CODE MIXING IN DESTA AND GINA IN THE MORNING
PROGRAM ON PRAMBORS RADIO
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
PUTRI MASRITA LUBIS Registration Number: 8146111051
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
i ABSTRACT
Lubis, Putri Masrita. Registration Number: 8146111051. Code Mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning Program on Prambors Radio. A Thesis of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, State University of Medan. 2016.
ii ABSTRAK
Lubis, Putri Masrita. Nomor Registrasi: 8146111051. Campur Kode Pada Acara Desta and Gina in the Morning di Radio Prambors. Tesis dari Program studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan.2016
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH SWT, the most
Gracious and the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for
His blessing in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our
prophet Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.
During the process of completing this thesis, the writer has worked with a
great number of people, through their guidance, suggestions, and comments for
which the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude and special
thankfulness to:
The highest appreciation goes to her two advisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih,
MA., Ph.D. as her first advisor and Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA., Ph.D as her
second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.
Then, her appreciation also goes to DR. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., as the
Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and DR. Ani Holila
Pulungan, M.S., as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program
who have assisted her in processing the administration requirements during the
process of her studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of
Medan.
The writer’s great thank also goes to her reviewers and examiners, Prof.
DR. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Prof. DR. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., and DR.
iv
improvements for this thesis. She also would like to express her thankfulness for
all lecturers teaching her through during the academic years at LTBI.
Finally, her special gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents, Alm.
Masyuddin Lubis and Nurminah, who have given their pray, motivation, support,
and also endless love. And also special thank for her brother Dr. Masrul Lubis,
Sp.PD., who had paid all her scholar fee until the writer can finish her study,
thanks for his love, motivations, support, and also her beloved sisters drg. Putri
Masraini Lubis and Putri Kemala Dewi Lubis, S.E., M.Ak., thanks for their love
and always gives motivation and support to finish this thesis.
Then, last but not least, her gratitude goes to her friends of LTBI A3
XXIV who have supported her to conduct this Thesis. Thank you for all the time
that we share together in our study. The writer realizes that this thesis is still far
from perfection. That is why critics and suggestion are welcomed.
Medan, 30 June 2016 The Writer,
v
CHAPTER IV: DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Analysis ………... 44
4.1.1 Factors of Code Mixing ... 54
4.1.2 Functions of Code Mixing ... 55
4.1.3 Types of Insertion ... 56
vi
4.4 Findings ... 62
4.5 Discussion ... 62
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 64
5.2. Suggestions ... 64
REFERENCES……… ... 66
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1 Factors of Code mixing 57
Table 4.2 Functions of Code Mixing 58
Table 4.3 Types of Insertion 59
viii
LIST OF DIAGRAM
Page
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 3.1 Miles & Huberman’s Interactive Model 38
Figure 4.1 Factors of Code Mixing 55
Figure 4.2 Functions of Code Mixing 56
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the study
Most people in the world are bilinguals for various social needs, either for
local or global social interactions. Some other countries are able of speaking in
more than two languages. They are termed as multilingual. Basically, bilingualism
and multilingualism are similar phenomena. Both of them refer to communicate in
more than one language. They reinforce speakers to present “language-contact”
(Coulmas, 2005:108 & Hoffman, 1996:15) in an occasion. The results of the
contact are various. Some of them are code switching and code mixing. Code
switching and code mixing are common ways in, either bilingual or multilingual,
in communication. Code mixing, occurs when speaker incorporates small units
(words or short phrases) from one language to other in a single utterance. It is
often unintentionally produced and usually occurs in word level. This idea is in
line with Mc Laughlin’s (in Hoffman, 1996:110) that, “Code mixing takes place
within sentences and usually involve single lexical items.” For example, in
Indonesian language, someone probably says something like,
"Jangan suka ngejudge gitu donk, orang kan beda-beda" (Blogger, Blogspot.com, 2010)
From the example the word "judge" is the English word which is inserted in the
2
the whole sentence into English, but only uses one English word. As for code
switching, it occurs by mixing words or phrases from the two tongues together
during a course of speech. People commonly switch codes in the course of daily
conversation. For example, many bilingual people, who are fluent in English,
often employ code switching by inserting English words, phrases or sentences into
their utterances. The switching could be happened conscious or unconscious, as
what Coulmas states that, “Code-switching occurs where speakers are aware of
the two varieties being distinct and are able to keep them apart, although they may
not do so habitually and may not be conscious of every switch they make.”
(2005:110). In addition, Coulmas also states that although participants may
unconsciously perform code switching there is always a reason for the switching.
Here is an example of a speaker who switches Spanish and English in discussing
on giving up smoking:
I didn’t quit, I just stopped. I mean it wasn’t an effort I made que voy a dejar fumar proque me hace dano o (that I’m going to stop smoking because it’s harmful to me) this or that. I used to pull butts out of the wastepaper basket. I’d get desperate, y ahivoy al basurero a buscar, a sacar, (and there I got to waste basket to look for some, to get some), you know? (Gumperz and Eduardo Hernandez, 1983)
The important aspect to be discussed here is bilingualism can be defined as
the ability of speaker to use two languages. In term of bilingualism code switching
and code mixing often occur. The social effect of people who live in a bilingual
community has tendency to switch or mix codes when they communicate with
3
studies, wish to find out more about the phenomenon. A possible means of
experimentation is to examine relevant communicative situations performed by
speakers of two or in the case of multilingualism more language.
Furthermore the linguistics effect occurs when the speaker cannot express
himself adequately in one language and therefore switches to the other to make
good the deficiency. This may trigger the speaker to continue in the other
language for a while.
Indonesian language is as national language that unites many different
ethnic languages in Indonesia. It is also an official language and therefore its use
is considered formal. For most Indonesian people, especially those who live in
rural and remotes areas, Indonesian is their second language. Their first language
is their local language. People acquire the Indonesian language mostly in the
school environment in which they have relatively more time and opportunity to
practice it with the members of the school community.
In a globalization era has given any changing in an Indonesian society.
This condition might a foreign language, especially English, entered any kinds of
society life and influences Indonesia language development. This existence of
Indonesian language influenced global culture especially using foreign language.
The use of code mixing by Indonesian teenagers often occurs in radio.
Radio as one of mass communication media is used to convey information and
entertainment. Most of people listen to the radio at the same time during the week
4
are put together. Beside conveying solidarity, exhaustion, and a given attitude of
the broadcaster towards the listener, code mixing is able to express a great deal
more about the intention, needs etc. of the speaker, which are to be covered here.
The result of previous research if compared with the writer’s research is
different. In the previous research, the researcher has found the international
journal to compare with this research. The researcher looks for the finding of the
previous research as the guidance to data analysis. The journal done by Andleeb
Ehsan and Syed Abdul Aziz (2014) with title Code-Mixing in Urdu news of a Private
Pakistani Channel: a case study Findings of the research. The analysis of the
collected data reflected that code mixing is an integral part of Urdu news. It was
noted that only outer code mixing occurred in the recorded news item.
Furthermore, it was noticed that code mixing was at word level mostly and at
phrasal level rarely. It was also noticed that mostly the nouns were code-mixed.
The results of the study revealed that Urdu language is rich in vocabulary besides,
having some shortage in the vocabulary related to science and technology and
Government office register. The reason is that the research and progress in the
field of science and technology has been made by the west hence, the terminology
is in English language (see Table) English being an official language of Pakistan
dominates all important departments and spheres of the country. It is the language
of court, forces, government, trade & commerce and science & technology. It has
become an integral part of the society so much so that even politics could not
escape from its clutches. This resulted in mixing English code in all spheres of life
5
departments were used in English, although Urdu language has substitute of these
words.
This research focused on the impact of code mixing in Desta and Gina in
the Morning on Prambors radio station. Prambors radio is one of private radio
station which is broadcasted in Indonesia language, English and sometimes the
host used local language.
In Prambors Radio, the listeners do not only listen to the program but also
can participate within the program by requesting song, giving opinion, greeting
others people, answering quiz and etc. the host here is the person who works as
the broadcaster of the radio program, while the listeners are people who listen to
the radio to get information and entertainment.
Obviously the code mixing phenomenon employed by broadcasters and
the listeners of Prambors can be represented in following program Desta and
Gina in the Morning. The writer would like to describe Desta and Gina in the
Morning program of Prambors station as one of private radio in Indonesia.
Time : Every Monday to Friday at 09.00 – 11.00 pm
Broadcasters : Desta and Gina
Listeners : General people in all round Indonesia Program background : Telling something new weird words, music, gossip, national news and many more.
We can see in these examples at Desta and Gina in the morning program
6
Broadcaster Desta : “Met pagi semua, apa kabar?”
Broadcaster Gina : “Iya good morning everybody, ginama pada sehat penyanyinya biar kagak salah putar, ye…”
Code mixing present can be impacted to the listeners, because the listeners
often listen that broadcasting. Julianne E. Hammink (226) comments that code
switching and code mixing are often impact negatively. “It is often considered a
low prestige form, incorrect, poor language, or a result of incomplete mastery of
the two languages”. She also comments that these negative feelings tend to be
held by monolingual speakers. Some monolingual speakers, primarily language
purists, fear that “the use of a second language with the first will either keep the
first one from growing or debate it or cause confusion in the speaker’s mind.”
The positive impact used of code switching and code mixing in the
broadcasting as a strategy with which bilingual listeners are able to communicate
more effectively. Burenhult also agrees that the main function of code switching
and code mixing within broadcasting is to communicate. Effectively, since the
7
insecurity may be eased by code switching and code mixing into the language that
is most comfortable for the speaker or using the more readily available lexical
term. Another impact can be seen by interview the listeners.
That’s why code switching and code mixing is considered important to be
researched. This study is intended to observe and describe the phenomenon of
code switching and code mixing, especially Indonesian, English and local
languages which are often used by the broadcaster and will be impacted on
listeners of Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station.
1.2The Problems of the Study
This research is dealing with code switching and code mixing between
Indonesian and English and even local languages that used by the broadcaster in
Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio station. The focuses
of this research are formulated in the following questions.
1. What kinds of factors and functions of code mixing are performed by the radio
broadcasters when presenting their broadcasting in Desta and Gina in the
Morning program on Prambors Radio station?
2. What kinds of types of code mixing are also performed by the radio
broadcasters when presenting their broadcasting in Desta and Gina in the
8
3. How does code mixing give impact to the listeners from Desta and Gina in the
Morning program on Prambors Radio station?
1.3The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives are.
1. to explain the kinds of factors and functions of code mixing used by the
broadcasters in Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors Radio,
2. to explain the kinds of types of code mixing used by the broadcasters in Desta
and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors radio, and
3. to describe the impacts of code mixing used in Desta and Gina in the Morning
program on Prambors Radio station for the listeners.
1.4The Scope of the Study
In this study the writer make a limitation to obtain a clear explanation of
the matter that is being analyzed. The focus of this study to explain the types of
code mixing, and to find the probable reasons for the broadcasters and listeners to
switch Indonesian and English and local languages or mix Indonesian into English
and local languages when they uttered their utterances and the impact to the
9
1.5The Significance of the Study
The findings of study are beneficial, theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, it will useful to enrich writer insight sociolinguistics. Besides, the
writer hopes that this study will enlarge the view on sociolinguistics phenomenon
in our society, particularly the phenomenon of language use and sociolinguistics
aspects.
For the readers, the result of this thesis can be used as a reference on
sociolinguistics subject. As responsible educators they must be know where an
under what conditions alternation of language are employed.
Practically, this study is expected to give a meaningful contribution to the
sociolinguistic study. It is also hoped to be useful information for the students of
the English department, in particular, and for the sociolinguistic observers. And
last in general, who are interested in studying and analyzing language
64 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions
Conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1) The factors of Desta and Gina in the Morning program mix language because
speaker partner and situation. The other factors, such as bilingual or
multilingual prestige, absence of vocabulary and quoting are not found in
Desta and Gina in the Morning program on Prambors radio.
(2) The functions of code mixing in Desta and Gina in the Morning program are
communication strategy, expression of community and personality and style.
Identitymarketing and classification are not found in the data.
(3) The types of code mixing for Desta and gina in the Morning program is four
from six insertion. They are word, phrase, and reduplication and clause
insertions. Hybrid clause and idiom insertion are not occur in the data.
(4) There are some impact of code mixing for the listeners, they are they known a
little bit about English and vernaculars vocabularies and they can used in daily
life such as the broadcasters done, one of them felt close with her student in
school because she taught them using English in daily life, their English and
Indonesian and some vernacular languages can be increased and they often
followed the broadcaster’s style in speaking, will be increased their insight
65
they will be known the meaning from the broadcaster’s language because
broadcaster often done the repetition to Indonesian.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following.
(1) For readers who like to listening the radio program, should learn about code
mixing to avoid misunderstanding of the message that conveyed by the
broadcasters, because nowadays many broadcasters use code mixing when
they are broadcasting.
(2) For radio broadcasters, they should use language correctly, even if they mix
one language with another, they better use the language in the right structure
or grammar, and also the right pronunciation in order to make listeners
understand of their utterances easier. As it was found in this study, it is
suggested to the broadcaster to minimize use mix language into another
language, because broadcaster as trend setter to the listeners. All the things
that broadcaster said that will be followed by the listeners.
(3) For the researcher, it is suggested that this thesis would be places as the main
references in order to make a further that very significant to the problem of
66
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