Evaluation of Nutrient Digestibility of Goats Fed on Biofermented Cocoa Pods Using Phanerochaete chrysosporium Supplemented by Mangan (Mn) and Calsium (Ca)

Evaluation of Nutrient Digestibility of Goats Fed on Biofermented

Cocoa Pods Using

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Supplemented

by Mangan (Mn) and Calsium (Ca)

Suparjo 1)_{, E.B. Laconi} 2)_{,K. G. Wiryawan}2)_{, & D. Mangunwidjaya}3) 1) _{Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science,}

University of Jambi

2) _{Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,}

Bogor Agricultural University

3) _{Department of Agricultural Industrial technology, Faculty of Agricultural}

Technology, Bogor Agricultural University

Abstract

An in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate biofermented cocoa pods to substitute forages for goats. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Block Design on a total of 15 goats with 5 treatments and 3 blocks. Ration wasRation was designed iso-protein (50 g/day) and TDN (359 g/day)using cocoa pod (CP) or napier grass (NG) as forages and concentrate. The treatments consisted of concentrate plus : 80% NG (R1); 60% EG (R2); 30% EG and 30% untreated CP (R3); 30% EG and 30% bio fermented CP supplemented Mn and Ca (R4), and 30% NG and 50% biofermented CP supplemented Mn and Ca (R5). Variables measured were feed consumption, nutrient digestibility and average daily gain. Data were analyzed. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and followed by Duncan`s multiple range test. Results showed that ration contained 30% biofermented CP supplemented by 100 ppm Mnbiofermented CP supplemented by 100 ppm MnCP supplemented by 100 ppm MnMn and 1 190 ppm Ca, 30% napier grass and 40% concentrate 40% concentrate resulted in a better goat performance and more profitable than other rations. Goats receiving such ration had more advantage on dry matter consumption (560.33 g/day/head), dry matter digestibility (70.48%), organic matter digestibility (74.31%), feed conversion (5.50), average daily gain (101.79 g/day/head) and income over feed cost (Rp 1 192.80) compared to the other treatments. It was concluded that cocoa pod biofermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented by Mangan ( 100 ppm Mn) and Calsium (1 190 ppm Ca) is potential to be used as forages for substituting napier grass for feeding goats during growing period.

Introducton

Cocoa pod s a bggest cocoa by-product. Some researchers utlzed cocoa pods

as anmal feed for cows (Smth et al. 1988; Amrroneas 1990; Lacon 1998), sheep

(Smth and Adegbola 1985), broler (Donkoh et al. 1991; Sobawma and Longe

1994; Olubamwa 2002; Tequa 2004), layer (Ose et al. 1991) and rabbt (Rdwan et

al. 1993). Utlzng cocoa pods on rumnant decrease feed dgestblty and anmal

performance (Smth and Adegbola 1985; Smth et al. 1988).

Constrans utlzng cocoa pods as anmal feed are low proten and hgh fber contents. Hgh lgnn content and hard structure of cocoa pods can reduce feed consumpton, dgestblty and anmal performance.

Utlzng cocoa pods as feed can mprove by pretreatment wth Phanerochaete

chrysosporium. P. chrysosporium boconverson can reduce tghtness lgnocellulose

bond and feed lgnn content. Fermentaton cocoa pods wth P. chrysosporium and

supplement Ca and Mn for 10 days result better dgestblty and cellulose lgnn rato.

Materals and Methods

Man materals used were cocoa pods, manganese sulfat (MnSO₄·H₂O), calsum

chlorde (CaCl

2) and P. chrysosporium fung. P. chrysosporium fung IFO 31249

were obtaned from Pusat Peneltan Kma-LIPI Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong. Fungus were mantaned on mllet for 10 days.

Det composed to fulfll nutrent requrement goats wth weght 10kg and daly

gan 100 g day-1_{. Nutrent requrement base on 50g day}-1 _{total proten and 359g day}-1

total dgestblty nutrent (NRC 1981). Feed dry matter consumpton estmated as bg as 645g day-1_.

Fresh cocoa pods chopped and dred (dry matter +35%). Dred Cocoa pod was

supplemented wth 100 ppm Mn dan 1190 ppm Ca and noculated wth 0.9% P.

chrysosporium (Bonnen et al. 1994). Cocoa pod was fermented for 10 days.

Ffty goats wth an average lve weght of 11.60±1.54 kg were used to com-pared utlzaton of cocoa pods n randomzed complete desgn. Treatment dd n 3 perods were adaptaton perod for 30 days, prelmnary perod for 15 days and data collecton for 28 days. Dets for data collecton perod were ad lbtum based on voluntary feed ntake on prelmnary perod. Measured and analyzed varables were feed and nutrent consumpton (g kg-1 _BW0.75 _day-1_{), average daly gan (g day}-1_), nutrent dgestblty (total collecton method) and feed converson.

Results and Dscusson

Feed Intake

The level of ntake and the characterstcs of dgeston depend closely on the feedng behavour n goats reared n the goat house (Morand-Fehr 2005). Feed

n-take can expressed n g day-1 _{(Lallo 1996), g BW}-1 _day-1 _{(Aregheore 2000) or g kg}-1

BW0.75 _day-1 _{(Ananda et al. 1996; Mandal et al. 2005). Dry matter ntake (Table 2)}

were 433.92 - 560.33 g days-1 _{or 60.40 - 78.49 g kg}-1 _BW0.75_{. Some researches had}

been reported that dry matter ntake by goats were 41.5 (Kondo et al. 2004), 46.0

(Ananda et al. 1996), 57.1 (Santra et al. 1998) and 61.8 g kg-1 _BW0.75 _day-1 (Areghe-ore 2006). The varaton of feed ntake caused nutrent content, partcularly feed proten and energy (Lallo 1996), sex (Aregheore 1995) and feed composton (Are-gheore 2006). Dry matter ntake ncreased wth ncreasng feed proten. However, no sgnfcant (P>0.05) dfferences were obtaned among treatments. Lallo (1996) reported dry matter ntake by goats ncreased n step ncreasng feed proten con-tent.

Naper grass (NG) 80.0 60.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

Cocoa pod (CP) 0.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 0.0

Fermented cocoa pod 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 50.0

Rce bran 9.5 29.5 29.5 29.5 9.5

Corn 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Coconut Meal 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Soybean Meal 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Molasses 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Feedmx 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Det Nutrent (% DM)

Dry matter 84.88 86.31 86.29 86.25 84.78

Crude proten 10.18 11.29 11.32 12.89 12.86

(1995) reported that dry matter dgestblty of cocoa pods on sheep range from 44.67 to 59.02%, tend to decrease wth ncreasng level of cocoa pods n the det. The df-ference was caused by goat capablty n dgest fber fracton compare sheep.

There were dfference (P<0.05) n dry matter dgestblty of goats fed naper grass. The dgestblty of dry matter of dets of B, C, D and E were not dfferent (P>0.05). Det contan 30% fermented cocoa pod had hghest dgestblty value, about 70.48%. Det D contan hgher crude proten but lower fber content. Tuah et al. ( 1995) reported that dgestblty of cocoa pods wth level 30% n sheep det as bg as 49.37%. Ths dfference s caused by change of characterstc of fermented cocoa pods and ablty of lvestock n dgestng fbrous feed. Fermentaton of

co-coa pods wth P. chrysosporium and addton of Ca and of Mn can decrease lgnn

content and mprove crude proten. Degradaton of lgnn content gve to access to mcrobe for the degrade of cellulose, hemselulosa and other feed component.

Average Daily Gain

Average daly gan of goat was 81.19 g day-1 _{(Table 4) lower than target was}

100 g day-1_{. Lower feed proten and energy cause daly gan was low. Proten}

re-qurement for goat wth body weght 13.47kg and daly gan 100 g was 85.99 g day

-1_{. Estmated dry matter, proten and TDN requrement are n Table 5.}

Det D contan 30% naper grass, 30% fermented cocoa pods and 40%

concen-trate gve hghest daly gan was 101.79 g. Ths result better than et al. (1995) that

Table 2. Average nutrent consumpton (g day-1₎

Nutrent

Treatment

A B C D E

Dry matter 433.92a_{±8.40 499.29}a_{±59.05 537.93}a_{±24.04 560.33}a_{±57.07 549.83}a_±21.15

Organc matter 368.27b_{±7.13 427.69}ab_{±50.59 467.41}ab_{±20.89 492.31}a_{±50.14 481.82}a_±16.16

Crude proten 45.17b_{±0.87 58.92}ab_{±6.97 63.48}a_{±2.84 71.55}a_{±7.29 66.09}a_±14.56

Means wthn each treatment for each varable of dfferent superscrpt dffer (P<0.05).

A: 80% NG + 20% concentrate; B: 60% NG + 40% concentrate; C: 30% NG + 30% CP + 40% concentrate; D: 30% NG + 30% Fermented CP + 40% concentrate; C: 30% NG + 50% Fermented CP + 20% concentrate.

Table 3. Nutrent dgestblty (%) expermental det

Means wthn each treatment for each varable of dfferent superscrpt dffer (P<0.05).

A: 80% NG + 20% concentrate; B: 60% NG + 40% concentrate; C: 30% NG + 30% CP + 40% concentrate; D: 30% NG + 30% Fermented CP + 40% concentrate; C: 30% NG + 50% Fermented CP + 20% concentrate.

Nutren Treatment

A B C D E

obtan 55 g on 30% cocoa pods n dets. Utlzng fermented cocoa pods (D) gve better result than nonfermented cocoa pod (C) and naper grass (A). However, these feed contan same proporton (30%) n the det resulted dfferent daly gan, 101.79, 83.93 dan 77.38 g for det D, C and A, respectvely.

Table 4. Intal body weght, daly gan, and feed effcency

Means wthn each treatment for each varable of dfferent superscrpt dffer (P<0.05).

A: 80% NG + 20% concentrate; B: 60% NG + 40% concentrate; C: 30% NG + 30% CP + 40% concentrate; D: Feed converson 7.38a_{±0.51 6.45}ab_{±0.63 6.42}ab_{±0.41 5.50}b_{±0.47 6.52}ab_±1.20

Table 5. Estmaton of requrement of dry matter, proten and TDN for daly gan 100 g

Requrement Treatment

A B C D E

Dry matter (g day-1₎a _{748.73 716.07 738.00 744.53 738.47}

Proten

Total proten (g day-1_{) 86.92 84.24 86.04 86.57 85.93}

Proten n det (%) 11.61 11.76 11.66 11.63 11.64

Energy

TDNm (g day-1₎b _{216.42 202.57 211.90 214.61 211.30}

TDNg (g day-1₎b _{161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00}

Kebutuhan TDN (g day-1_{) 377.42 363.57 372.90 375.61 372.30}

TDN n det (%) 50.41 50.77 50.52 50.45 50.42

CPm= Proten for mantanance (5.83 g kg-1 BB0.75); CPg= proten for gan (0.45 g for 1 g body gan); TDNm: TDN for mantanance (30.1 g kg-1 BB0.75); TDNg: TDN growth (1.61 g for 1 g body gan).

Feed converson nfluence body gan. Smaller feed converson value ndcated better feed qualty. Feed converson on ths experment range from 50 to 7.38. Ths result better than cocoa pod converso on sheep was 12.23-17.74 (Lallo 1995). Feed converson of det A sgnfcantly (P<0.05) bgger than others.Det contan 30% fermented cocoa pods result lowest feed converson was 5.50. Lower feed converson and hgher body gan nfluence economcal value of feed. Analyss of

feed cost on beneft dd calculated Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC). Better daly

gan on det that contan fermented cocoa pod menghaslkan hghest ncome (Rp 1 192.80) than others.

Concluson

Utlzaton 30% fermented cocoa pods that combnaton wth 40% concentrate

and 30% naper grass result dry matter consumpton (560.33 g day-1_{), dry matter}

dgestblty (70.48%), organc matter dgestblty (74.31%), feed converson (5.50),

daly gan (101.79 g day-1_{) income over feed cost (Rp 1 192.80) s better and more}

proftable than naper grass and non fermented cocoa pods.

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