Pusat Pengajian Sains Matematik
7.4 Sumbangan Kajian
Berdasarkan penemuan kajian, kajian ini dapat memberi sumbangan penting terutamanya dalam bidang akademik dan pihak pentadbir. Dalam bidang akademik, kajian berkenaan sistem dan teknologi kitar semula kurang dijalankan di Malaysia. Kebanyakan kajian berkaitan kitar semula yang pernah dijalankan di negara ini menjurus kepada kajian sistem kitar semula pelbagai aliran serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi sikap dan tingkah laku masyarakat terhadap amalan kitar semula. Kajian ini meneroka pendekatan dan kaedah kitar semula yang baru yang dikenali sebagai sistem kitar semula satu aliran sebagai inisiatif meningkatkan penglibatan masyarakat dalam amalan kitar semula. Oleh itu, kajian ini berperanan membentuk penambah baik sistem kitar semula sedia ada. Kajian ini mampu membentuk
157
pemahaman dan peningkatan keupayaan ilmu berkaitan kajian geografi yang bukan sahaja terbatas kepada kajian fizikal, tetapi komponen sosial dan ekonomi juga diberikan perhatian sewajarnya. Dalam kajian ini, kitar semula dilihat mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan alam sekitar dan kualiti hidup masyarakat setempat.
Selain itu, kajian ini juga memberi sumbangan kepada pihak pentadbir bandar serta universiti dan organisasi kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan untuk membuat keputusan dan menjalankan program kitar semula yang lebih berkesan pada masa akan datang dalam skala yang lebih besar ataupun kecil. Kebanyakan pihak berkuasa tempatan dan universiti pada masa kini menggunakan sistem kitar semula pelbagai aliran yang memberi pelbagai masalah dan kurang berkesan. Oleh itu, pihak berkuasa tempatan dan universiti perlu merancang strategi untuk melaksanakan sistem kitar semula yang lebih komprehensif.
7.5Rumusan
Institusi pengajian tinggi merupakan antara penyumbang utama kepada peningkatan kuantiti sisa pepejal. Oleh itu, inisiatif kitar semula merupakan satu pendekatan yang sesuai untuk mengurangkan sisa pepejal yang dilupuskan di institusi pengajian tinggi. Namun program kitar semula yang dilaksanakan di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia tidak menunjukkan kesan dan hasil yang diharapkan. Hal ini kerana dipengaruhi oleh kaedah dan sistem kitar semula yang digunakan. Kebanyakan pengkaji bersetuju penggunaan sistem atau pendekatan kitar
158
semula yang boleh memberikan kemudahan dan keselesaan kepada masyarakat merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang mempengaruhi kejayaan program kitar semula.
Menerusi kajian ini, penilaian sistem kitar semula satu aliran dilakukan terhadap komuniti di Bangunan G31 yang terdiri daripada ahli akademik, pelajar dan staf bukan akademik. Penemuan kajian menunjukkan sistem kitar semula satu aliran memberi impak positif dalam meningkatkan amalan kitar semula dalam kalangan komuniti di Bangunan G31. Namun, terdapat sebilangan daripada komuniti tidak terlibat secara aktif dalam program kitar semula yang dilaksanakan. Oleh itu, kempen dan publisiti program kitar semula semula perlu dilakukan dengan lebih terancang.
BIBLIOGRAFI
Abdelnaser, O. A. (2008) Attitude of Malaysian on Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste: Case Study in the Major Town of the East Coast and North Malaysia. Tesis PHD, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abdelnaser, O. A., Mahmood, A., Aziz, H. A., Robinson, G. M. (2009) Investigating Households Attitude Toward Recycling of Solid Waste in Malaysia: a Case Study.
International Journal of Environmental Research, 3(2): 275-288.
Agamuthu, P. (2011) Waste Stream: Municipal Waste Management. di dalam: Letcher, T. M., Vallero D. A. (editor) Waste: a Handbook for Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Agamuthu, P., Fauziah, S. H., Khidzir, K. (2009). Evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia: Impacts and Implications of the Solid Waste Bill 2007. Journal of Matter Cycles Waste Management, 11: 96-103.
Ahmad, A. (2009). Gender Different and Trend in Participation of Malaysia in Education: Implication on Employment Outcomes. The Journal of International Management Studies. 4(2): 65-74.
Alexander, J. H. (1993) Defense of Garbage. Westport: Praeger.
American Public Works Association, APWA (1941) Refuse Collection Practice. Chicago: APWA.
Arena, U., Mastellone, M. L., Perugini, F. (2003) Life Cycle Assessment of a Plastic Packaging Recycling System. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(2): 92-98.
Armijo, C., Ojeda-Benitez, S., Ramirez-Barreto, E. (2008) Solid Waste Characterization and Recycling Potential for University Campus. Waste Management, 28: 21-26 Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C dan Razavieh, A. (1985). Introduction to Research in Education.
Edisi ke-3. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Azizi, Y. (2006) Menguasai Penyelidikan dalam Pendidikan: Teori, Analisis dan Interpretasi Data. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing Sdn Bhd.
Bailey, K. D. (1984). Kaedah Penyelidikan Sosial. Terjemahan Hashim Awang. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Barth, M., Timm, J. M. (2011) Higher Education for Sustainable Development: Student Perspective on Innovative Approach to Educational Change. Journal of Social Science, 7(1): 13-23.
Baud, I., Grafakos, S., Hordijk, M., Post, J. (2001) Quality of Life and Alliances in Solid Waste Management: Contributions to Urban Sustainable Development. Cities, 18(1): 3-12.
Bentol, V., Crowe, D. V., Mathews, R., Scott, S. (1994) A Survey of Public Attitude to Recycling in Glasgow (U.K). Journal of Waste Management, 12: 351-367.
Berenyi, E. B. (2001) State of Material Recovery Facilities. Resource Recycling, 1: 16-21. Bilitewski, B. B., Hardtle, G., Marek, K. (1997) Waste Management. Berlin: Springer. Blumberg, L., Gottlieb, J. (1989) War on Waste. Washington: Island Press.
Bratt, C. (1999) The Impact of Norms and assumed Consequences on Recycling Behavior.
Journal of Environment and Behavior, 31: 630-656.
Braungart, M., McDonough, W., Bollinger, A. (2007) Cradle-to-cradle Design: Creating Healty Emmission – a Strategy for Eco-Effective Product and System Design.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 15: 1337-1348.
Butler, J., Hooper, P. (2000) Factors Determining the Post-consumer Waste Recycling.
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 43(3): 407-432.
Canedo. F. M. (1980) Change Agents Perceived Credibility and Their Influence in the Innovation–Decision Process of a Development Program. Tesis Phd, University of Philippines.
Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, CGSS (2009) USM-APEX Sustainability Fact Sheet. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Chong, T. L., Matsufuji, Y., Nasir, H. (2005) Implementation of Semi-Aerobic Landfill System (Fukuoka Method) in Developing Countries: a Malaysia Cost Analysis.
Journal of Waste Management, 25: 702-711.
Clarke, A. E. (2005) Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory after the Postmodern Turn. United State: Sage Publication.
Clugston, R. M., Calder, W. (1999) Critical Dimension of Sustainability in higher Education. di dalam: Filho, W. L. (editor) Sustainability and University Life. Pieterlen, Switzerland: Peter Lang.
Cointreau, S. (2006) Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower Income Countries. Laporan untuk Unit Pengurusan Sisa, World Health Organization (WHO), Eropah.
Cole L. (2003) Assessing Sustainability on Canadian University Campus: Development of a Campus Sustainability Assessment Framework. Victoria, Canada: Royal Road University.
Dalian Environment and Sanitation Department, DESMB (1990) Liaoning Environment Project: Dalian Solid Waste Management Facility. Shenyan, China: Liaoning Urban Construction and Renewal Project Office.
Davis, G. A., Wilt, C. A., Barkenbus, J. N. (1997) Extended Product Responsibility: a Tool for a Sustainable Economy. Environment, 39(7): 10-15 dan 36-37.
Ebreo, A., Hershey, J., Vining, J. (1999) Reducing Solid Waste. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 31: 107-135.
Ewert, A., Baker, D. (2001) Standing for Where you Sit: an Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Academic Major and Environmental Beliefs. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 33(5): 687-707.
Eyles, J. (1992) Interpreting the Geographical World: Qualitative Approach in Geographical Research. di dalam Eyles, J., Smith, D. M. (editor) Qualitative Methods in Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
Ferguson, L. (2001) Can Deinked Pulp Dare to Compare with Virgin Pulp? 6th Research Forum on Recycling. Magog, Quebec.
Franklin Associates (1999) Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United State. Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA.
Gamba, R. J., Oskamp, S. (1994) Factors Influences Community Resident‟s Participation in Commingled Curbside Recycling Program. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 26: 587-612.
Garces, C., Lafuente, A., Pedraja, M., Rivera, P. (2002) Urban Waste Recycling Behavior: Antecedents of Participant in a Selection Collection Program. Journal of Environmental Management, 30(3): 378-390.
Gerlet, A. (1999) the Long View. Waste News. 03 Mei 1999. muka surat 22-25.
Geurin, D., Crete, J., Mercier, J. (2001) A multilevel Analysis of the Determinants of Recycling Behavior in the European Countries. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 30: 195-218.
Gonzalez-Torre, B., Adenso-Diaz, P. L. (2005) Influence of Distance on The Motivation and Frequency of Household Recycling. Journal of Waste Management, 25: 15-23. Grodzinska - Jurczak, M. S. (2001) Management of Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste
Habib, M. A., Ismaila, A. B. (2008) an Integrated Approach to Achieving Campus Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Environment, 16: 1777-1785.
Hamidi, A. A. (2009), Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Bersepadu. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Hanks, T. G. (1967) Solid Waste and Disease Relationships. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Hansen, W., Christopher, M., Verbuecheln, M. (2002) EU Waste Policy and Challenges for Regional and Local Authorities. Berlin: Institute for International and European Environmental Policy.
Hering, R., Greeley, S. A. (1921) Collection and Disposal of Municipal Refuse. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hopkins, W. G. (2008) Research Designs: Choosing and Fine-tuning a Design for Your Study. Sportscience, 12: 12-21.
Hornik, J., Cheriau, J., Michelle, M., Narayan, C. C. (1995) Determinants of Recycling Behavior: a Synthesis of Research Result. Journal of Socio-Economic, 4(1): 105- 127.
Idris, A., Inanc, B., Hassan, M. M. (2004) Overview of Waste Disposal and Landfill/Dump in Asia Countries. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 6: 104-110. Institute of Scarp Recycling Industries (2002) Guideline for Nonferrous Scarp, Ferrous
Scrap, Glass Cullet, Paper Stock, Plastic Scarp. Washington: SPECS.
Japan Waste Management Association (1996) Waste Management in Japan 1996. Tokyo: Japan Waste Management Association.
Kampa, M., Castanas, E. (2008) Human Health Effects of Air Pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151: 362-367.
Kathiravale, S., Muhd Yunus, M. N. (2008) Waste to Wealth. American Economy Journal, 6: 359-371.
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan, KPKT (2012) Siaran Media: Kemuadahan Mendapatkan Semula Bahan Kitar Semula (Material Recovery Facility) Pertama di Malaysia. Putrajaya: Unit Komunikasi Korporat, KPKT. Kerlinger, F. N. (1973) Foundation of Behavioural Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, Inc.
Kimball, S. L., Doeksen, G. A., Rood, F., Fitzgibbon, J. (2005) Community Solid Waste Recycling Systems. Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University.
Lau, V. L. (2004) Case Study on the Management of Waste Material in Malaysia. Forum Geookol, 15(2).
Leeuw, S. V. (2006) Sustainability. Arizona: Earthscan.
Lim Guan Eng (2009) Development of Eco-town in Penang Will Create a Sustainable Industrial Environment. Penang Eco-town Stakeholders Round Table Discussion, G-Hotel, Pulau Pinang, 24 Ogos 2009.
Lund, H. F. (1993) The McGraw-hill Recycling Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. Mason, I. G., Oberender, A. & Brooking, A. K. (2004) Source Separation and Potential
Re0use of Resource Residual at a University Campus. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 40: 155-172.
Mayfield, A. M. (2006) the First of Education and Awareness on Recycling. Department of Psychology, Missouri Western State University.
McGee, T. G., Griffiths, C. J. (1994) Global Urbanization: Toward the Twenty-First Century. New York: United Nations.
McRobert, D. (1994) Ontario’s Blue Box System: a Case Study of Government’s Role in
the Technological Change Process, 1970-1991. Osgoode Hall Law School, York University.
Memon, M. A. (2010) Integrated Solid Waste Management Base on the 3R Approach.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 12: 30-40.
Merriam, S. B. (1998) Qualitative Research and Case Study Application in Education, 2nd ed. Thousand Oak, Califf: Sage.
Mohd Salleh, A., Zaidatun, T. (2001) Pengenalan Kepada Analisis Data Berkomputer SPSS 10.0 for Windows. Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing.
Mohd. Majid, K. (1990). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Norizan, M. N., Asyirah, A. R., Fera, F., Suzyrman, S., Tarmiji, M., Syarilla, S., Govin, J., Siti Mariam, A. K., Nur Amalina, T., Muhamad Azahar, A., Mohd Ridzlie, R. (2011). Enhancing Urban Sustainable Living within Universiti Sains Malaysia and Its Neighboring Communities, Penang, Malaysia. Dibentangkan di dalam 2nd International Academic Consortium for Sustainable Cities Symposium (IACSC) 2011. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD (1991) Environmental Labelling in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.
Organisation for Economic CO-operation and Development, OECD (2006) Good Practices in the National Sustainable Development Strategies of OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.
Pandey, P. C., Sharma, L. K., Nathawat, M. S. (2012) Geospatial Strategy for Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste for Growing Urban Environment.
Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 2419-2431.
Peace River Regional District (2008) Solid Waste Management Plan. Burnaby: Earth Tech (Canada).
Perrin, D., Barton, J. (2001) Issues Associated with Transforming Household Attitude and Opinion into Material Recovery: A Review of Two kerbside Recycling Schemes.
Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 33(1): 61-74.
Pichtel, J. (2005) Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous and Industrial. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor and Francis Group.
Quaddus, M. A., Siddique, M. A. B. (2001) Modelling Sustainable Development Planning: a Multi Criteria Decision Conferencing Approach. Journal Environment International, 27(1): 89-95.
Redman, C. L. (2007) Environment and Development: Sustainability Science. Victoria, Canada: Royal Road University.
Rhyner, C. R., Schwartz, L. J., Wenger, R. B., Kohrell, M. G. (1995) Waste Management and Resource Recovery. Florida: Lewis Publisher.
Robinson, G. M. (1998) Methods and Techniques in Human Geography. Chinhester: Wiley.
Sandelowski, M. (1995) Triangle and Crystal: on Geometry of Qualitative Research.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18 (6): 569-574.
Shrybman, S., Lindgren, R. (1989) Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy (CIELAP): a Regulatory Agenda for Solid Waste Reduction. Toronto: SWEAP. Shulman, V. L. (2011) Introduction to Waste Management: Trends in Waste Management.
di dalam: Letcher, T. M., Vallero D. A. (editor) Waste: a Handbook for Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Smith, A. (1997) Indigenous Research Ethics: Policy, Protocol and Practice. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 25(1): 23-29.
Sohif, M., Kamaruzzaman, S., Mazlin, M., Baharuddin, A., Halimaton, S. H., Abdul Khalim, A. R., Muhamad Fauzi, M. Z., Nurakmal, G. A. (2009) Managing Sustainable Campus in Malaysia: Organisational Approach and Measures.
European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2): 201-214.
Stauffer, R. F. (1989) Energy Saving from Recycling. Resource Recycling, muka surat 24- 60.
Suriati, G. (1999) Socio-Economic Change in the Peri-Urban Villages in Penang, Malaysia. Tesis Phd, University of Leeds.
Suriati, G., Colonius, A. (2008) Pencarian dan Penafsiran Maklumat Kualitatif dalam Penyelidikan Geografi: Pengalaman daripada Kajian Kesejahteraan Ketua Keluarga Wanita. di dalam Manusia dan Masyarakat Siri Baru Jilid 16. Bahagian Antropologi dan Sosiologi, Fakulti Sastera dan Sains Sosial Universiti Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Penerbitan Universiti Malaya.
Syarilla, M. S. (2011) Komuniti Berpagar, Enklaf dan Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Lestari: Kajian Kes Kampus Induk, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. Tesis Sarjana Sains, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Syed Arabi, I. (1992). Kaedah Penyelidikan Komunikasi dan Sains Sosial. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Tanaka, M. (2007) Waste Management for a Sustainable Society. Journal Material Cycles and Waste Management, 9: 2-6.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., Vigil, S. A. (1993) Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Testin, R. F., Vergano, P. J. (1992) Plastic Packaging Opportunity and Challenges. Washington: Society of the Plastic Industry, Inc.
Thomas, C. (2001) Public Understanding and it‟s Effect on Recycling Performance in Hampshire and Milton Keynes. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling,
32: 259-274.
Tobin, G. A., Begley, C. M. (2004) Methodological Rigour within a Qualitative Framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4): 388-396.
United Nation Development Programme, UNDP (2008) Malaysia Developing a Solid Waste Management: Model for Penang. Kuala Lumpur: United Nation Development Programme (UNDP).
United Nations (1992) Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme on Action for Sustainable Development. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO (1990) the Talloires Declaration. Gland: UNESCO.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO (1972) the Stockholm Declaration. Stockholm: UNESCO.
United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP (2007) Liveable Cities: the Benefits of Urban Environmental Planning. Washington: The City Alliance.
United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP (2012c) Waste. Division of Technology, Industry and Economy, Sustainable Consumption and
United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT (2008) State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious Cities. Nairobi: Earthscan.
United Nations, UN (1992) United Nations Programme on Action for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nation.
Velaquez, L., Mungunia, N., Platt, A., Taddei, J. (2006) Sustainable University: What can be Matter. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14: 810-819.
Vencatasawmy, C. P, Ohman, M., Brannstrom, T. (2000) A Survey of Recycling Behavior in Household in Kiruna, Sweden. Journal of Waste Management Resources, 18: 545-556.
Vesilind, P. A., Worell, W., Reinhart, D. (2002) Solid Waste Engineering. Pacific Grove: Brooks and Cole.
Vincete, P. & Reis, E. (2007) Segmenting Household According to Recycling Attitude in a Portuguese Urban Area. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52: 1- 12.
Wei, J., Herbell, J., Zhang, S. (1997) Solid Waste Disposal in China: Situation, Problems and Suggestions. Waste Management and Research, 15: 573-583.
William, I. D., Kelly, J. (2003) Green Waste Collection and The Public‟s Recycling Behavior in Borough of Wyre, England. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 38: 139-154.
World Bank (1999) What a Waste: Solid Waste Management in Asia. Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
World Commission on Environment and Development, WCED (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Resources Institute, WRI (1996) World Resources: a Guide to the Global Environment, the Urban Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wrigley, J. A. (2006) Global Sustainability. Arizona: ASU Global Institute.
Yap Koh Hoe (2011) Achieving Sustainable Campus in Malaysia University. Tesis Sarjana Sains, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Zarmadi, M. (2006) 3R Initiative on Scheduled Waste Management in Malaysia. Department of Environment in Management, Senior Officer Meeting on 3R Initiative, 6-8 March 2006, Tokyo: Japan.