LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GENDER LANGUAGE
IN FAMILIES WITH PARENTS OF DIFFERENT ETHNICS
AND SOCIAL STATUS
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
ERIKAYANI FRISKA BR SEMBIRING Registration Number : 8136112013
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
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ABSTRACT
Sembiring, Erikayani Friska. RegistrationNumber: 8136112013. Linguistic Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and Social Status. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2016.
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ABSTRACT
Sembiring, Erikayani Friska. Registration Number: 8136112013. Linguistic Characteristics of Gender Language in Families with Different Ethnics and Social Status. Thesis: English Applied Linguistic Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2016.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise is to Jesus Christ, who gives the writer blessing, health, knowledge, power and opportunity to finish this study. The writer’s deepest gratitude is only for Him, the Most
Gracious and the Most Merciful.
This research could not be completed without a great deal of help of many people. So in the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to extend her sincere and special thanks. Her gratitude is intended for her beloved parents, Bapak (Alamta Sembiring), and mamak (Helmina Br Ginting) for their endless love, prays, motivations, and financial support and her beloved sister (Afrillia Fani, Am. Keb) and her beloved partner (Saka Adrison, ST) who never gave up supporting her in accomplishing this thesis on time. She is
nothing without all of them.
Her enormous gratitude and best appreciation are expressed to Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd and Prof..Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd her brilliant advisers, who has spent
precious time in giving suggestions, encouragement, guidance, advices until this thesis comes to its due time.
She also would like to thanks to all lecturers who have given her the valuable knowledge and science during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. In particular, she addresses her gratitude also to Dr.Rahmad Husein, M.Pd, the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan,M.Hum the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. The Administration staff (Farid Ma’aruf), for his assistance in the administrative procedures.
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S.Sos, Marlina Novalinda Purba ST, Fitri Puadi Rambe, M.Hum, Kristin Natalia, M.Hum. And the member of LTBI Unimed Group and friends that can not mention for sharing ideas and developing her thesis.
The writer realizes that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, the writer expects some suggestions and critics for this thesis. At last, the writer hopes that this thesis will be useful for all.
Medan, 09th June 2016 The Writer,
Erikayani Friska Br Sembiring
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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ... 31
4.1 Linguistic Characteristics of Gender Language in Families Interaction ... 31
4.1.1 Linguistic Characteristics Used by Man of Different Ethnics and Social Status ... 32
4.1.2 Linguistic Characteristics Used by Woman of Different Ethnics and Social Status ... 41
4.2 The Reasons for Use Gender Language in Interethnic Marriage ... 50
4.3 Research Findings ... 60
4.4 Discussion ... 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 62
5.1 Conclusions ... 62
5.2 Suggestions ... 62
REFERENCES ... ... 63
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 The Differences Between Male and Female Biologically ... 7
Table 2.2 The Differences Between Male and Female Sociologically ... 9
Table 2.3 Factors in Affecting Language Differences of Man and Woman ... 15
Table 2.4 The Linguistics Characteristics of Gender Language ... 19
Table 2.5 Conceptual Framework ... 24
Table 4.1 List of Data Used for Findings in 4.1.1 ... 40
Table 4.2 List of Data Used for Findings in 4.1.2 ... 49
Table 4.3 The Direct Language of the Wives Caused by Economic Status that is Higher than that of the Husband ... 51
Table 4.4 The Direct Language of the Husband Cused by Economic Status that is Higher than that of the Wives ... 52
Table 4.5 The Direct Language of th Husband Caused by the Economic Status that has same Level with the Wives ... 53
Table 4.6 The Direct Language of The Husband Caused by The Cultural Status ... 55
Table 4.7 The Less Direct Language of The Wives Cused by Cultural Status ... 56
Table 4.8 The Direct Language of The wives Caused by Her Personality ... 58
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LIST OF MATRIX
Page
Matrix 3.1 The Multi Case Study Design ... 25
Matrix 3.2 Economic and Cultural Status Contribution
to the Use of Language by Husband and Wife
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A Data ... 65
Data I Low Status Vs Low Status ... 65
Data II High Status Vs High Status ... 71
Data III Low Status Vs High Status ... ... 77
Data IV High Status Vs High Status ... ... 83
Appendix B Category of Data ... 89
Data I Man Represent Man’s Linguistic Characteristics ... 89
Data II Man Represent Woman’s Linguistic Characteristics ... 95
Data III Woman Represent Woman’s Linguistic Characteristics .... ... 98
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of The Study
Language serves as means of commmunication. People communicate by using the language(s) they know in order to represent and and exchange their experience. Language is the mirror of culture. As a way of communication, language is not only a simple range of letters, but also the embodiment of rich knowledge, history, emotions and attitudes. In the cross-cultural communication, as people of different cultural backgrounds speak with their own set of rules or habits, they follow their own way of speaking automatically in the conversation. Thus, people are accustomed to interpreting others’ words in their own
way of speaking. Hence appear barriers of cross-cultural communication.
The process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and nonverbal means speech (oral communication), writing (written communication), signs, signals, or behaviour. Communication is the centre or the heart of intimate / close human relationship and a strong key a successful male and female or couple relationship, and it is the foundation on which all other things are built.
Good communication is always one of the most difficult skills and probably a great source of friction and problems in any organization. There are some cases that can affect and make the communication will be complicated, such as situation, cultures, and gender.
Gender also influences the language being chosen. Some researches clearly show that men and women typically use language differently when addressing either members of the same or the opposite sex. Gender differentiation make a different linguistics characteristics of male and female, both of them have their own linguistics characteristics.
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According to Tannen (1990) there are two types talks in communication that always found in man and woman communication, there are report type and rapport type. In the report type always used by man ,they use the communication to show the power and their status, and they are direct. While in rapport type talk, it used by the woman, they use the communication to show the cooperation and show their feeeling each other, and they are indirect when communicate.
There are some studies about language and gender, Rezeki (2013) found that the report type talk is always used by male, to show the power and status, while female use the rapport type talk, to show the cooperation and show the feelings. While Yulia (2013) found that male are dominantly used amount of talk, interruption, and conversation support than female presenters do in the talk show news. 2) male presenters are able to communicate by female like strategies in “Apa Kabar Indonesia Talk Show News Program on Tvone”, and vice versa female presenters are able to communicate by male-like strategies in the talk show news. 3) male and female presenters used style differently, because they have different characteristics in social life.
From the previous studies above, the writer is interested in exploring language and gender, especially in the parents that have different ethnics and social status in the family. Romaine (1994) states that the manner in which people communicate often depends on their power, and power is related to the social status, ethnicity , age and culture of someone. Man and woman have different in their form, topic, content, and use. Men and women may grow up in the same country, in the same society and culture, but they are members of different genders, different subcultures. Men and women talk differently, they apply different speech norms and have different expectations for their interlocutors.
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men’s than women’s roles in patriarchal societies, gender roles also encompass
expectations about traits of dominance and submission. People in more powerful roles behave in a more dominant style than do people in less powerful roles. Thus, men are believed to be more dominant, controlling, and assertive, and women are believed to be more subordinate and cooperative, compliant to social influence, and less overtly aggressive.
Men and women that come from one ethnics will have their own linguistics characteristics. For example in Karonese ethnics. Karonese man, will be more direct and use more of the brief sentences because based on the theory their communication is to show the power and their status. So their language in the family will be more powerfull than their wife.
In gender differentiation, man and woman also influenced by their social status in their society, and in social status will be caused also by some factors , such as occupation and educational beckground.
People who live in the society will have the different social status each other, social status can not be separated from the social class. Someone who has high social class will has the high social status too in a society. As Meyerhoff (2006) states that individuals’ economic situation might be an important factor in defining what class they belong to.
Social status is derived from a range of social actions. Social class here dominantly has
the relation o the occupation, level of education. The effects of occupation interact with a
number of other factors, such as more complex family structures, whether or not a
household has two incomes, the marital status of the heads of household, and whether
there are any children in the household at all.
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theory likely is correct in assuming that the nearly exclusive assignment of nurturing roles to women in our society is responsible for the usually high degree of warmth attributed to women.
Based on that phenomena, it is believed that man and woman have the differentiation in affecting the language based on some factors especially for the parents in a family that have different ethnics and social status.
1.2The Problem of the Study
Based on the backgound of the research. the problem of the research are formulated as the following:
1. What are the linguistics characteristic of gender language used in families with parents of different ethnics and social status ?
2. Why are the linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with parents of different ethnics and social status look the way they are ?
1.3The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems of the study, the objective of the research are:
1. to find out the linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with parents of different ethnics and social status.
2. to describe the reason of linguistics characteristics of gender language in families with parents of different ethnics and social status.
1.4The Scope of The Study
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1.5The Significances of the Study
It is expected that findings of this study are useful and relevant theoritically and practically.
1. Theoretically, the findings will be expected to wider and strenghten the theory of language and power in sociolinguistics.
2. Practically, the findings will be expected to be usefull for :
a. English language learners in their attempt to improve their communication strategy.
62 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis, the conclusions were stated as the following :
1. There are no consistent characteristics of male and female in using the language in their interaction in the family with different ethnics and social status. Man use the
man’s linguistics characteristics and also use the woman’s linguistic characteristics to
show their powerfulness and powerlessness, It is also happen to the woman.
2. The reasons of causing male and female differentiation in being more direct and less direct are caused by 2 factors there are (1) social status which is divide into economic status and cultural status and (2) personality traits of male in female in the family.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following :
1. Since the subjects of this study are limited to the Karonese husbands with Javanese wives, it is suggested that further research with the subject of Javanese husbands and Karonese wives in order to have further data or finding which may support or weaken the findings of the present study.
2. Based on the findings, this study is focused on ethnics and social status, it is suggested to the further researher to point out the other factors to get deeper findings, such as personality, age, and etc.
