An Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning In “The Pearl” By John Steinbeck

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AN ANALYSIS OF NON-

LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL”

BY JOHN STEINBECK

A THESIS

BY

RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

REG. NO. 110721015

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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AN ANALYSIS OF NON-

LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL”

BY JOHN STEINBECK

A THESIS

BY

RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

REG. NO. 110721015

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

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Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the

Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head

Secretary

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held at the Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on August 13th_{, 2013.}

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA.

NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Praise to The Lord Jesus Christ for His tender mercy that the writer finally completed this thesis writing. The thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

During the process of finishing this thesis, the writer realizes that she got many helps from those who had given much valuable suggestion, educated, guidance, and moral support at a particular time while the completion of this thesis.

The writer would like to express her gratitude to her supervisor and co-supervisor Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum

for their generosity, assistance, guidance, advice and precious time they spent on supervising the draft of this thesis. She also gives gratitude to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S as the Head of English Department, and Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Departement for encouragements, suggestions and administrative help during her academic years at University. Then, gratitude also goes to all lecturers of English Department for their valuable instructions and information.

Greatest thanks are fully dedicated to her dearest parents, her Dad Drs. Markus Sipayung, M.Si and her Mom Suarni Barus, who have patiently given

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moral, spiritual and financial support, everlasting love and their prayers, together with her beloved sisters : Fiska Marni Sipayung, SE and Anna Elyruspika Sipayung, SS, S.Pd her little brother Paul Yogaondo Sipayung, her brother-in-law

Wira Dony Gultom, ST and her beloved nephew Giovandro Timothy Gultom for all unending support and prayer.

Thanks with deep feeling are dedicated to all my friends Extension English Literature 2011, my juniors SOLIDAS 2010 : Abun Fauji Ridwan ’bences’ and Rizky ‘kidok’, all my soulmates : Citra, Michael, Azwin, Anastasya and many others in all study departments at campus that cannot be mentioned one by one, for all memorable moments they shared together. My biggest appreciation also goes to

all my students Senior High School Dharma Bakti Class X, XI, XII period 2012-2013 especially Hendra, Renaldo, Randy, Roy, Desmon, Riyandi, Eko, Rolintang, Ikhsan and a English teacher, Ma’am MRG there for all supports, times and cares that help me so much to finish this thesis.

Thank you for everybody who has been mentioned, just be sure that all of you will be remembered forever. God bless.

Medan, August 2013 The Writer

RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

Reg. No. 110721015

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AUTHOR

’S

DECLARATION

I , RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

Date : August 2013

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG

Title of Thesis : An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in “The Pearl” by John Steinbeck

Qualification : S-I / Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

Date : August 2013

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi berjudul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck” membahas tentang makna non-literal yang mencakup hiperbola, metafora, simile, litotes, personifikasi, dan ironi yang terdapat di dalam kalimat dan ujaran novel The Pearl. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan makna non-literal yang terdapat di dalam novel The Pearl berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli seperti F. R. Palmer (1981) dan John I. Seed (1997). Metode yang dipakai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki dengan menggunakan formula yang telah ditentukan.

Dari analisis data ditemukan 40 makna non-literal dalam novel The Pearl, yang terdiri dari 9 hiperbola (22,5%), 16 metafora (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personifikasi (17,5%), 1 ironi (2,5%). Sedangkan litotes tidak ditemukan di dalam novel The Pearl.

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ABSTRACT

The title of thesis "An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in 'The Pearl' by John Steinbeck" discusses about non-literal meaning which is including hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification, and irony are contained sentences and utterances in novel The Pearl. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use of non-literal meaning contained in novel The Pearl by semantic theory of some experts like F. R. Palmer (1981) and John I. Seed (1997). The method used in this thesis is qualitative and quantitative methods, that is by solving the research problem by describing the state of the object being investigated by using a predetermined formula.

After analyzing data, there is 40 non-literal meaning found in the novel The Pearl, which consists of 9 hyperbole (22,5%), 16 metaphor (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personification (17,5% ), 1 irony (2,5%). While litotes is not found in novel The Pearl.

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4.2.3 Simile... 30

4.2.4 Litotes... 32

4.2.5 Personification... 33

4.2.6 Irony... 35

4.3 The Frequency... 36

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion... 37

5.2 Suggestion... 37

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi berjudul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck” membahas tentang makna non-literal yang mencakup hiperbola, metafora, simile, litotes, personifikasi, dan ironi yang terdapat di dalam kalimat dan ujaran novel The Pearl. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan makna non-literal yang terdapat di dalam novel The Pearl berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli seperti F. R. Palmer (1981) dan John I. Seed (1997). Metode yang dipakai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki dengan menggunakan formula yang telah ditentukan.

Dari analisis data ditemukan 40 makna non-literal dalam novel The Pearl, yang terdiri dari 9 hiperbola (22,5%), 16 metafora (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personifikasi (17,5%), 1 ironi (2,5%). Sedangkan litotes tidak ditemukan di dalam novel The Pearl.

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ABSTRACT

The title of thesis "An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in 'The Pearl' by John Steinbeck" discusses about non-literal meaning which is including hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification, and irony are contained sentences and utterances in novel The Pearl. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use of non-literal meaning contained in novel The Pearl by semantic theory of some experts like F. R. Palmer (1981) and John I. Seed (1997). The method used in this thesis is qualitative and quantitative methods, that is by solving the research problem by describing the state of the object being investigated by using a predetermined formula.

After analyzing data, there is 40 non-literal meaning found in the novel The Pearl, which consists of 9 hyperbole (22,5%), 16 metaphor (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personification (17,5% ), 1 irony (2,5%). While litotes is not found in novel The Pearl.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Analysis

Language is the most important thing in human life. By using languge, people can communicate and interact with other people. Everyday people always use language for their activities, such as in study, work, play, and they can use it to express their ideas and emotions. Sapir (1921) in Language and Literature

(http://www.google.com/language+literary+works), language in literary works is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Literature moves in language as a medium, but that medium comprises two layers, the latent content of language and the particular conformation of a given language. It must have some expression, and that expression must be a linguistic one.

When we study about language, we also study about linguistics. Chaer

(1994:5) says, “Linguistik bukan hanya berarti ilmu tentang bahasa, tetapi juga

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According to Resmini in Semantik Bahasa Indonesia

(http://www.google.com/gaya+bahasa+dalam+semantik ), language in semantics related with figurative language. Figurative language is the main tool that depicts,

(1992) says, “If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”.

The following example illustrate the literal meaning is I am standing now. This sentence is easily understood as long as the speakers mean what they say lexically. In literal meaning there is no misunderstanding or misinterpretation between the speaker and the listener. Non literal meaning is mean different from what the words or sentence really mean. When the speaker speaks nonliterally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. According to Non literal in definition of nonliteral by the Free Online Dictionary

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Non literal uses of language are traditionally called figurative language. They are described by irony, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, personification and litotes.

‘An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in The Holy Bible: Hebrew’ he concluded

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1.5Significance of the Analysis

Theoretically, this thesis can be useful for improving knowledge of the writer in interpreting the text to understand the real meaning of the novel. Practically this thesis can be useful for readers who want to master of semantics, especially in non-literal meaning. Even the data that they will be analyzed are different from this thesis, it also can be as their review of related literature or as the basic to analyze in

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CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Semantics Theory

Semantics is the study of meaning in language which does not only concern with the meaning, but also other relationship of meaning including language and cultures. Palmer (1981:1) stated that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language. In addition, he stated

that ‘meaning’ covers a variety of aspects of language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, or about the way in which it should be described.

Semantics has long been an object of study within the philosophy. It is said that the term semantics itself was introduced into English at the end of the 19th

century. Before the introduction of the term in 1984, the word semantick was once used in the phrase semantick philosophy to mean ‘divination’ of which meaning, of

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Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. The basic areas of study are the meaning of signs and the study of relation between different linguistics units. Traditionally, semantics has included the study of connotative sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis and the linkage of all of these to syntax.

There are some definitions of semantics proposed by the linguists as follows: 1. Lyons (1977:1) says, “Semantic is generally defined as the study of

meaning”.

2. Palmer (1976:1) says, “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to

the study of meaning”.

3. Hornby (1974:775) says, “Semantics is branch of linguistics

concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences”.

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The first is the linguistic approach. The students of language or linguists have long been interested in the way in which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meaning of words and the semantic structure of the sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meaning in the language.

The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expressions, such as the words of language, persons things, and events in the world to which these words refer. Although there may be different approaches to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of these approaches, i.e. meaning, sense, and reference.

2.3 Goals of Semantics

According to Leech (1981:20-21), there are two questions which must be answered concerning with the goals of semantics theory; what should a semantics theory do and how should it do it?

A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language which the semantics properties and relations.

The answer to the second question is that a semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:

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b) Semantics theory of natural language should reflect the fact, except

“Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words,

sentences, etc., and the non linguistic world of experience. Sense relates to the

complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves

(mostly the words); it is concerned only with intralinguistic relations.”

The sense of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word. When trouble comprehending the meaning of this sentence, eventhough Indonesia now has

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2.5 Meaning

There are some opinions about meaning. For instances:

1. Bloomfield (1933:139) says, “Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in

through such notions as contrastivity and distinctiveness).”

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For examples:

1. I like to run.

2. The engines run well.

3. They run a mail – order house.

In standard British English, the word run means something different in each of the sentences. In other words, the word of run has more than one the linguistics meaning based on the context of the sentence or dictionary.

2.6.2 Speaker Meaning

Speaker meaning is what speaker means in producing an utterance. Although

words can’t be used to mean something what they do not mean, there is a tendency of a speaker to use a word to mean something different from what words mean literally. In saying, you are clever the speaker may mean ‘you are bright’ (intelligent).

Because the word clever means ‘bright mentally’, ‘have intelligence’ in English or he

may mean the opposite of what the word means. i.e. ‘you are stupid’.

The speaker meaning is classified in two parts, they are literal meaning and non literal meaning.

2.6.2.1 Literal Meaning

Siregar (1992) says, “If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our

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The following examples illustrate the literal meaning: 1. I am standing now.

2. My little brother goes to school everyday. 3. They are playing football in the yard.

All the sentences above are easily understood as long as the speakers mean what they say lexically. In literal meaning there is no misunderstanding or misinterpretation between the speaker and the listener.

2.6.2.2 Non Literal Meaning

Siregar (1992:10) says, “We sometimes mean something different from what our mean, in other words, we sometimes speak non-literally”. People sometimes speak non literal. When the speaker speaks non literally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. It is the opposite of literal meaning. In additional the words or sentence which is spoken by the speaker have hidden meaning beside the lexical meaning.

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There are so many terms of non literal meaning, such as figure of speech, figurative expression and figurative language. Seed (1997:16) says, “Non literal

language is traditionally called figurative language which is described including by

irony (facetious way of speaking), hyperbole (exaggerated way of speaking),

metaphor, simile, personification and litotes. And the term ‘figurative language’ will be used in this thesis.

2.7 Figurative Language

Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer or speaker uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. The writer or speaker uses particular symbols to express the ideas.

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2.8 Kinds of Figurative Language

There are many kinds of figurative language. In this case, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification and irony will be discussed. They are:

2.8.1 Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a large exaggeration. Exaggerated way is an expression to make something bigger or greater than it really is. Kennedy (1978:496) says, “Most of us

from time to time emphasize a point with a statement containing exaggeration.” Etymologically, the word ‘hyperbole’ derived from the Greek word. It is from

‘metaphor’ derived from Greek word, metaphor meaning ‘transfer’ or ‘carry over’. It

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Barnhart (1995:118) says, “A metaphor is figure of speech in which a word

or phrase is taken out of its usual setting and placed with another word to suggest a

likeness.” Examples:

1. My mother is a strong tower. 2. She is the lightening.

In the first expression above, my mother is like a strong tower. It means my mother is a strong woman. And in the second expression, her face is bright. It means she is beautiful.

2.8.3 Simile

Simile is a comparison between two objects using like or as. The word simile

and similarderived from the same Latin word, ‘simile’ means ‘like’.

Kennedy (1978:487) says, “A simile is a comparison of two unlike things, typically indicated by some connective, ‘like’ or ‘as’.” A simile is figurative of speech in which two quite different things are compared because they appear to be similar in at least one characteristic.

Example:

1. His eyes was like the star.

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2.8.4 Litotes

Litotes means saying less than is actually the case. Tarigan (1985:58) says,

“Litotes adalah sejenis gaya bahasa yang mengandung pernyataan yang

dikecil-kecilkan, dikurangi dari kenyataan yang sebenarnya, misalnya untuk merendahkan

diri.” In other words, a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.

Examples:

Personification means giving an inhuman thing human qualities. Personification derived from Latin word, persona meaning person, actor or mask

used in the theater and fic means to make.

Keraf (1980:244) says, “Personifikasi adalah gaya bahasa yang melekatkan

sifat-sifat insani kepada barang yang tidak bernyawa dan ide yang abstrak. Juga

disebut penginsanan.” In other words, the object are likely considered as human

characteristics are attached to the objects themselves. Example:

1. My pen is dancing on paper now.

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2.8.6 Irony

Irony is facetious, sarcastical way of speaking. Irony means meaning the opposite of what is said. Etymologically, the word irony derived from the Greek word eironeia meaning deception or trick.

Keraf (1991:143) says, “Ironi atau sindiran adalah suatu acuan yang ingin

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2.10 Previous Study

There are some writers have analyzed figurative language in poetry, lyrics and the Holy Bible and they are:

Ramadhan (2004) in her thesis ‘The Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in

Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns To Rock’s Songs’ she concluded that in

the lyrics there are 14 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of simile, 6 cases of personification, 6 cases of euphemism, 1 case of facetious way (irony) and 17 cases of exaggerated way (hyperbole).

Perangin-angin (2008) in his thesis ‘An Analysis of Figurative Expressions in

The Holy Bible: Hebrew’ he concluded that in The Holy Bible there are 49 cases of

the using of figurative expressions. There are 20 cases for metaphor, 9 cases for hyperbole, 5 cases of simile, 3 for synecdoche, 7 cases for irony, and 5 cases of personification. These findings show us that metaphor becomes the most dominant kinds of figurative expression that is used in Hebrew.

I am very interested in the findings of two thesis results above, because it relates with title of my thesis. The equation is equally as discuss non-literal meaning. While the difference is in the data source. Ramadan analyzes data in song lyrics and Perangin-angin analyzes data in the Holy Bible. So, in this case I choose a novel

“The Pearl” by John Steinbeck to analyze it.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method

In this thesis, I apply library research to get supporting information related to the topic of analysis. Nawawi (1993:30) states that: “Penelitian kepustakaan

dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur baik di perpustakaan

maupun tempat-tempat lain.”

3.2 Data Collecting Method

Data are sentences (32) and utterances (8) are contained non-literal meaning taken from novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck which consists of 97 pages. I apply observation method in collecting the data. Mahsun (2006:218) says, “Observation

method is method that is usually used by the researcher to observe language using”. In this research, the researcher used teknik simak bebas libat cakap (non participatory observation).

3.3 Data Analysis Method

Descriptive method will be used in analyzing the data. Nazir (1985:63),

“Metode deskriptif adalah suatu metode dalam meneliti status sekelompok manusia,

suatu objek, suatu set kondisi, suatu sistem pemikiran ataupun suatu kelas peristiwa

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Furthermore, according to Whitney (in Nazir, 1960:160), “Metode deskriptif

adalah pencarian fakta dengan interpretasi yang tepat.” Descriptive method is the

search for the proper interpretation of the facts.

After that, I use qualitative method. Qualitative is applied by giving a description of figurative language. Punch (1998: 4), “Qualitative method is empirical research where the data are not in the form of numbers.”

In counting the percentage of data, I will apply Nawawi’s social analysis method. The most dominant type of figurative language will be calculated based on the following formula:

X X 100% = N

Y

X : Number of the subcategories of figurative language. Y : Number all of data.

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3.4 Data Analysis Procedures

In analyzing the data, the applied procedures are: 1. Reading the novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck.

2. Identifying the text about non-literal meaning found in it by underlining them.

3. Classifying the non-literal meaning into more specific categories, i.e. hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification and irony.

4. Analyzing the data to interpret the meaning of each non-literal meaning. All the data will be analyzed based on figurative dictionary.

5. Making the percentage of non-literal meaning.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Finding

The data are sentences (32) and utterances (8) taken from novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck which consists of 97 pages. Meanwhile the finding of figurative language consists of 9 hyperboles (7 sentences, 2 utterances), 16 metaphors (13 sentences, 3 utterances), 7 similes (6 sentences, 1 utterance), 7 personifications (6 sentences, 1 utterance), 1 irony (1 utterance) and no litotes.

4.2 Discussion

The following explanations are the description of the data:

4.2.1 Hyperbole

1) Sentence : In Kino’s head there was a song now, clear and soft. (page1, paragraph 3, sentence 8)

Type : Hyperbole.

Literal Meaning : Kino remembers a song and he wants to sing it so that he feels relaxed.

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2) Sentence : Her dark eyes made little reflected stars.

(page 1, paragraph 2, sentence 5) Type : Hyperbole.

Literal Meaning : Her eyes sight is really good.

Meaning : She still can see anything although she was in the dark.

3) Sentence : Kino had wondered often at the iron in his patient, fragile wife.

Literal Meaning : Kino has different of characteristic with his wife. Juana is stronger than Kino to face a problem.

Meaning : Juana could stand fatigue and hunger almost better than Kino himself.

4) Sentence : Kino has found the Pearl of the World.

Literal Meaning : The pearl is a great value.

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5) Sentence : In the pearl he saw Juana and Coyotito and himself standing and kneeling at the high altar.

Literal Meaning : He imagines that Juana and Coyotito and himself standing and kneeling at the high altar.

Meaning : He hopes that the pearl realizes it.

6) Utterance : “He was a man transfigured.” (page 27, paragraph 2, sentence 3) Type : Hyperbole.

Literal Meaning : He is not perfect as human being.

Meaning : As human being, he has a strength also weakness.

7) Sentence : And in his dream, Coyotito was reading from a book as large as a house, with letters as big as dogs.

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8) Sentence : Juana, in her woman’s soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the

sea would surge while the man drowned in it.

Literal Meaning : Juana is sure that her husband has strength to face his life challenge.

Meaning : Kino, her husband is a strong man.

9) Utterance : “This pearl has become my soul,” said Kino. (page 72, paragraph 1, sentence 1)

Type : Hyperbole.

Literal Meaning : This pearl is a great value for him. Meaning : If Kino gives it up, he will lose his soul.

4.2.2 Metaphor

10)Sentence : Kino awakened in the near dark.

(page 1, paragraph 1, sentence 1) Type : Metaphor.

Literal Meaning : Kino awakened from his bad life.

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11)Sentence : The doctor shrugged, and his wet eyes never left Kino’s eyes.

Literal Meaning : His water eyes. Meaning : He cried.

12)Sentence : And in the fire-light her lips and her eyes were alive with her fear.

Literal Meaning : Juana’s anger showed on her face. Meaning : Juana is so angry with Kino.

13)Sentence : In the morning we will sell the pearl, and then the evil will be gone, and only the good remain.

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14)Sentence : The sun was hot yellow that morning.

Literal Meaning : The sun had shone that morning. Meaning : The sun makes hot weather.

15)Sentence : He felt the evil coagulating about him.

Literal Meaning : He is prejudiced bad something about him. Meaning : He is a prejudices.

16)Sentence : His eyes were soft.

Literal Meaning : His eyes become small. Meaning : He is so sleepy.

17)Sentence : The late moon arose before the first rooster crowed.

Literal Meaning : The sun.

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18)Sentence : Quietly he tracked her, and his brain was red with anger.

Literal Meaning : He is so angry. Meaning : He was emotion.

19)Utterance : He had said : “I am a man,” and that meant certain

things to Juana. It meant that he was half insane and

half god.

Literal Meaning : He will do anything to Juana.

Meaning : He has sense of responsible for his family.

20)Utterance : “We must be gone before the daylight comes.”

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21)Utterance : “There is a devil in this pearl.”

Literal Meaning : The pearl is bad to have it. Meaning : The pearl brings bad luck.

22)Sentence : The head-shawl covered the baby, and one end of it

came across Juana’s nose to protect her from the

evil night air.

Literal Meaning : The bad night air. Meaning : Fearful weather.

23)Sentence : The sun moved downwards toward the bare stone teeth of the mountains.

Literal Meaning : The sun moved to mountain bottom. Meaning : The sun sets.

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24)Sentence : And as the sun lowered, Kino and Juana struggled wearily up the steep slope towards the cleft.

Literal Meaning : Toward evening. Meaning : The sun sets.

25)Sentence : The night seemed a little less dark when she looked out, and to the east there was a lightening in the sky.

Literal Meaning : Moonlight night.

Meaning : The moon radiates its light.

4.2.3 Simile

26)Sentence : Her eyes is cold as the eyes of a lioness.

(page 8, paragraph 4, sentence 1) Type : Simile.

Literal Meaning : Her mind is blank.

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27)Sentence : A town is a thing like a colonial animal.

Literal Meaning : A town has the bad government.

Meaning : A town is a thing separate from all other towns.

28)Utterance : “This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us,” and her

voice rose shrilly.

Literal Meaning : This pearl brings bad luck. Meaning : This pearl must throw away.

29)Sentence : He hissed at her like a snake.

Literal Meaning : He imitates snake’s voice. Meaning : He wants to scare off at her.

30)Sentence : She sat quiet as a stone.

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31)Sentence : They scuttled over the ground like animals.

Literal Meaning : They ran quickly.

Meaning : They are trying to avoid their enemy.

32)Sentence : Kino edged like a slow lizard down the smooth rock shoulder.

Literal Meaning : Kino crawls on his hands and knees. Meaning : He is trying to avoid his enemy.

4.2.4 Litotes

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4.2.5 Personification

33)Sentence : The day had drawn only a pale wash of light.

(page 1, paragraph 1, sentence 2) Type : Personification.

Literal Meaning : It looks like rain. Meaning : Cloudy sky.

34)Sentence : He heard again in his ears the lovely music of the undersea, the tone of the diffused green light of the

sea bottom.

. Literal Meaning : He heard sound of waves and it makes a good feeling for him.

Meaning : He enjoyed a view of beautiful sea.

35)Utterance : “The pearl is gone.”

. Literal Meaning : The pearl is lost.

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36)Sentence : The wind was at his back and the stars guided him.

. Literal Meaning : He was surrounded by the wind and he follows the way of stars.

Meaning : He walks alone in the dark.

37)Sentence : He let the sun play on it until it burned in his eyes.

. Literal Meaning : He let the sun irradiates his face. Meaning : He let the sun blinds his eyes.

38)Sentence : The hot sun beat on the earth.

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39)Sentence : The beach was cut and scarred and padded by the feet of animals that had come to drink and to hunt.

. Literal Meaning : The beach subsides. Meaning : In the morning.

4.2.6 Irony

40)Utterance : The doctor was closing his bag now.

He said : “When do you think you can pay this

bill?”. He said it even kindly.

“When I have sold my pearl I will pay you,” Kino

said.

“You have a pearl? A good pearl?” the doctor asked

with interest.

(page 37, paragraph 4, sentence 1) Type : Irony.

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4.3 The Frequency

There are 40 figurative languages in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck. Bellow is the number and the percentage of each type of figurative language. In

counting the percentage of data, I will apply Nawawi’s social analysis method to find

the most dominant type of figurative language. They are:

No. Types of Figurative Language Number of Cases Percentage

1 Hyperbole 9 22,5%

2 Metaphor 16 40%

3 Simile 7 17,5%

4 Litotes - -

5 Personification 7 17,5%

6 Irony 1 2,5%

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CHAPTER V

used in the sentences and utterances.

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REFERENCES

Bloomfield, L. 1993. Language. New York: Hold, Rinehart.

Chaer, Drs. Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT RINEKA CIPTA.

Crystal, David. 1999. The Penguin Dictionary Of Language (Second Edition), London: Penguin.

Hornby, A.S. 1974. The Advanced Learner Dictionary of Current English. London: New York University Press.

J. Katz, Jerrold. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper International Edition.

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Seed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Cina: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.

Siregar, B.U. 1992. An Introduction Course in Semantics. (diktat). Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.

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APPENDIX 1

standing and kneeling at the high altar.

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APPENDIX 2

No. Utterances

1. “He was a man transfigured.”

2. “This pearl has become my soul,” said Kino.

3. He had said : “I am a man,” and that meant certain things to Juana. It meant that he was half insane and half god.

4. “We must be gone before the daylight comes.” 5. “There is a devil in this pearl.”

6. “This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us,” and her voice rose shrilly. 7. “The pearl is gone.”

8.

The doctor was closing his bag now.

He said : “When do you think you can pay this bill?”. He said it even

kindly.

“When I have sold my pearl I will pay you,” Kino said.