– 1989 dengan memanfaatkan kesenjangan sosial masyarakat Aceh. Oleh karena itu meskipun GAM seolah hilang dari panggung
poliik selama 6 tahun namun pada tahun
1989 – 2004 GAM muncul kembali dengan melakukan serangkaian penyerangan terhadap pos-pos aparat keamanan dan pembunuhan terhadap penduduk setempat.
Dalam upaya mengatasi GAM yang semakin brutal, sejak tahun 1989 – 1999 pemerintah menggelar operasi Jaring Merah. Namun sebelum operasi Jaring Merah berhasil melumpuhkan GAM terjadi Reformasi dan jatuhnya pemerintahan Orde Baru, sehingga
dalam menangani gerakan separais termasuk GAM dan idak lagi menggunakan pendekatan
keamanan.
Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Bj.
Habibie, Operasi Jaring Merah dihenikan
sejak 7 Agustus 1998 dan hukum yang berlaku di Aceh bukan lagi Daerah Operasi Militer
(DOM) namun menjadi Terib Sipil. Seiring
ditetapkan TAP No. VI/MPR/Tahun 2000,
ABRI bergani nama menjadi TNI dan Polri terpisah dari TNI sehingga indakan militer hanya dapat dilakukan bila keputusan poliik
untuk penggunaan militer telah ditetapkan pemerintah.
Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden
Abdurrahman Wahid melakukan serangkaian dialog dengan GAM, akhirnya pada bulan Mei 2000 menandatangani MOU di Geneva Swis
yang ininya : Sejak 12 Mei 2000 – 15 Januari
2001 pemerintahan Presiden Abdurrahman
Wahid dan GAM menyepakai Status Jeda
Kemanusiaan (gencatan senjata) untuk Aceh dengan memberikan bantuan Keamanan dan Kemanusiaan menuju situasi damai di Aceh. Selang dua hari setelah Status Jeda Kemanusiaan ditandatangani, ternyata
kesepakatan itu dikhianai dan kekerasan
di Aceh kembali terjadi. Menghadapi pengkhianatan GAM, tanggal 6 – 9 Januari
nearly 6 years but in 1989 to 2004 GAM had re-emerged with a series of atacks to security outposts and killings of local people.
To subjugate more brutal acions of GAM, during 1989 - 1999 the government held an operaion called The Red Net. But before the operaion was totally accomplished, the Reform broke out causing the fall of New Order, and thereater security approach is no longer taken as soluion to eliminate separaist move-
ments, such as GAM.
During the era of President BJ. Habibie, Opera-
ion Red Net was ceased as of 7 August 1998 and Aceh no longer borne the status as Military Operaional Zone (DOM) but rather having the status of Civil Order. In line with the sipula-
ion of TAP VI / MPR / Year 2000, ABRI was renamed to become TNI and Police was sepa-
rated from the military that a military acion can only be done ater a poliical decision has been set by the government.
During the era of President Abdurrahman Wa-
hid, a series of dialogues were conducted with GAM, inally in May 2000 an MOU was signed in Geneva, Switzerland, which in essence de-
clared that : Since May 12, 2000 - January 15, 2001 the government of President Abdurrah-
man Wahid and GAM agreed to Humanitarian Interval /Pause Status (ceaseire) to Aceh in order to provide aid to Security and Humanitar-
ian assistance towards peaceful condiion in Aceh.
Two days ater Humanitarian Ceaseire Status was signed, the deal was betrayed and violence outbreaks took place once again in Aceh. Fac-
ing betrayal from GAM, during 6 to 9 January 2001 the government of Indonesia re-entered talks with GAM in Switzerland which resulted in Moratorium on Violence Agreement (Quiet Moon) on 15 January to 15 February 2001. But during the moratorium Violence, GAM made a lot of violaions.
2001 pemerintah RI kembali mengadakan perundingan dengan GAM di Swis yang menghasilkan kesepakatan Moratorium Kekerasan (Bulan Tenang) pada 15 Januari – 15 Februari 2001. Namun selama Moratorium Kekerasan, GAM membuat banyak pelanggaran
Pada masa Pemerintahan Presiden Megawai
Soekarnoputri, kembali berunding dengan
GAM menghasilkan kesepakatan Cassaion Of Hosiliies Agreement (COHA) yang
ditandatangani pada 9 Desember 2002.
Setelah COHA disepakai, peran TNI dalam
bidang keamanan dan penegakkan hukum diserahkan kepada Polisi. Namun ternyata GAM memanfaatkan kesepakatan COHA dengan memperkuat pasukannya dan mengkampanyekan “Negara Aceh Merdeka”.
Terbuki kekuatan GAM meningkat dari sekitar
5.000 personel menjadi 10.000 personel dan kekuatan senjata meningkat dari sekitar 2.000 pucuk menjadi 3.000 pucuk senjata. Bahkan himbauan pemerintah tanggal 20 Mei 2002 agar GAM menerima otonomi khusus ditolak. Meningkatnya kekuatan dan kegiatan GAM tersebut maka sejak Mei 2003 pemerintah atas persetujuan DPR menetapkan Aceh dalam Status Hukum Darurat Militer / DARMIL I selama 6 bulan dan diperpanjang menjadi Darmil II sampai 19 Mei 2004, karena belum kondusif.
Dalam masa darurat militer pemerintah melalui
Menteri Koordinator Poliik dan Keamanan
Jendral TNI Susilo Bambang Yudoyono mengumumkan berlakunya Keputusan Presiden No. 28/2003. Untuk menyelesaikan
konlik di Aceh pemerintah menggelar Operasi
Terpadu. Dalam Operasi Terpadu TNI bertugas
During the administraion of President Mega-
wai Sukarnoputri, The governmet once again re-negoiated with GAM resulted in an Cassa-
ion Of Hosiliies Agreement (COHA) signed on December 9, 2002. Ater the COHA agreement, the TNI’s role in security and law enforcement was transferred to the police. But apparently, GAM has beneited from COHA agreement by strengthening its forces and launched a cam-
paign of “The State of Free Aceh” as evidenced from the hike of GAM personnels from approxi-
mately 5,000 personnels to 10,000 personnels, as irepower increased from approximately 2,000 to 3,000 guns shoots. Even the govern-
ment’s appeal on May 20, 2002 for GAM to accept special autonomy was rejected.
Intensiied aciviies of GAM led to the enforcement of Military Emergency Status / DARMIL I for six months period and extended to DARMILL II unil 19 May 2003, due to sus-
cepible condiion. The status was applied by the government upon legislaive’s approval. In period of military emergency status, the government through the Coordinaing Minister for Poliical and Security Afairs, General TNI Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono announced the enactment of Presidenial Decree. 28/2003. To resolve the conlict in Aceh, the government held an Integrated Operaions. TNI was as-
melakukan operasi pemulihan keamanan
sebagai operasi pokok melipui operasi tempur,
operasi inteljen, dan operasi teritorial. Operasi keamanan tersebut didukung operasi lain yang terdiri dari operasi penegakan hukum, operasi pemantapan jalannya pemerintahan, operasi bantuan kemanusiaan, dan operasi pemulihan roda perekonomian.
Setelah operasi terpadu digelar pada masa Darmil I dan Darmil II kondisi keamanan semakin kondusif, sehingga dapat dikendalikan pemerintah sipil. Oleh karena itu pemerintahan
Presiden Megawai dalam sidang kabinet
terbatas 13 Mei 2004 mengeluarkan kebijakan mengubah Status Darmil Aceh menjadi Darurat Sipil (Darsip). Dengan perubahan tersebut Gubernur Aceh Abdullah Puteh sejak 19 Mei 2004 menjadi penguasa Darurat Sipil Daerah (PDSD), sedangkan masalah keamanan dipegang Pangdam I / Iskandar Muda Mayjen TNI Endang Suwarya.
Setelah Operasi Terpadu digelar pada Darsip I 19 Mei – 18 Oktober 2004 dilanjutkan Darsip II 19 November 2004 – 19 Mei 2005 kondisi di Aceh kembali normal. TNI berhasil melumpuhkan GAM sejumlah 9.543 orang dan menyita senjata sebanyak 2.466 pucuk. Sejak 19 Mei 2005 pemerintah mengakhiri
Darsip di Aceh dan kembali ke Terib Sipil. Dalam kondisi Terib Sipil di Aceh, GAM
bersedia berunding dengan pemerintah RI di Helsinky, Finlandia yang menghasilkan Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) Helsinky yang ditandatangani pada 15 Agustus 2005 menandai berakhirnya GAM di Aceh. Pemerintah RI diwakili Hamid Awaludin sebagai Menteri Hukum dan HAM, kelompok militer dipimpin oleh Mayjen TNI Bambang Darmono sebagai Pangkolakops dan delegasi GAM dipimpin Malik Machmud.
signed to conduct military operaions to restore security as principal operaions including com-
bat operaions, intelligence operaions, and territorial operaions. The security operaion was supported by other measures which con-
sist of law enforcement operaions, strengthen-
ing of the governmental services, humanitarian assistance operaions, and economic recovery operaions.
Once the integrated operaion held during Darmil I and II Darmil the security was increas-
ingly conducive, that civilian government may control over the area. Thus, the government of President Megawai in a limited cabinet meeing 13 May 2004 issued a policy to change the status of Aceh from Military emergency to Civil Emergency (Darurat Sipil, Darsip). Such replacement made the Governor of Aceh, Abdullah Puteh, as of 19 May 2004 to become the ruler of Regional Civil Emergency (PDSD), while the security maters was controlled by Commander of Military Region I / Iskandar Muda Maj. Gen. TNI. Endang Suwarya. Ater Integrated Operaion of Darsip I dur-
ing 19 May to 18 October 2004, Darsip II was coninued along 19 November 2004 – 19 May, 2005, condiion in Aceh has returned to nor-
mal. Indonesian Naional Army succeeded in crippling some 9543 GAM’s military members and seized 2466 guns shoots.
Since May 19, 2005 government terminated the operaion of Darsip in Aceh and back to the Civil Order status. In such condiions GAM is now willing to negoiate with the government of Indonesia in Helsinki, Finland resuling the Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) on 15 August 2005, marked the end of GAM in Aceh. The Government of RI respesented by Hamid Awaludin as The Minister of Law and Human Rights, military group led by Mayor General
TNI Bambang Darmono as Execuive Com-
mander of Operaion (Pangkolakops) whereas GAM delegaion was lead by Malik Machmud.
Tanggal 19 Januari 1990 sore hari pada saat
hari raya Idui Fitri, di Ambon terjadi konlik an- tar warga masyarakat yang meluas ke provinsi
Maluku di picu masalah sepele. Konlik antar massa tersebut diwarnai senimen-senimen
suku, agama, ras, dan antar golongan (SARA)
menjadi konlik antar massa yang berke pan-
jangan. Konlik tersebut berakibat hancurnya
rumah penduduk, rumah ibadah, toko-toko, sarana tranportasi dan fasilitas umum. Ratusan
jiwa tewas akibat saling ikam dan saling bunuh, korban idak hanya masyarakat sipil
aparat keamanan tentara dan polisi.
Dalam rangka mengatasi kontik tersebut,
pemerintah mengeluarkan Keppres No. 88 Tahun 2000 tentang keadaan Darurat Sipil di Maluku yang diberlakukan sejak 27 Juni 2000. Dalam keadaan darurat tersebut, Panglima TNI Laksamana TNI Widodo AS mengeluarkan
kebijakan penanganan konlik di Maluku antara lain: Satuan TNI yang netral, mampu berindak
tegas sesuai ketentuan hukum yang berlaku,
oleh karena itu dibutuhkan:
1. Satuan TNI yang idak memiliki kedekatan
emosional dengan masyarakat tempat mereka ditugaskan.
2. Satuan yang memiliki mobilitas inggi seb- agai cadangan.
On January 19, 1990 aternoon at Idul Fitri feast, a conlict broke out in Ambon between communiies living in Maluku Province, the conlicts was extended and triggered by trivial. The conlicts between these two diferent communiies, were characterized by racial seniments religious seniments, and ethnic seniments that led to prolonged conlict between the masses. The conlict resulted in the destrucion of houses, houses of worship,
shops, transport infrastructures and public
faciliies. Hundreds of people died due to
stabbing each other and killing each other, the
vicims were not only civilian but also security
forces and police members.
In order to overcome these conlicts, the government issued a Presidenial Decree No.
88 Year 2000 on State of civil emergency in Maluku enacted as of 27 June 2000. In such emergency circumstances, Armed Forces Com- mander Admiral Widodo issued several policies
to overcome conlicts in Maluku, among oth-
ers: Neutral military units, will be able to act
strictly in accordance with applicable law, and
therefore we required:
1. Military units that have no emoional relaionship to communiies in which they are
assigned.