apple trees. Bot Bull Acad Sin 40:193-198. Hutapea JR. 1994. Inventaris Tanaman Obat Indonesia. Volume ke-3. Jakarta:

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Departemen Kesehatan RI.

Ibeawuchi II, Onweremadu EU, Oti NN. 2006. Effect of poultry manure on green (Amarranthus cruentus) and water leaf (Talinum triangulare) on degraded ultisols of Owerri southeastern Nigeria. J Anim Vet Adv JAVA 5:53-56. Iijima M, Highuci T, Barlow PW. 2004. Contribution of root cap mucilage and

presence of an intact root cap in maize (Zea mays) to the reduction of soil mechanical impedance. Short Com, Ann Bot.

Ijoyah MO. 2007. Effects of different levels of decomposed poultry manure on yield of muskmelon at Anse Boileau, Seychelles. African J Biotechnol 6:1882-1884.

Iqbal S, Bano A. 2009. Water stress induced changes in antioxidant enzymes, membrane stability and seed protein profile of different wheat accessions. African J Biotechnol 8:6576-6587.

Islam MA, Macdonald SE. 2004. Ecophysiological adaptations of black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) seedlings to flooding. Trees 18:35–42.

Javanmardi, J, Stushnoff, Locke E, Vivanco JM. 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chem 83:547-550.

Jones JB. 1998. Plant Nutrition Manual. Florida: CRC Press.

Juszczuk IM, Wiktorowska A, Malus´a E, Rychter AM. 2004. Changes in the concentration of phenolic compounds and exudation induced by phosphate deficiency in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant and Soil 267:41-49.

Kale VS. 2010. Variable rates of primary and secondary metabolite during different seasons and physiological stages in Convolvulus, Datura, and Withania. Asian J Exp Biol Sci Spl 50-53.

Kampa M, Nifli AP, Notas G, Castanas E. 2007. Polyphenols and cancer cell growth. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 159:79-113.

Kanampiu FK, Raun WR, Johnson GV. 1997. Effect of nitrogen rate on plant nitrogen loss in winter wheat varieties. J Plant Nutr 20:389–404.

Karageorgou P, Levizou EFI, Manetas Y. 2002. The influence of drought, shade and availability of mineral nutrients on exudate phenolics of Dittrichia viscosa. Flora 197:285-289.

Karageorgou P, Manetas Y. 2006. The importance of being red when young: anthocyanins and the protection of young leaves of Quercus coccifera from insect herbivory and excess light. Tree Physiol 26:613-621.

Dokumen terkait