THE PROCESS OF MORPHEMIC REDUPLICATION IN CERITA RAKYAT MINANGKABAU BY EDWAR DJAMARIS
A THESIS
BY
FEBBY LUTHFRIANTI REG. NO. 100705068
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
THE PROCESS OF MORPHEMIC REDUPLICATION IN CERITA RAKYAT MINANGKABAU BY EDWAR DJAMARIS
A THESIS
BY
FEBBY LUTHFRIANTI REG. NO. 100705068
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
THE PROCESS OF MORPHEMIC REDUPLICATION IN CERITA RAKYAT MINANGKABAU BY EDWAR DJAMARIS
A THESIS BY
FEBBY LUTHFRIANTI REG. NO. 100705068
SUPERVISOR, CO. SUPERVISOR
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, MA.
NIP. 195711171983032002 NIP. 196301091988032001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Tuesday, 15th July 2014.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners:
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. ……….
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ……….
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA. ……….
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. ……….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT who always gives me blessing, power, strength and love in my entire life and in terms of my study, especially in completing this thesis as one of the requirements to get Scholar Certificate in English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H Syahron Lubis, M.A, The head of English Departement, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, and to all the lectures of English Department for all assistances, valuable knowledge and facilities during my academic year.
My sincere gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Dr. Deliana, M.Hum, and my Co-Supervisor, Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, MA, who given me a considerable amount if contribution of knowledge, spared their valuable time to comment, encourage, and guide me to finishing this thesis.
Further, my sincere gratefulness is devoted to my beloved mommy Lustina and my daddy Syafri, also thank you so much to my inspiring siblings Dedek Ramadhan and Yossi Septian for their endless support, attention prays and love which they have been giving to me not only during the term of my study and my completing of this thesis, but also in everyday’s motivation and encouragement for a better future Beside them I would like to thank to all my relatives for their mental support.
Vivi, Dhini, Filza, Ninis, Nadia, Anis, Yudi Tolo, Aldi Kiteng, Deni, Boy, Dicky, Petrus, Amy, Ayu, Mitra, Rima, Yuyun, Andri and Farhan- if it hadn’t for you guys, I wouldn’t be able to get to this part to finish my thesis, I hope this friendship will be last forever. My special thanks also for my partner and best friend, Fariza, for sharing, support and helped. Thank you so much for all of my friends, all of spunky boys and girls in class B 2010 who I cannot mention all of your names.
In writing this paper, I realized that this thesis is far from being perfect though I have done my best, so I hope suggestion for this thesis. Without any helps and support from all parties, this thesis would not be completed. Finally, I expect this thesis would be useful for the readers in future.
Medan, July 2014 The Writer
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, FEBBY LUTHFRIANTI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : FEBBY LUTHFRIANTI
TITLE OF THESIS : THE PROCESS OF MORPHEMIC REDUPLICATION IN CERITA RAKYAT MINANGKABAU BY EDWAR
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul The Process of Morphemic Reduplication which found in Cerita rakyat Minangkabau. Merupakan suatu kajian Morfologi pada kumpulan dongeng dalam bahasa Minangkabau yang berjudul Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. Untuk mendapatkanhasil tipe reduplikasi yang dominan digunakan formula yang dikembangkan oleh Nawawi. Analisis tipe reduplikasi didalam skripsi ini berdasarkan buku M.D.S Simatupang yang berjudul Reduplikasi Morfemis Bahasa Indonesia.Proses morfemik reduplikasi diidentifikasi berdasarkan tipe reduplikasi yang muncul pada kata ulang. Dari anlisis data ditemukan bahwa Reduplikasi tipe 1 adalah yang paling dominan yang ditemukan pada kumpulan cerita rakyat dalam bahasa Minangkabau tersebut, yakni sebanyak 64 kata ulang (51,61%), diikuti oleh reduplikasi tipe 3 dan tipe 6 sebanyak 19 kata ulang (15,32%), reduplikasi tipe 11 sebanyak 13 kata ulang (10,48)%, reduplikasi tipe 9 sebanyak 3 kata ulang (2,42%) dan terakhir dengan jumlah persentasi yang terkeci yaitu redupliksi tipe 4, tipe 5, tipe 6, tipe 16 dan tipe 18 sebanyak 1 kata ulang (0,81%).
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis isThe Process of Morphemic Reduplication which found in Cerita rakyat Minangkabau. This is s research of morphology in collection of folklores in Minangkabau language entitled Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. To find the most dominant type of reduplication, it is used formula by Nawawi. The analysis of reduplication type is based on M.D.S Simatupang’s book entitled Reduplikasi Morfemis Bahasa Indonesia.The morphemic process of reduplication is identified by the type of reduplication which found from repetition word. From the data analysis, Reduplication type 1 is the dominant type which found in collection of folklores in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. 64 repetitions (51,61%), followed by reduplication type 3 and type 6 has 19 repetitions (15,32%), reduplication type 11 has 13 repetitions (10,48%), reduplication type 9 has 3 repetitions (2,42%), and the last, the smallest percentage, reduplication type 4, type 5, type 6, type 16, type 18 has 1 repetition (0,81%).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………..……….. i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ………..………. iv
ABSTRAK ………..……….. v
ABSTRACT ………..………. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS………..………... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………. 1
1.1 The Back ground of the Study ……… 1
1.2 Problem of the Study ………. 3
1.3 Objective of the Study ……….. 3
1.4 Scope of the Study ………. 4
1.5 Significance of the Study……… 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………. 5
2.1 Morphology ………. 5
2.1.1 Morphemes ……….. 6
2.1.2 Word ……… 7
2.2 Morphological Process ……….. 8
2.2.1 Affixation ………. 8
2.2.1.1 Prefix ………..……… 9
2.2.1.2 Infix ……… 9
2.2.1.3 Suffix ……….…….. 9
2.2.2 Reduplication ……….… 10
2.2.2.1 Type 1 ……….…….... 11
2.2.2.2 Type 2 ……….………. 13
2.2.2.3 Type 3 ……….………. 14
2.2.2.5 Type 5 ……….……… 15
2.2.2.6 Type 6 ………..…….. 16
2.2.2.7 Type 7 ………..………. 16
2.2.2.8 Type 8 ……….……….. 16
2.2.2.9 Type 9 ……… 17
2.2.2.10 Type 10 ……… 17
2.2.2.11 Type 11 ……… 17
2.2.2.12 Type 12 ……… 18
2.2.2.13 Type 13 ……… 19
2.2.2.14 Type 14 ……… 19
2.2.2.15 Type 15 ……… 20
2.2.2.16 Type 16 ……… 21
2.2.2.17 Type 17 ……… 22
2.2.2.18 Type 18 ……… 23
2.3 Relevance Study ……….. 24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………. 25
3.1 Research Method ……….… 25
3.2 Source Data ……….… 25
3.3 Collecting Data ……… 25
3.4 Data Analysis ………..… 26
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF THE TYPE OF REDUPLICATION …….. . 28
4.1 The Analysis of Reduplication ………. 28
4.1.1 Type 1……….……. 28
4.1.2 Type 2 ………. 38
4.1.3 Type 3 ………. 39
4.1.4 Type 4 ………. 42
4.1.5 Type 5 ………. 43
4.1.6 Type 6 ……… 44
4.1.8 Type 8 ……… 47
4.1.9 Type 9 ……… 47
4.1.10 Type 10 ……… 48
4.1.11 Type 11 ……… 50
4.1.12 Type 12 ……… 51
4.1.13 Type 13 ……… 52
4.1.14 Type 14 ……… 52
4.1.15 Type 15 ……… 53
4.1.16 Type 16 ……… 54
4.1.17 Type 17 ……… 55
4.1.18 Type 18 ……… 56
4.2 Findings ………..…. 57
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………... 59
5.1 Conclusion ……….….. 59
5.2 Suggestion ………... 59
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul The Process of Morphemic Reduplication which found in Cerita rakyat Minangkabau. Merupakan suatu kajian Morfologi pada kumpulan dongeng dalam bahasa Minangkabau yang berjudul Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. Untuk mendapatkanhasil tipe reduplikasi yang dominan digunakan formula yang dikembangkan oleh Nawawi. Analisis tipe reduplikasi didalam skripsi ini berdasarkan buku M.D.S Simatupang yang berjudul Reduplikasi Morfemis Bahasa Indonesia.Proses morfemik reduplikasi diidentifikasi berdasarkan tipe reduplikasi yang muncul pada kata ulang. Dari anlisis data ditemukan bahwa Reduplikasi tipe 1 adalah yang paling dominan yang ditemukan pada kumpulan cerita rakyat dalam bahasa Minangkabau tersebut, yakni sebanyak 64 kata ulang (51,61%), diikuti oleh reduplikasi tipe 3 dan tipe 6 sebanyak 19 kata ulang (15,32%), reduplikasi tipe 11 sebanyak 13 kata ulang (10,48)%, reduplikasi tipe 9 sebanyak 3 kata ulang (2,42%) dan terakhir dengan jumlah persentasi yang terkeci yaitu redupliksi tipe 4, tipe 5, tipe 6, tipe 16 dan tipe 18 sebanyak 1 kata ulang (0,81%).
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis isThe Process of Morphemic Reduplication which found in Cerita rakyat Minangkabau. This is s research of morphology in collection of folklores in Minangkabau language entitled Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. To find the most dominant type of reduplication, it is used formula by Nawawi. The analysis of reduplication type is based on M.D.S Simatupang’s book entitled Reduplikasi Morfemis Bahasa Indonesia.The morphemic process of reduplication is identified by the type of reduplication which found from repetition word. From the data analysis, Reduplication type 1 is the dominant type which found in collection of folklores in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. 64 repetitions (51,61%), followed by reduplication type 3 and type 6 has 19 repetitions (15,32%), reduplication type 11 has 13 repetitions (10,48%), reduplication type 9 has 3 repetitions (2,42%), and the last, the smallest percentage, reduplication type 4, type 5, type 6, type 16, type 18 has 1 repetition (0,81%).
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of The Study
Language could not be separated from human being, because without language we could not make a conversation or share ideas. For knowing how important of language as communication, this is the expert’s opinion, Sapir (1949 : 8) says, “language is purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, desires by means of systems of voluntary produced symbols. “It means language is a systematical means of communicating ideas or feeling by the used of signs, gestures, or marks having understood meaning and it is used when we interact with other people in social group or society.
process of morphological is the process of formation of the word from morphemes. There are some morphological processes, one of them is reduplication.
Reduplication is revolution process of lexam to be a complex by using some repetition of the basic form, in whole, part or the sound changes. There are several definitions of reduplication. Soedjito (1995:109) says, “Pengulangan adalah proses pembentukan kata dengan mengulang bentuk dasar, baik secara utuh maupun
sebagian, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak”. ( Repetition is the process of
forming words by repeating basic form, in whole or in part, either with variations phoneme or not.) Generally, reduplication can be divided into three types, namely (1) full reduplication, (2) partial reduplication, and (3) reduplication affixes.
Simatupang (1983) in his book, has discussed about morphologically reduplication and semantically reduplication. He divides Reduplication into 18 types. Based on the research of Simatupang, the writer interested to analyze reduplication in Minangkabau language, how the process of reduplication.
Based on the typology of language, Minangkabau language is belongs to Austronesia or Malay Polynesian. Minangkabau language is a means of communication of Minangkabau ethnic in western Sumatra. In daily communication, reduplication is often used in spoken and written language in Minangkabau.
told by word of mouth. Now, the tale is told not only through word of mouth but has been told through the writings and collected into a book. This thesis uses the folklores of Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau as the main object of the study because this book tells interesting story that has many advice and told in Minangkabau language, so by analyzing these stories, we can know the morphological process, especially the type reduplication in Minangkabau language.
1.2.Problem of the Study
Based on the title above, the writer focused the study on the following problems:
1. What are the types of reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau?
2. How the process of morphemic reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau?
3. What is the dominant type of morphemic reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau?
1.3Objective of The Study
Dealing with the analysis of morphemic reduplications found in folklores in Minangkabau language, the objective of the study are:
1. to find out the type of reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau.
2. to describe the process of morphemic reduplication in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau.
1.4Scope of The Study
In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen, and to avoid over complicating the issues and the analysis.
This study describes the research of category and type of reduplication in Minangkabau language based on Simatupang’s book entitled “Reduplikasi morfemis bahasa Indonesia". While the object of this study is collection of folklores in
Minangkabau language, Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau by Edwar Djamaris.
1.5Significance study
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Morphology
In every language, words play an important grammatical role, in that they are built out of smaller elements by certain patterns, but are put together into sentences by rather different patterns. Actually, morphology is a sub discipline of linguistics which studies word and concerns with the study and analysis of structure, forms, and classes of word.
There are many definitions of morphology that we can find in linguistics form. Each of them has different explanation, but the distinction is not in its meaning, the linguist has the same sense in describing morphology. To clarify about morphology, the writer would mention some linguist idea about it.
Katamba (1993:3) says, “Morphology is the study of internal structure words”, while Nida (1967:1) says, “Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming word”. Also Bloomfield (1933:207) mentions that by the morphology of a language, we mean the construction in which bound forms appear among the construction, by definition, the resultant for more either bound forms but never phrases.
themselves carry meaning. So we can conclude that morphology is the study of the morphemes and their arrangement in forming words.
2.1.1 Morphemes
Morphology emphasizes to morpheme, a morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has the grammatical function or meaning, not the smallest unit of meaning. These are some opinions of linguists about the definitions of morpheme, Robins (1964:201) says, “Morpheme is the minimal grammatical units”. While, Hockett (1958:123) says, “Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful elements in the utterances of language”. Bloomfield (1993:161, says “Morpheme is a linguist form which bears no partial phonetic semantic resemblance to any other form is a simple form of morpheme”.
Making it more understand, we can learn this illustration above by examine the following English word. Writers is made up of three morphemes. They are {write} + {er} + {s}. Each of the morphemes has a meaning: {write} = verb form (however it might be representing semantically); {er} = the person who carries out the action of the verb (used to form noun); and {s} = a plural marker on noun. If they are made up together, they mean like ‘more than one person who write’. Writers consist of seven phonemes: /w/, /r/, /i/, /t/, /e/, /r/, /s/.
Morpheme can be classified into 2 dimensions, they are: Bound and Free Morpheme.
a) Bound Morpheme
occurs by itself, but it always attached to some other morpheme and could not be found in the dictionary.
If bound morpheme is attached to the free morpheme, it will have meaning that creates the addition meaning for the morpheme itself. Here are the examples:
1. dis- in dislike 2. -ness in happiness 3. pan- in pancilok b) Free Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone, it could not be broken down into smallest meaningful. A morpheme can also be called an independent form and it has lexical meaning and the meaning can be found in dictionary. For example: coffee, cup and moon. The meaning of free morpheme can be found in dictionary.
2.1.2 Word
Words are usually the easiest unit to identify in the written language. Words consist of two kinds: those which have meaning in themselves and those whose function is to express the relationship of other words to one another. The first group is “full words” and the second is “form words”. Most nouns and adjective belong to the first group and most prepositions and conjunction belong to the second group.
words, e.g. cat, sit, bird, etc. Words with more than one morpheme are called
polymorphemic words. They can be broken down into smaller units that are
meaningful, e.g. Arabian (Arab + ian) for instance, where Arab refers to a kind of state and it is kind of noun or adjective in the class of word. While –ian serves the grammatical function that used to form a noun and adjective and this piece could not stand by itself, and independence is one of the criteria for calling element of word.
2.2Morphological Process
Morphological process is a word formation by combining one morpheme with another morpheme or a word formation by making a modification to its base form (affixes). Samsuri (1981:177) says, “Proses morfologis adalah cara pembentukan kata-kata dengan menghubungkan morfem yang satu dengan morfem
yang lainnya”. (Morphological process is the way of forming the words by relating
one morpheme to other morpheme.)
Here are some kinds of morphological process, those are: Affixation, Reduplication, Suppletion, Modification, and Compounding.
2.2.1 Affixation
Affixation is the one of the most general process in every language. Words formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes are the result of the process of affixation. Chaer (1994:177) says, “Afiksasi adalah proses pembubuhan afiks pada sebuah dasar atau bentuk dasar. Afiks adalah sebuah bentuk, biasanya
berupa morfem terikat, yang diimbuhkan pada sebuah dasar dalam proses
(Affixation is the process of placing affix to a base or base form. Affix is a form, usually in the form of bound morpheme, which attached to a base in the process of forming words.)
According to their position in the word (or side of the word they are attached to), affixes are classified into prefixes, infixes and suffixes.
2.2.1.1Prefix
Prefix is bound morpheme that is added to the beginning of the word. For examples:
1. un + noticed unnoticed 2. a + moral amoral 3. pan + cilok pancilok
2.2.1.2 Infix
Infix is bound morpheme that is inserted within the words. There is no infix in English, but we can find it in Indonesia, Minangkabau language and Tagaloc. Examples:
1.-al- + tunjuk talunjuk 2.-am- +puncak pamuncak
2.2.1.3Suffix
Suffix is bound morpheme which is attached to the end of the word. Examples: 1. notice + -able noticeable
2.2.2 Reduplication
Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication). Reduplication consists in the repetition of all or of part of a root or stem to form new words.
These are some definitions of reduplication:
1. Proses pengulangan atau reduplikasi ialah pengulangan satuan gramatik,
baik seluruhnya maupun sebagiannya, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun
tidak. (Ramlan, 1985:57)
(Process of repetitions is repeated the grammatical unit, in whole or in part, either with variations finem or not. (Ramlan, 1985:57))
2. Proses reduplikasi yaitu pengulangan suatu gramatikal, baik seluruhnya
maupun sebagiannya, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak. Hasil
pengulangan disebut kata ulang, satuan yang diulang merupakan kata dasar.
(Solichi, 1996:9)
(Process of reduplication is a grammatical reduplication, in whole or in part, either with variations of phonemes or not. The results of repetition is called re-word, the repeated unit is a basic word. (Solichi, 1996:9))
determine the meaning of reduplication of bound context, sometimes, some of reduplication can be immediately known and sometimes it depends on the context.
According to Verhaar (1982) reduplication can be classified into monomorphemic and polymorphemic, for examples: berhenti-berhenti ‘stop’, unggas-unggas ‘bird’ and it is called full reduplication. Reduplication can be also
followed by changing in vowel, consonant or consonant vowel,for examples: sayur-mayur ‘vegetables’, carut-marut ‘obscene’. If only a part of the root or stem is repeated, the process is called partial reduplication, for examples: pepohonan ‘trees’, lelaki ‘man’.
There are several meaning that is contained by reduplication, such as: a. reciprocity: tolong-menolong ‘help each other’ imbau-mengimbau ‘remind each other’, b. intensity bersusah-susah ‘full of painful’, reduplication berderai-derai ‘loose’, and some other meaning .
Simatupang (1983) has discussed the form of reduplication, including derivational reduplication and the meaning of free context reduplication and bound context reduplication. He also divides reduplication into 18 types. In addition, Simatupang also discusses the derivational reduplication, It kinds of morphemic process in reduplication, and it can change the category of word.
Based on Simatupang’s book, reduplication can be divided into 18 types, they are:
2.2.2.1 Type 1 Basic Form (BF) + Reduplication (R)
a. Noun + R-1
In general, each noun can be followed by Reduplication type 1 but it depends on meaning of reduplication and semantic characteristics. It usually indicates plural noun or quantity intensity.
Examples: 1. rumah-rumah ‘houses’ 2. dosen-dosen ‘lectures’
3. anak-anak ‘children’
b. Adjective + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with adjectives. The meaning that can be related with R-1 + Adjective is “intensive”.
Examples: 1. baik-baik ‘fine’ 2. murah-murah ‘cheap’
c. Verb + R-1
Generally, verb can be followed by R-1 only monomorphemic verb. Examples: 1. makan-makan ‘eat’
2.tidur-tidur ‘sleep’
But in certain context R-1 also can be followed by polymorphemic. Examples: 1. berhenti-berhenti ‘stop’
d. Adverb + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with adverb. Examples: 1. kiro-kiro ‘about’
e. Pronoun + R-1
Pronouns can be divide into personal pronouns: saya ‘I’, kamu ‘you’, dia ‘she/he’,mereka ‘they’, kami ‘we’ and demonstrative pronouns: ini ‘this’, itu ‘that’.
f. Question Words + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with question word. Examples: 1. kapan-kapan ‘when (ever)’
g. Numeral + R-1
Reduplication type 1 is productive with numeral words, numeral can be divede into 3 kinds, they are:
(i) Cardinal Number: satu-satu ‘one and one’ dua-dua ‘two and two’ (ii)Fraction: seperempat-seperempat ‘a quarter by a quarter’
(iii) Numeral Classifier: se+ ekor seekor-seekor ‘a/an’
2.2.2.2 Type 2 Basic Form + Reduplication that followed by changing in vowel, consonant or consonant vowel.
In type 2, the basic repetition of basic form is followed by changing of phonemes. It can be changed only a vocal, only a consonant or both consonant and vocal.
2.2.2.3Type 3 (Basic Form + Reduplication) + ber- a. Verb in Reduplication type 3
Generally, reduplication in this type consists of a verb that indicates 'action' (action verbs , according to Chafe 1973) or commonly it is called intransitive verbs and the meanings that can be concerned to R - 3 is ' iterative ' (continues) and doing something without purpose.
Example: 1. berjalan-jalan.
b. Noun in Reduplication type 3 i) Nouns that indicate Measurement
Examples: 1. berkarung-karung ‘many sacks’ 2. bergelas-gelas ‘many glasses’ 3. berlembar-lembar ‘many sheets’ ii) Nouns that indicate time
Examples: 1. berhari-hari ‘many days’
2. berminggu-minggu ‘many weeks’ 3. berbulan-bulan ‘many months’ iii) Nouns that indicate numeral
Examples: 1.berhelai-helai ‘many sheets’ 2. berpintu-pintu ‘many doors’ iv) The other type of nouns
Examples: 1. berawa-rawa ‘swamps’
c. Adjectives in Reduplication type 3
In this type, adjectives usually indicate human behavior. We seldom find adjective in reduplication type 3.
Examples: 1. bermalas-malasan ‘lazy’ 2. bersakit-sakit ‘pain’ 3. bersusah-susah ‘difficult’
2.2.2.4Type 4 Basic Form + Reduplication + ber-…_an
Reduplication in this type usually indicates reciprocal meaning. Examples: 1.bersalam-salaman ‘shake hand each other’
2. bersebalah-sebalahan ‘’ 3. berjauh-jauhan ‘’
The examples above indicate actions that act repeatedly.
2.2.2.5Type 5 Basic Form (Reduplication + ber-) a. Noun + R-5
Noun in reduplication type 5 indicates special characteristics. It means the relation of the first noun is same with the second noun.
Examples: 1.anak-beranak ‘’
2. kakak-beradik ‘sisterhood’ b. Verb + R-5
2.2.2.6Type 6 (Basic Form + Reduplication) + meN-
There are several meanings that can be related with reduplication type 6. i) Iterative and continuously
Examples: 1. melompat-lompat ‘jump’ 2.meminta-minta ‘ask’ 3. memuji-muji ‘appreciate”
ii)Doing something without real purpose: Examples: 1. melihat-lihat ‘see’
2.membaca-baca ‘read’
2.2.2.7Type 7 Basic Form + (Reduplication + meN-)
Generally, reduplication type 7 can be followed by verb that has reciprocal meaning or action that has concerned with basic form.
Examples: 1. pukul-memukul ‘beat each other’ 2. kait-mengait ‘hook each other’ 3. tolong-menolong ‘help each other’
2.2.2.8Type 8 (Basic Form + (Reduplication + meN-…-i))
Reduplication type 8 can be imposed to the verb in reduplication type 7 with reciprocal meaning. Reduplication type 8 has reciprocal meaning.
Examples: 1. hormat-menghormati ‘respect each other’ 2. cinta-mencintai ‘love each other’
2.2.2.9Type 9 (Basic Form + Reduplication) + meN-…-kan
Reduplication type 9 can be followed by verb, adjective and noun. a. Verb + R-9, examples:
1. gerak menggerak-gerakkan ‘move’ 2. lambai melambai-lambaikan wave’ 3. ayun mengayun-ayunkan ‘swing’
b. Adjective + R-9, examples:
1. besar membesar-besarkan ‘exaggerete’ 2. kecil mengecil-kecilkan ‘minimize’
c. Noun + R-9, examples:
1. dewa mendewa-dewakan ‘idolize’
2. kabar mengabar-ngabarkan ‘inform’
2.2.2.10 Type 10 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-…-i
The basic form that used to form reduplication type 9 are verb, adjective and noun. The process of reduplication type 9 produce verb that has iterative meaning. a. Verb + R-10, examples:
1. halang menghalang-halangi ‘block’ 2. tutup menutup-nutupi ‘cover up’ b. Adjective+ R-10, examples:
c. Noun + R-10, examples:
1. buntut membuntut-buntuti ‘follow’ 2. guru mengguru-gurui ‘teach’
2.2.2.11 Type 11 Basic Form + Reduplication + se-
Reduplication type 11 can be formed by using adjective and some of nouns and.
a. Adjective + R-11
The meaning of adjective in reduplication type 9 is superlative/ concessive and the repetition usually is added with suffix –nya.
Examples: 1. setinggi-tinggi(nya) ‘(the) highest’ 2. sekuat-kuat(nya) ‘(the) strongest’ 3. sejauh-jauh(nya) ‘(the) most far away’ b. Noun + R-11
Some of noun that can be used in reduplication type 11 is proper noun and the repetition is added by suffix -nya.
Examples: 1. sejawa-jawanya ‘java’
2. sepadang-padangnya ‘minangnese’
2.2.2.12 Type 12 Basic Form + Reduplication + ke-+ (nya)
Reduplication type 12 can be formed only with small number, except ‘satu’. And this repetition is added by suffix ‘nya’
2.2.2.13 Type 13 Basic Form +Reduplication + ke-…-an
Reduplication type 13 can be formed by using adjective and noun as basic form and it produces adjective.
a. Adjective + R-13
Adjective that can be used in this type is only the adjective that has no antonym, such as ‘colour’.
Examples: 1. kemerah-merahan ‘reddish’ 2. kekuning-kuningan ‘yellowish’ 3. kebiru-biruan ‘bluish’
b. Noun + R-13
Examples: 1. ibu keibu-ibuan ‘motherhood’ 2.anak kekanak-kanakan ‘childish’
2.2.2.14 Type 14 Basic Form + Reduplication + -an
Reduplication type 13 can be formed by using noun, adjective and verb. a. Noun + R-14
i). Indicate similarity
Examples: 1. rumah-rumahan ‘looks like house (kind of toy)’ 2. kucing-kucingan ‘hide and seek’
3. angin-anginan ‘usually’
ii). Indicate collection of basic form Examples: 1. biji-bijian ‘seeds’
b. Adjective + R-14
Examples: 1. besar-besaran ‘greatly’ 2. terang-terangan “clearly” 3. gila-gilaan ‘madly’
c. Verb + R-14
Examples: 1. mati-matian ‘dying’ 2. habis-habisan ‘run out of’ 3. hancur-hancuran ‘destroy’
2.2.2.15 Type 15 Basic Form + (Reduplication + -em-)
In this type, reduplication gets affixation, it is infix. Infix is bound morpheme that is inserted within the words.
a.Adjective + R-15
Reduplication type 15 can be formed by using adjective. The meaning of adjective in reduplication type 15 is ‘intensive’.
Examples: 1. cerlang-cemerlang ‘genius’ 2. kilau-kemilau ‘shine’
3. gilang-gemilang ‘briliant’ 4. teram-temaram ‘shining’ b.Verb + R-15
Reduplication type 15 can be formed by using verb. The meaning of verb in reduplication type 15 is iterative/ continues.
c.Noun + R-15
Reduplication type 15can be formed by using noun. The meaning of noun in red'plication indicates plural form.
Examples: 1. jari-jemari ‘fingers’ 2. tali-temali ‘hook’
2.2.2.16 Type 16 Basic Form + Partial Reduplication a. Noun + R-16
Reduplication type 16 can be formed by using noun as basic form. Examples: 1. tangga tetangga ‘neighbor’
2. laki lelaki ‘man” 3. tamu tetamu ‘guest’ b. Adjective + R-16
Adjective in reduplication type 16 will produce noun. Examples: 1. luhur (adj) leluhur (noun) ‘ancestor’
2.sepuh (adj) sesepuh (noun) ‘eldest’
c. R-16 with using the other word
2.2.2.17 Semantics Reduplication
Semantics reduplication is kind of reduplication by combining two forms of synonym words.
a.Free morpheme + Free morpheme Examples: 1. cerdik-pandai ‘smart’
2. arif-bijaksana ‘wise’ 3. tutur-kata ‘words’ 4. semak-belukar ‘bush’
b. Free morpheme + Bound morpheme Examples: 1. segar-bugar ‘fresh’
2. tumpah-ruah ‘’ 3. gembira-ria ‘happy’ 4. suka-ria ‘glory’
c. Bound morpheme + Bound morpheme Examples: 1. tumpang-tindih ‘abundent’
2.2.2.18 The Other Type of Reduplication
This is the type of reduplication that has limitation of word. Examples: 1. lama-kalamaan ‘long and long’
2. sebab-musabab ‘reason’ 3. asal-muasal ‘origin’
4. adat-istiadat ‘customs and manners’
5. alim-ulama ‘religious scholar’
2.3 Relevance Study
In supporting the ideas of this analysis, some relevant books and thesis have been collected to support the topic. All these books have given a large contribution in writing this thesis. Some definitions, opinions, and findings from relevant books are quoted as follows:
• Simatupang (1983), in his book ‘Reduplikasi morfemis Bahasa Indonesia’ has discussed about morphologically reduplication and semantically reduplication. He divides morphemic reduplication into eighteen types.
• Soedjito (1995) says “Pengulangan adalah proses pembentukan kata dengan mengulang bentuk dasar, baik secara utuh maupun sebagian, baik dengan
variasi fonem maupun tidak”. (Repetition is the process of forming words by
repeating basic form, in whole or in part, either with variations phoneme or not.) • Ramlan (2001: 63) says “reduplikasi adalah pengulangan satuan gramatikal,
baik seluruhnya maupun sebagian, baik dengan variasi fonem maupun tidak.
Hasil pengulangan disebut kata ulang, sedangkan satuan yang diulang
merupakan bentuk dasar.” (Reduplication is the repetition of the unit of
grammatical, either in whole or in part, either with variations of phonemes or not. The result of repetition is called re-word, while the repeated unit is the basic form.)
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
In order to conduct the research systematically, there are some methods applied. Library research is applied in this thesis in which a number of books about linguistics, morphology, and dictionary have been selected. As Nawawi (1993:30) says “penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan cara menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat-tempat lain”. (Library
research is carried out by accumulating all the data from various literatures either in library or in other places).
The information accumulated is about the type of reduplication; its definition, theories, explanation with simple examples, and the description of data.
3.2 Source of Data
The source of data in this thesis is taken from folklores entitled Cerita Rakyat MInangkabau compiled by Edwar Djamaris. This book was compiled in 2001. The
data is collected from all of chapters in Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau by Edwar Djamaris.
3.3 Collecting Data
3.4 Data Analysis
In explaining the result of data analysis, descriptive method is applied in which all the results that are related to the object of data analysis in this thesis will be described. As stated by Nawawi (1993:27), “Metode deskriptif adalah prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang
sedang diseliiki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang actual pada saat
sekarang.” (Descriptive method is a procedure or manner in solving the problem by
explaining the object which is being investigated towards the factual facts).
Therefore, the overall analysis will be systematically conducted by concentrating on the textual analysis with steps as follows:
1. Reading the data
2. Identifying the data which belong to morphemic reduplication by underlining them.
3. Classifying the morphemic reduplication in to the reduplication item according to their group.
4. Listing recapitulating the lexical item which occurs mostly. 5. Making the percentage of morphemic reduplication.
6. Determining the most frequent to the least.
The following formula is:
�
� × 100% = N
X : Number of categories of morphemic reduplication Y : Number of all data
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF THE TYPE OF REDUPLICATION
4.1. The Analysis of Reduplication
Simatupang (1983) has discussed the form of reduplication, including derivational reduplication and the meaning of free context reduplication and bound context reduplication. He also divides reduplication into 18 types. In addition, Simatupang also discusses the derivational reduplication, It kinds of morphemic process in reduplication, and it can change the category of word.
In this chapter, the writer has analyzed what types of reduplication in Minangkabau language that can be found in object. This analysis is based on type of
reduplication based on Simatupang’s book.
4.1.1 Type R-1 (Basic Form + Reduplication)
In this analysis, reduplication type 1 repeats all of basic form, it could be monomorphemic and polymorphemic basic form. The writer divides the analysis of type 1 into:
a. Noun
Repetition Meaning Analysis
piti-piti money quantitative intensity
laki-laki man quantitative intensity
pakakian-pakaian clothes quantitative intensity
ameh-ameh golds quantitative intensity
rajo-rajo kings quantitative intensity
puyuah-puyuah quails quantitative intensity
kato-kato words quantitative intensity
anak-anak children quantitative intensity
ulah-ulah actions quantitative intensity
paubek-paubek medicines quantitative intensity
talua-talua eggs quantitative intensity
kawan-kawan friends quantitative intensity
daun-daun leaves quantitative intensity
akar-akar roots quantitative intensity
tahun-tahun years quantitative intensity
surang-surang one by one quantitative intensity
barang-barang things quantitative intensity
ramo-ramo butterflies quantitative intensity
awang-awang ceilings quantitative intensity
buli-buli quantitative intensity
tuan-tuan gentleman quantitative intensity
unggeh-unggeh birds quantitative intensity
guru-guru teachers quantitative intensity
rupa-rupa forms quantitative intensity
buah-buah fruits quantitative intensity
bayang-bayang shadows quantitative intensity
All of the repetitions of noun as the basic form in reduplication type 1 indicate quantitative intensity or plural noun. Furthermore, it can be seen that those words in a sentence, these sentences are quoted from Cerita Rakyat Minangkabau. Examples:
(1) Lah bukaino paratek jo piti-piti sadano, ditarikno pakaian-pakaian nan rancak-rancak dan ameh-ameh dalam parateh nantun.
‘She opens the iron case, she takes the beautiful dresses, gold, and the other jewelry.’
The words that have bolded are nouns that indicate plural nouns.
(2) Maso itu datang unggeh-unggeh nan basarang di ateh batang kayu tu kiun. ‘At that time, the birds come to make their nest on that log.’
Unggeh-unggeh (birds) is noun that indicate intensity quantity or plural noun.
(3) Lah pai puyuah-puyuah ka sarang tampua nantun.
‘The quails come into the nest of tempua in the certain time.’ Puyuah-puyuah is repetition of noun that indicate plural noun.
b.Adjective
Repetition Meaning Analysis
lakeh-lakeh fast indicates situation
baiak-baiak well indicates situation
buruak-buruak bad indicates situation
capek-capek tired indicates situation
elok-elok beautiful indicates situation
tajam-tajam sharp indicates situation
latiak-latiak curve indicates situation
labiah-labiah more indicates situation
banyak-banyak many indicates situation
lamak-lamak fat indicates situation
rancak-rancak nice indicates situation
murah-murah cheap indicates situation
samo-samo together indicates situation
sio-sio useless indicates situation
cacek-cacek flawed indicates situation
kenyang-kenyang full indicates situation
lambek-lambek smooth indicates situation
nyariang-nyariang loud indicates situation
payah-payah difficult indicates situation
tuo-tuo old indicates situation
rusuah-rusuah anxious indicates situation
All the repetition of adjectives in reduplication type 1 indicate situation, how situation it is, we can see from some sentences as the examples.
Examples:
(1) Ditarikno pakaian-pakaian nan rancak-rancak. ‘She pulls the beautiful dresses’
We know that the function of adjective gives the explanation of noun that followed. Repetition rancak-rancak is adjective that is explained pakaian-pakaian. Clearly, that rancak-rancak indicates the situation of pakaian-pakaian-pakaian.
(2) Awak den mencari pakaian nan elok dipakai, nan murah-murah sajo.
‘I want to buy the dress that beautiful to put on, but the cheap one.’ The repetition murah-murah (adjective) indicate how situation of pakaian.
From the examples above, clearly how adjective in reduplication type 1 is used in a sentence in Minangkabau language.
c. Verb
Generally, verb can be followed by R-1 only monomorphemic. But in certain context R-1 also can be followed by polymorphemic.
i). Monomorphemic.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
cubo-cubo try indicates action
lari-lari jog indicates action
habih-habih endless indicates action
ii). Polymorphemic
Repetition Meaning Analysis
salangkah-salangkah step by step indicates action
mendahului-mendahului precede indicates action
Verb in reduplication type 1 indicates actions. In Minangkabau language we can find the repetition that is formed by verb. It can be seen clearly from the examples below.
Examples:
(1) Jadi, to cubo-cubo molah, antah dopek antah indo. ‘Okay, I will try whether it can or not.’
The repetition in that sentence is formed by doubling the verb cubo cubo-cubo that indicate action that doing by subject.
(2) Baru tampak gajah nan banyak kawannyo, lari-lari pulo semuanyo. ‘When the elephant looks at it friends, they run.’
The repetition in that sentence is formed by doubling the verb lari lari-lari that indicates action that is doing by subject, gajah (elephant).
The examples above have explained how the repetition of verb in reduplication type 1 is used in sentence.
Actually, there are so many verbs in Minangkabau language that can form reduplication type 1. The other examples such as:
beko-beko ‘going home’
marambek-marambek ‘spread’
duduak-duduak ‘sit’
d.Adverb
From the object, the writer found some examples of adverb that is used in reduplication type 1.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
tiok-tiok every indicates ‘how often’
kini-kini right now indicates time
kiro-kiro about indicates frequent
pagi-pagi in the morning indicates time
tangah-tangah in the middle indicates place
kadang-kadang sometime indicates ‘how often’
adang-adang sometime indicates ‘how often’
Each adverb has their-own function. Some of them indicate time, place and frequent. It can be seen clearly how the verb in reduplication type 1 in the sentence. Examples:
(1) Adang-adang barang nan hino ruponya labiah baguno bakeh kito dari barang nan mulio.
‘Sometimes, the thing that is seen abject is more useful than the thing that is seen precious if we don’t know the adventages.’
(2) Jadi bih mauleh palolah katujuahno itu samiang karajano tiok-tiok hari, indak rintangan minum makan.
‘So, her sisters hook the ropes every day, until they forget to eat and drink.’ The repetition of adverb tiok-tiok in the sentence above indicates how often the action happened.
From the sentence above, it can be seen see how adverb in reduplication type 1 is used in a sentence.
e. Pronoun
From the data that has analyzed by the writer, pronoun in reduplication type 1 could not be found. But there are some pronouns that used in Minangkabau language, but it is not in reduplication form.
(i) Awak, ambo, denai, aden I
In daily conversation, Minangkabau people used awak to pronoun themselves, but sometime, they say ambo, it will be listened more polite. While in conversation between men, they usually pronoun themselves as aden, this pronoun could not be used by woman. Women usually pronoun themselves with their name than used pronoun awak, they used the last syllable of their name.
Example: 1. Na sadang sibuk ‘Dina is busy’
2. Iko baju i ‘This is my dress (Asri’s dress)’.
Pronoun Denai is usually used as the lyric of love song in Minangkabau language.
(ii)Wa’ang, ang you
Examples: Manga ang ka siko? ‘why do you come here?’ (iii) Inyo she/ he
(iv)Uni to call women that older politely. (v) Uda to call man that older politely.
f. Question Word
After the writer analyzed the object, the writer only got three examples of question word in reduplication type 1.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
siapo-siapo who asks subject
bara-bara how much asks quantity
kama-kama where asks the place
It can be seen how question word in reduplication type 1 is used in sentence:
(i)Siapo-siapo nan baruntuang surang tantu io indak dapek patolongan kok io
dalam kesusahan.
‘Who doesn’t want help each other, they won’t be helped’
Actually, there are some of questions word that is used in Minangkabau language, They could be a repetition or not.
1. Apo (A) What
2. Bagaimano (Ba a) How
3. Barapo (Bara) How much
5. Darimano (Dari ma) From where
6. Mana (Ma) Which
7. Siapo (Sia) Who 8. Bilo When
9. Mangapo (Manga) Why
10.Dek a Why
It can be seen how the questions word above in a sentence: Examples:
1. Dima aden tinggal? ‘Where do you live?’ 2. Ba a kaba? ‘How are you?’
g. Numeral Word
In reduplication type 1, numeral word is used as basic form and it indicates iterative meaning.
From the data that has analyzed by the writer, numeral word in reduplication type 1 could not be found on the object, but according to some informants, numeral word in reduplication type 1 could be found in Minangkabau language and they have iterative meaning.
Examples:
ciek-ciek ‘one by one’
4.1.2 Type R-2 (Basic Form+R preposition (Reduplication that followed by changing in vowel, consonant or consonant vowel)
In type 2, the basic repetition of basic form is followed by changing of phonemes. It can be changed only vocal, only a consonant or a consonant or a consonant and vocal.
From the data that has analyzed by the writer, the type of reduplication type 2 could not be found on the object, but actually the kind of reduplication type 2 could be found in Minangkabau language.
Examples:
sayua-mayua ‘vegetables’
caruik-maruik ‘obscene’
hiruak-pikuak ‘crowded’
We could see how the repetitions above are used in sentence below: (1) Sayua-mayua di pasa ateh sado alahnya rancak
‘All vegetables in Pasar atas are good.’
(2) Nyo marah sampai caruik maruik ka adiaknyo.
‘He gets mad obscenely to his little sister.’
(3) Malam tahun baru taraso hiruak-pikuak di lapanagan. ‘In the night of new year, the field is crowded.’
4.1.3 Type R-3 (Basic Form + Reduplication) + ber- (Basic Form + Reduplication) +
There are some parts of speech that can be used in this type, such as: ba-
Reduplication in this type consists of a verb that indicate 'action' or commonly it called intransitive verbs and the meanings of this repetition is ' iterative' (continuously) and doing something without purpose.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
bagalak-galak Laughing indicates action that is acted continuously
balari-lari Jogging indicates action that is acted continuously
batangka-tangka quarrel indicates action that is acted continuously
baguluik-guluik indicates action that is acted continuously
babeleng-beleng swinging indicates action that is acted continuously
babisiak-bisiak whispering indicates action that is acted continuously
bakoba-koba blazing indicates action that is acted continuously
bakato-kato Say indicates action that is acted continuously
bajalan-jalan walking
around
indicates action that is acted continuously
bacando-cando joking indicates action that is acted continuously
baolok-olok ridicule indicates action that is acted continuously
barameh-ameh put on gold indicates action that is acted continuously
badarai-darai drip indicates action that is acted continuously
badotiak-dotiak ticking indicates action that is acted continuously
From the object that have analyzed, all of verbs in the object that are used in reduplication type 3 indicates action that are acted continuously. We could see the words are used in the sentences below
(1) Indak mungkin kito dokoh, sarangno babeleng-beleng, samiang hampia bih jatuah awak.
‘We can’t stay here, the nest has swung, it will fall down.’
The word babeleng-beleng indicates action that is acted continuously. (2) Kok indak badotiak-dotiak tulang pungguang den tinjakan antahnyo. ‘His back bone is broken because I stand on it.’
The word badotiak-dotiak indicates action that acts continuously.
From the sentence above, it can be seen how the verb in reduplication type 3 is used to state the action that acts continuously.
b.Noun
Noun is used as basic form in reduplication type 2. From the object that have analyzed, the writer only got two examples.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
babukik-bukik hilly indicate situation
baribu-ribu thousands indicate numeral
Actually, there is the other example of noun that is used in reduplication type 13 in Minangkabau Language, such as: basuku-suku “tribes”.
(1) Kito tadiri dari basuku-suku bangsa. Kita terdiri dari bersuku-suku bangsa.
The word basuku-suku indicates the plural noun, many tribes.
In the object, the writer only found two examples of adjective that is used as basic form in reduplication type 2.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
bakilek-kilek flashing indicates situation
baelok-elok Nice indicates situation
Actually, there are the other examples of adjective as basic form in reduplication type 3 that can be found, such us: basakik-sakik ‘make every effort to do’, basanang-sanang ‘have a good time’.
The repetition that is formed by adjective in reduplication type 3 usually indicates situation. We could see from this sentence below:
(1) Lah muak hiduik hambo balum pernah hambo mancaliakkan unggeh nan saputih
iko balunya, bakilek-kilek bagai, ruponya bak cando gagak nangko agaknyo.
‘I have lived for a long time, but I never seen the bird that its feather too white, shine, and looks like a crow.’
The repetition bakilek-kilek (shine) explains the condition or situation of unggeh (bird)
.
d.Adverb
From the analysis, the writer found two examples of repetition that is used adverb as basic form in reduplication type 3.
Reduplication Meaning Analysis
basamo-samo together indicates situation
Furthermore, it can be seen from the sentence below:
(1) Di urang surau cako dimintak-mintakkanno rajano doa basungguah-sungguah
hati.
The king is prayed sincerely by the people that pray in sembahyang jumat.’ The repetition basungguah-sungguah (sincerely) explain the verb doa (pray).
The explanation and examples above have explained how reduplication type 3 are formed by using some part of speech, such as: verb, noun, adjective and adverb.
4.1.4 Type R-4 Basic Form + Reduplication + ber-…_an Basic Form + Reduplication + ba
Reduplication in this type usually indicates reciprocal meaning. It indicates actions that act repeatedly.
-…_an
Repetition Meaning Analysis
batolong-tolongan help each other indicates reciprocal meaning
Furthermore, it can be seen how batolong-tolongan is used in this sentence below:
(1) Kok leh amuah ang marilah kita batolong-tolongan
‘If you want, let’s help each other’
The repetition that is used in sentence above batolong-tolongan indicates action that acts each other or reciprocal meaning.
bajauh-jauhan ‘take apart each other’
4.1.5 Type R-5 Basic Form (Reduplication + ber-) Type R-5 Basic Form (Reduplication +
ba-Reduplication type 5 uses verb and noun as the basic form. If reduplication is formed by verb as basic form, it would indicate reciprocal meaning. But in the object, the examples of this type could not be found.
)
Actually, in Minangkabau language, the type of reduplication type 5 can be found, for examples:
anak-baranak ‘son and their parent’ (noun)
kait-bakaik ‘hook each other’ (verb)
Furthermore, it can be seen how the repetition above used in the sentences below:
(1) Anak-baranak mamakai baju putiah. ‘Son and their parent put on white shirt’
Both of them put on white shirt/ put on white shirt each other.
(2) Banangnyo kaik-bakaik dibajunyo
‘The thread hooks in her dress’
The repetition kaik-mangaik indicates the action that acts reciprocally.
There are several meanings that can be related with reduplication type 6. They are iterative/ continuingl and the other meaning is doing something without real purpose.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
manangih-nangih sob indicates action that is acted continuously
memareh-mareh squeeze indicates action that is acted continuously
mamatuik-matuik fitting indicates action that is acted continuously
malantua-lantua slurred indicates action that is acted continuously
mamuji-muji appreciating indicates action that is acted continuously
maminta-minta asking indicates action that is acted continuously
mamintak-mintak asking indicates action that is acted continuously
manyambah-nyambah
beg indicates action that is acted continuously
manggaruang-garuang
roar indicates action that is acted continuously
mahimbau-himbau asking indicates action that is acted continuously
mambubuik-bubuik pull up indicates action that is acted continuously
manggalapa-galapa flutter indicates action that is acted continuously
manipu-nipu lie indicates action that is acted continuously
mamangkua-mangkua
lap indicates action that is acted continuously
malonjak-lonjak skipping indicates action that is acted continuously
manjilek-jilek lick indicates action that is acted continuously
marauang-rauang wail indicates action that is acted continuously
maampiang-ampiang
approach indicates action that is acted continuously
mancigok-cigok pipe indicates action that is acted continuously
Most of the examples that are found in the object indicate action that is acted continuously.
Furthermore, we could see from the sentences below:
(1) Nan bungsu karajano tiok-tiok hari mauleh tali, nan lain mamatuik-matuik diri samiang, gilo malantua-lantua jari.
‘The youngest always hook the rope every day, while the others are busy to fit themselves in front of mirror and decorate their nails.’
The repetition mamatuik-matuik (fitting) and malantua-lantua (decorating) indicate actions that act continuously.
(2) Mereka malompek-lompek di tampek tidua.
‘They jump on the bed.’
The repetition malompek-lompek (jumping) indicates the action that is acted without real purpose.
The explanation and examples above have explained how reduplication type 3 are formed and the meaning of each repetition.
Reduplication type 7 can be formed by verb and it has reciprocal meaning. From the data that have analyzed, the writer only found one example for reduplication type 7.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
tolong-manolong help each other indicates reciprocal meaning
But actually there are the other examples of this type in Minangkabau language and it has reciprocal meaning such as:
imbau-mangimbau ‘ask each other’
calik-mancalik ‘call each other’
Furthermore, we could see that repetition above used in the sentence. (1) Walau marah tapi mereka calik-mancalik sajo karajonyo.
Although they are angry, they still look each other.
The repetition calik-mancalik in sentence above indicates reciprocal meaning.
(2) Mereka tolong-manolong.
‘They help each other’
The repetition tolong-manolong in sentence above indicates reciprocal meaning.
In type 8, reduplication that has produced has reciprocal meaning. From the data that has analyzed by the writer, the type of reduplication type 8 could not be found in the object, but actually, the kind of reduplication type 8 could be found in Minangkabau language and it indicates reciprocal meaning.
Examples:
cinto-mancintai ‘loving each other’
kasih-mangasihi ‘affecting each other’
Furthermore, it can be seen how that repetition above is used in a sentence. (1) Walau acok bakalahi tapi sabananyo mereka saling cinto-mencintoi.
‘Although they always quarrel, actually they love each other.’ The repetition above indicates reciprocal meaning.
4.1.9 Type 9 (Basic Form + Reduplication) + meN-…-kan (Basic Form + Reduplication) +
maN-Reduplication type 9 will produce verb by using verb, noun and adjective as basic form. But in the object, the writer only found verb as the basic form and the reduplication that has produced has iterative meaning.
…-kan
Repetition Meaning Analysis
mahampeh-hampehkan dash indicates action that is acted continuously
mampaolok-olokkan mock indicates action that is acted continuously
mampamain-mainkan playing indicates action that is acted continuously
mangadang-gadangkan ‘exaggerate’ (adjective)
mancameh-camehkan ‘worry’ (adjective)
mandewa-dewakan ‘idolize’ (noun)
Here the examples how the repetition in reduplication type 9 is used in the sentences.
Examples:
(1) Jadi manangilah kabau nantun manggaruang-garuang, mahampeh-hampehkan
badan, mahimbau-himbau anak, indak juo pulang.
‘So the buffalo cries, moans, casts his body and calls his daughter that has not go home yet.’
The repetition mahampeh-hampehkan ‘cast’ indicates the action that is acted by the subject continuously.
(2) Ibu mancameh-camehkan nyo.
‘Mother worries him.’
The repetition mancameh-camehkan ‘worry’ indicates the action that act by the subject continuously.
4.1.10 Type 10 Basic Form + Reduplication + meN-…-I Basic Form + Reduplication + maN
The basic forms that are used to form reduplication type 10 are verb, noun and adjective. The process of reduplication type 10 produce verb that has iterative meaning or act action continuously.
-…-I
Minangkabau language could be found and it indicates action that is acted continuously.
Examples:
mamukul-mukuli ‘beating’
manyumpah-nyumpahi ‘cursing’
manurun-nuruni ‘going down’
mangasih-ngasihi ‘affecting’
Furthermore, the sentences below show how the repetition in reduplication type 10 is used in the sentence:
(1) Rudi manyumpah-nyumpahi temannyo.
‘Rudi curses his friend.’
The repetition menyumpah-nyumpahi ‘cursing’ indicates that action is acted continuously by the subject (Rudi.)
(2) Anak-baranak mangasih-ngasihi.
The parents and their kids affect each other.
The repetition mangasih-ngasihi ‘affect each other’ indicates that action is acted continuously by the subject.
4.1.11 Type 11 ‘Basic Form + Reduplication + se-’ ‘Basic Form + Reduplication +
a. Noun
In the object, the writer only found one examples of noun as basic form in reduplication type 11.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
saurang-urang one by one quantitative intensity
The other examples according to informant, such as: sajawo-jawonyo ‘javanese’
b.Adjective
The meaning of adjective in reduplication type 11 is superlative/ concessive and the repetition usually is added with suffix –nya but in Minangkabau language suffix –nya become –nyo.
Repetition Meaning Analysis
sakuwek-kuweknyo (the) strongest indicates superlative
sabarek-barek (the) heaviest indicates superlative
saelok-elok (the) most beautiful indicates superlative
satinggi-tinggi (the) highest indicates superlative
sagigih-gigih (the) most shiver indicates superlative
sahabih-habihnyo (the) most rest indicates superlative
sagilih-gilih indicates superlative
sabuliah-buliah be able indicates superlative
samalam-malam (the) latest indicates superlative
All of the repetitions above indicate superlative. Furthermore, we could see that repetition in the sentence below:
(1) Nyo dihukum sabarek-bareknya.
‘He gets the heaviest punishment’
2.2.12 Type 12 ‘Basic Form + Reduplication + ke-+ (nya)’ ‘Basic Form + Reduplication + ka-+ (nyo)
Reduplication type 12 can be formed only with small number, except ‘satu’ or ‘ciek’ in Minangkabau language. And this repetition is added by suffix ‘-nya’ but in Minangkabau language, suffix –nya changes become –nyo.
’
From the data that has analyzed by the writer, the type of reduplication type 12 could not be found in the object, but actually, the kind of reduplication type 12 could be found in Minangkabau language.
Examples:
katigo-tigonyo “the three”
kalimo-limonya “the five”
We could see the repetition above in the sentences below: (1) Anak pak Andi katigo-tigonya padusi.
In English, we can say: ‘Mr.Andi has three daughters’
(2) Kalimo-limonya rancak bana
4.1.13 Type 13 ‘Basic Form +Reduplication + ke-…-an’ ‘Basic Form +Reduplication + ka-…-an
Reduplication type 13 can be formed by using adjective (the adjective that has no antonym, such as ‘color’) and noun as basic form and it produces adjective.
’
From the data that has analyzed by the writer, the type of reduplication type 13 could not be found in the object, but actually, the kind of reduplication type 13 could be found in Minangkabau language.
Examples:
kabiru-biruan “bluish” (adjective)
kabarek-barekan “western” (noun)
kaibu-ibuan “motherly” (noun)
We could see the repetition above in these sentences below:
(1) Karena Manahan sakiknyo mukonya kabiru-biruan.
His face becomes bluish because it hurts him so much.
(2) Mukonya kebarek-barekan.
His face looks western.
4.1.14 Type 14 Basic Form + Reduplication + -an
Reduplication in type 14 can be formed by using noun, adjective and verb. From the data that analyzed by the writer, the type of reduplication type 14 could not be found in the object, but according to some informants, the kind of reduplication type 14 could be found in Minangkabau language.
Examples:
oto-otoan ‘car (toy)’
Furthermore,it can be seen how the repetition in reduplicatIon type 14 in these sentences below:
(1) Adiak bamain jo oto-otoan.
‘My little brother plays with his toy.’ (2) Nyo lalok-lalokan di kamar.
‘He lays his body in the bedroom’
4.4.15 Type 15 ‘Basic Form + Reduplication + -em’ ‘Basic Form + Reduplication + -em
Reduplication in this type gets affixation, infix. Infix is bound morpheme that is inserted within the words. It can be formed by using adjective, noun and verb as the basic form.
’
From the data that has analyzed by the writer, the type of reduplication type 15 could not be found in the object, but actually, the kind of reduplication type 15 in Minangkabau language could be found.
Examples:
a. Noun as basic form
tali-tamali ‘hook’ indicate action
jari-jamari
