INTERFERENCES IN TRANSLATION.

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ABSTRACT

Arman Bemby Sinaga. 8146111007. “Interferences in Translation.” English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate school State University of Medan, 2016.

The objectives of the study are (1) to describe the types of interference which occurred in the translation of bilingual books, (2) to investigate the process of interference occurred in the translation of bilingual children reading books, and (3) to state the reason for linguistic interferences occurrence in the translation of bilingual books. This research uses qualitative research method especially the applied theory. The source of the data is the translated books “Seri Hewan Ter” published by Kids Bestari (2014). The data area analyzed based on Bogdan and Biglen’s stages/steps especially searching the data, arranging the data and interpreting. The validity of the is taken by applying investigator triangulation involves multiple data sources in an investigation to produce understanding.

Based on the analysis, it is found that there are two kinds of interferences found they are (1) syntactical interference and (2) lexical interference. The syntactical interference consisted of omission interferences (28), misorder interferences (9) and misformation interferences (73). Then, lexical interference (45) consisted of pronominal interferences (30) and redundancy interferences (15).

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ABSTRAK

Arman Bemby Sinaga. 8146111007. “Interferences in Translation.” Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Indonesia, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis interferensi yang terdapat dalam buku terjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (2) untuk menginvestigasi proses terjadinya interferensi dalam buku terjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia, dan (3) untuk mencari kesimpulan alasan terdapatnya interferensi dalam buku terjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif secara khusus penerepan teori. Sumber data adalah buku terjemahan “Seri Hewan Ter” yang diterbitkan oleh Penerbit Kids Bestari (2014). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan langkah-langkah Bogdan and Biglen’s secara khusus mencari, menyusun dan menginterpretasi data. validitas data diambli dengan menerapkan and investigator triangulation mencakup sumber data jamak dalam menghasilkan pemahaman.

Berdasakan hasil analisis, terdapat dua jenis interferensi dalam buku terjemahan tersebut diantaranya; (1) interferensi sintaktikal dan (2) interferensi leksikal. Interferensi sintakstikal terdiri dari omission interferences (28), misorder interferences (9) dan misformation interferences (73). Kemudian, interferensi leksikan (45) terdiri dari pronominal interferences (30) and redundancy interferences (15).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing in the completion of this Thesis.

In the completion of this Thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to his by a lot of people.

The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum as his first advisor and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as his second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.

Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Annie Holilah Pulungan as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.

The writer’s great thank also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.,Ph.D., Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd. and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers teaching his during the academic years of LTBI.

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and the whole families who always support him and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he love them.

Then, his special gratitude goes to his wife Nanny Jelita Simanjuntak and to his beloved son Elblesstar Rogata Godlasts Sinaga who has motivated and supported him to conduct this Thesis. Then, last but not least, his gratitude goes to his friends of LTBI A3 XXIV who have supported him to conduct this thesis.

Medan, June 21, 2016 The Writer,

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CHAPTER IV... 40

4.1 Data Analysis ... 40

4.1.1 Data Condensation ... 4.2 Research Findings ... 46

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4.3 Discussion ... 4.3.1 The Kinds of Interferences ... 4.3.2 The Process of Interference Occurrences ... 4.3.3 The Reason of Interference Occurrences...

CHAPTER V ... 47

Conclusions... 47

Suggestions ... 48

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Translation is both process and product of delivering the meaning of the source language (SL) into another language, target language (TL). Newmark (1988:5) states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Catford (1965:1) states that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another.

Translation becomes a need and tool in this globalization era. The need of communication and information makes translation becomes important. For instance, translation is used to translate the information or knowledge in a book. Many books had been translated in many languages, from the source language into the target language needs the information.

In Indonesia, there are so many books which have been translated from foreign language (SL) into Indonesian (TL) and so forth. Indonesian books also had been translated into other language such as English. It is happened since the bilingualism becomes the trend in human language, communication and education.

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While translating the meaning, translator naturally would be affected by his own language. The effect of translator mother tongue or language would cause deviation. This deviation is known as transference. Deviations or interference cases are often caused by transfer from the mother tongue to the foreign language. Transfer may be either positive or negative transfer. Positive transfer facilitates the communication in the target language, whereas negative

transfer may lead to error in the TL (Benson, 2002: 68ff).

These deviations resulting from the contact of SL with TL are commonly discussed in terms of linguistic interference or interference phenomena (Oksaar, 1963:1). Linguistic interference may be discussed in terms of concepts and categories. Linguistic interference and linguistic transfer, however, are usually discussed by teachers as foreign or second languages, in order to detect the phenomena and improve the acquisition of the foreign language (Benson, 2002). However, there is also research on linguistic interference in bilingualism (Moniri, 2006), as well as in translation studies (e.g. Kuhiwczak et al, 2007). According to Cruse (2004:125), different languages may have different mental concepts and categories, such as the way different cultures may interpret father and mother. Father and mother could be translated as ayah and bunda, bapak dan ibu, bapak and mama, babe and nyak, abah and umi and ect. This various

translation must be affected be the different background of translator such us culture, education, religion and mother tongue or first language as the most.

Language interference also refers to speakers or researchers applying knowledge from their native language to a second language. Dulay et al (1982) define interference as the automatic transfer, due to habit, of the surface structure of the first language onto the surface of the target language. Lott (1983: 256) defines interference as ‘errors in the learner’s use of the

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interference as ‘transfer’, which he says is ‘the influence that the learner’s L1 exerts over the

acquisition of an L2′.

When an individual’s understanding of one language has an impact on his or her understanding of another language, that individual is experiencing language transfer. There can be negative transfers, otherwise known as interference, when the understanding of one language complicates the understanding of another language. Alternatively, there can be positive transfers such that knowing one language can aid in developing skills for a second language. Language interference is the effect of language learners’ first language on their production of the language they are learning. It means that the speaker’s first language influences his/her second or and

his/her foreign language.

Language interferences usually happen amongst bilingual or multilingual people. According to Thorberg (1970:2), there are no bilinguals who have a complete command of two languages and possess the ability to switch from one language to another according to the changes that occur in the speech situation, such as interlocutors, topics etc. On the other hand, Bloomfield (1933:56) argues, using a very narrow definition, that bilinguals have a “native like

control of two languages.” Diebold (1961:111) argues that bilinguals are actually people who

have “contact with different models in a second language” and “the ability to use these in the

environment of the native language”. Another definition of bilingualism is when “two languages

are employed as a necessary means of daily contact between people” (Florander, 1960:51ff).

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effects of interference are likely to be. It would inevitably occur in any situation where someone has not mastered a second language.

The main goal encountered in this study was to detect the most representative examples in the bilingual children books published by Kids Bestari Publisher. The book could have been translated by the translator who was not so accurate when performing the translation, and, consequently, subject to interference phenomena from the SL, such as producing/transferring typical Indonesian syntactic structures into English. Such syntactic/grammatical interference from the SL could be due to problems with deadlines, lack of possibility to review the translation and the high speed of translation, when translating unfamiliar texts.

Word-by-word translation, that is, literal translation, turned out to be a big problem, especially when the translator was not able to contextualize or translate different experiences into target language, such as new phrases, slang, clichés and proverbs. Besides, it is also possible that the authors may have translated their abstracts or parts using translation sites or software, which are not accurate, since it is neither possible for such software to contextualize everything, nor possible to translate all word choices into target realities.

A good translation with almost no linguistic interference or bias also depends on the kind of approach taken when translating and a good perception to recognize new ideas and meanings. Translators tend to have different approaches such as adoption or adaptation, and they follow certain translation theories or none (for lack of knowledge in translation studies) to preserve the original meaning or translate into the ST into the target culture in another way.

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do not demand much time from the translator to think of, such as fixed phrases in both the SL and the TL–very useful for technical translators to speed up the translation of their TT. On the other hand, depending on the type of ST, these automatic translations may not transfer the message of the ST into the TT but only translation units –of a microscopic nature, if compared with the whole text structure.

Interference phenomenon found in the bilingual children reading book published by Kids Bestari Publisher. On page 5 and 7 of the book titled “Elang”, the Indonesian version written as “Tapi, kini hanya dapat ditemukan di wilayah selatan Pulau Jawa” was translated in English as “But, now only can be found in the southern regions of Java Island.” The translation form was

interference by the structure of Indonesia where there is no subject in the translated text. The proper translation should be “But, now it can only be found in the southern regions of Java

Island.”This kind of interference is called structural interference.

Another preliminary data taken from the same book of “Seri Ter” published by Kids Bestari Publisher, in page 32 and 33, the Indonesian text version was written as“pemilik wilayah akan berbunyi…” then translated as “owner territory would make sound…” In this part, the pattern of Indonesian structure interfere the translation. The translation supposed to be “territory

owner, not owner territory. This is a matter of grammatical interference.

The third example as another preliminary data was taken from page 34 and 35. In this page, the Indonesian version was written as “hutan-hutan telah dibabat untuk dijadikan areal

pemukiman.” Then, the translation version was written as the forests have been cleared to be

used as the residential area. The proper translation supposed to be “the trees on the forests have

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Because of those phenomena, the researcher is curious about the interference occurrence in in the bilingual children reading book published by Kids Bestari Publisher. The researcher wants to investigate the dominant interference occurrence in the bilingual children reading books published by Kids Bestari Publisher. The research also would investigate the reason why interference occurrence in the bilingual children reading books published by Kids Bestari Publisher. Last, this research would investigate how the translator language produces interference while translating in this bilingual children reading book.

1.2 The Problems

Based on the background of the study above, the researcher constructed the problems of the study are formulated as following:

1. What types of interference occur in the translation of bilingual books? 2. How does the interference occur in the translation of bilingual books? 3. Why does interference occur in the translation of bilingual books?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study were:

1. to describe the types of interference which occurred in the translation of bilingual books. 2. to investigate the process of interference occurred in the translation of bilingual children

reading books.

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1.4 The Scope of the Study

The scope of the study focused on finding the aspects of linguistic interference, they are syntactical and lexical interference. In other words, the scope of the research is limited to the two main subject matters of linguistic interference namely, syntactical interference and lexical interference.

1.5 The Significances of The Study

The significance of the study is devoted translation theory in terms of giving the application of translation theory in linguistics. Practically, the findings will give some contributions both for institution as well as the translator in applying the translation theory.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusions

So far, after having analyzed the data, some conclusions are drawn as the following:

1. The findings showed that there are four types of interference in the translated books. The kind of interferences found are omission interferences, misorder interferences, misformation interferences, pronoun interference, redundancy interference and lexical interference.

2. The process of interferences occur in translated books are the interference occurred because the writer directly translates the target language based on language sources without regard to the structure of the target language.

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based on the findings of the researcher, there are redundancy interference, pronominal interference, missing apostrophes interference and missing be interference.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusion above, some suggestions are offering as the following:

1. For Translators

The translators are suggested to be aware of the interferences occurrence in their translation. They are suggested to be aware with the omission interference, misorder interference, misformation interference, and redundancy interference. Those interference should not be applied in translating the ST into TT. To produce an accurate translated text, there must be a synergy between the write of the book and the translator to build the same understanding of the real meaning and message of the ST equivalently with the TT so the translated book will be considered as informative text and best translated book.

2. For another researchers

It is suggested that for the next researcher to analyze the same source of data by applying other methods. Then, since the analysis and findings in this research are only oriented on the translation product, it is also suggested that there should be another depth analysis on the translation competence.

3. For the readers

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