METAPHOR IN HITAM PUTIH PROGRAM ON TRANS TV CHANEL.

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METAPHOR IN HITAM PUTIH PROGRAM

ON TRANS7 TV CHANNEL

by:

MASYITA

Registration Number: 809111037

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

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ABSTRACT

MASYITA. Registration number: 809111037, Metaphor in Hitam Putih Program on Trans TV Chanel. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.

The objectives of this study are to determine the types of metaphor used in Hitam Putih Talkshow, to find out the dominant type of metaphor in Hitam Putih talkshow and to describe how metaphor occurs in Hitam Putih talkshow. The data are collected by using documentary technique in metaphor only. There are seven data of Hitam Putih talkshow that represented speaker’s intension. The data are analyzed by using Miles’ and Huberman’s theory that consists of three steps, they are data reduction, data display and conclusion. The findings are implicit metaphor is used to express personal feeling, thoughts and ideas, to compare the vehicle (source) to tenor (target), and to evoke humor, personal reason based on social context. Meanwhile, explicit metaphor is used to describe /explain personal experience based on individual knowledge, and to build understanding between speakers with the listener in conveying the speaker’s intension. As a result, Hitam Putih Talkshow uses both implicit and explicit metaphor. But not all of editions use both of them. The dominant type of metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow is implicit metaphor and explicit metaphor are used by the host(s) and guest star(s) to express their feeling such as happiness, humor, sadness and love. They also are use to build understanding between host(s), guest star(s) and also audience, about their intension.

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ABSTRAK

MASYITA. Nimko: 809111037, Metaphor in Hitam Putih Program on Trans TV Chanel. Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan tipe-tipe metafora dalam Talkshow Hitam Putih, untuk menemukan tipe metafora yang dominan dan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana keberadaan metafora dalam Talkshow Hitam Putih. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi yang hanya mengambil ujaran yang menggunakan metafora saja. Kemudian data tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan teori Miles dan Huberman yang mencakup tiga tahap yaitu data reduksi, data display dan kesimpulan. Hasil penemuan antara lain bahwa implisit metafora digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perasaan, pikiran dan ide-ide, untuk membandingkan vehicle (sumber) dengan tenor (target), kemudian untuk memancing humor, dan untuk menyampaikan hal yang bersifat pribadi berdasarkan konteks sosial seseorang. Kemudian eksplicit metafora digunakan untuk menggambarkan atau menjelaskan pengalaman seseorang berdasarkan pengetahuannya dan untuk membangun pemahaman antara sipembicara dengan sipendengar dalam memahami maksud si pembicara. Sebagai kesimpulannya, Talkshow Hitam Putih menggunakan dua tipe yaitu implisit metafora dan eksplisit metafora. Akan tetapi tidak disemua edisi mennggunakan keduanya. Implicit metafora merupakan tipe yang mendominasi dan eksplisit metafora digunakan oleh sipembawa acara dan bintang tamu untuk mengekspresikan perasaan seperti bahagia, humor, sedih dan mengungkapkan rasa cinta. Metafora juga digunakan untuk menciptakan pemahaman antara sipembawa acara, bintang tamu dan juga para penonton.

Kata Kunci: Metaphor, Eksplisit metafora, Implisit metafora, Hitam Putih Talk show

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All praises belong to Allah, who has commanded us to spread peace to all

man kind and also who gave health, chance and capability to the writer to finish

the thesis. May peace and blessing of Allah be upon Prophet Muhammad SAW

who introduced us good behaviours.

Foremost, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to her

advisors, Dr. Dr. Syahron Lubis, MA and Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd for the

continuous support and guidance to finish the thesis, for their patience,

motivation, enthhusiasm, and immense knowledge given to the writer. Moreover,

the writer would like to express her thanks to the examiners, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih,

M.Pd, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Pd for their

suggestions, comments and questions for the thesis improvement. Their guidance

helped her all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Besides her advisors

and examiners, she would like to thank to all lecturers of English Applied

Linguistics Program for their encouragement and insights.

Sincere are expressed to her parents, H.Alimudin SE and Hj. Andriza and

her husband Syaiful Hendra for their support, love and care. Her special thanks

are also expressed to all her children, Talita Khansa, Faiha, Dzihni Mumtaz and

M. Gibran El Shaarawy for their support and love. Her special thanks also go to

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has supported in completing this thesis. Last, but not least, her thanks to her

friends especially of English Applied Linguistics Program for their support and

suggestions.

Finally, the writer hopes that the readers will give any comments, respons,

and corrections for the mistakes of this thesis. The writer realizes that this thesis is

still far from being perfect. May this thesis be useful and may it be one of the

references for the next research and enhance our knowledge. May Allah SWT

bless us forever. Amin ya Rabbal ‘alamin

Medan, June, 2015

The Writer

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LIST OF TABLE

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LIST OF FIGURE

The Percentage of the Metaphor Usage in Hitam Putih Talkshow ……… 71

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LIST OF APPENDICES

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1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language as a means of communication always takes place within some

sort of social context. Good in Thompson (2003) emphasizes that the use of

language lies at the very heart of social lives. This is why effective

communication requires an understanding and recognition of the connections

between a language and the people who use it. Communication is defined as a

means of transmitting information. To communicate means giving and getting

different amounts of information and various characters and qualities of

communicated messages at one time, which is conditioned by many factors such

as the time, place and subject matter of what is being transmitted from the

addressor to the addressee in a particular situation. The addressor communicates

because he intends not only to exchange information, but he also aims at affecting

the behavior of the addressee.

Then it can be said that these conditions are complex. Where, there are

situations where one is required to use slang with a friend or formal language with

a boss and to judge a candidate’s campaign speeches. All of these acts require

knowledge of the language, as well as the cultural and social forces acting on that

language. Social context is a major factor that drives one’s language choices. For

example, the language used in an interview situation is much concerned with how

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confident, for instance, or intelligent, so that one would make a good impression

during the interview. One makes decisions every day, or has decisions made about

her/himself by other people, based on the language use. Someone frewuently

evaluates a person’s education, socioeconomic level, background, honesty,

friendliness, and numerous other wualities by which a person speaks. When the

speaker wants to make a particular impression on someone else, s/he consciously

chooses her/his language, just as s/he chooses hair styles or clothing.

Language is not something somehow separated from the ideas it contains,

but the way language is used indicates a great deal about how the ideas have been

shaped. A speaker may say words clearly and use long complex sentences with

correct grammar, but s/he still has a communication problem if s/he has not

mastered the rules for social language known as pragmatics. In this study, the

speakers should understand appropriately the concept of the language which is

included in the area of linguistics.

This study will focus on the use of metaphor in “Hitam Putih” program on

trans7 TV channel. The writer chose this program because she was interested in

how the speakers use language in talk show. The speakers express their anger,

sadness, or happiness through their language. Sometimes, they use metaphor to

express their feeling. It was used to make some analogies or similarities of

characteristic of one thing and another thing. For example when Abraham Samad

said,”teror itu sudah seperti sarapan pagi”. the phrase sarapan pagi means that

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To investigate metaphor in a media such TV text and to describe

metaphors’ forms and functions, firstly they have to be reliably and systematically

identified in order to create a solid basis for analysis. In order to do so, here are

two major approaches to identify metaphor in discourse. Firstly, metaphor

analysis can be approached top-down, i.e. the researcher starts out from (a)

conceptual metaphor(s) and then searches for linguistic expressions that are

compatible with that mapping (Chilton, 1996). Secondly, the search for

metaphorically used words can be tackled from the bottom up (Pragglejaz Group,

2007) – without presuming a specific conceptual metaphor. Only at a later stage

are conceptual metaphors derived from the linguistic expressions that have been

identified.

In identify a metaphor, an approach of language in using as a symbolic

system and not as a cognitive process. Steen’s (2007) proposal was used to

distinguish the different levels of analysis. Such a careful separation allows for

more precise formulation of metaphor identification criteria and will thus lay the

groundwork for ensuing analysis that may look at metaphor processing or may

examine metaphorical patterns and how they relate to, for example, register, word

class, style or communicative goals, focusing on how language is used in

discourse. For example, Charteris Black (2004) demonstrates the role of metaphor

in the development of ideology by examining its persuasive function. Semino

(2008) explores the forms and functions of metaphors in different genres and

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contexts to conventional metaphorical patterns in language generally. Similarly,

Cameron (2003) puts metaphor in use at the center of attention, emphasizing the

importance of taking context into account. Metaphor can be approached as a

system of language or a system of thought (Steen, 2009). This thesis deals with

both of these approaches. Since language and thought present two different levels

of analysis, they each rewuire a different methodological treatment. One linguistic

form does not necessarily correspond to one clearly delineated concept and may

be connected to several levels of generality in conceptual structure.

This study referes to the use of metaphor in “Hitam Putih” a program on

Trans7 TV Channel. Hitam Putih is a talk show which is broadcast on Trans7 TV

channel. This program becomes one of a wanted program which is waited by

society of Indonesia. In this channel, familiar public figure such as celebrity and

actors or artists to be inspiration. Hitam Putih is a talk show program which is

carried out through the mind reading. It means that when the participants are

being interviewed by the host (Dedy Corbuzier), he/she will be powerless because

of being bullied by the wuestions from the host which force them to explain about

his/her life unconsciously. During the talk show, the host also will entertain the

audience with some of wonderful attractions, where all the audience may laugh

out loud.

Hitam Putih program is not going to be concerned in making this study, but

what is going to be concerned in this study is the language use. Simply it can be

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program. There are some reasons for choosing the metaphor used in Hitam Putih

program on Trans7 TV Channel as the object of the study. First, this program is

known for indirection in their linguistics behavior, especially the host and the

participant talk about unfamiliar things. Second, the program of Hitam Putih is a

program which has great aspect of language. Because the language use in the

Hitam Putih program is different among the host and the participants which are

invited to be the respondents in the TV program. The language in this program is

used to express the feeling that evoke among speakers. Sometimes, they s/he uses

metaphor to express fear, anger or sadness. Finally, this studies which was focused

on the use of metaphor in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel was rarely

found or conducted due to the limitation of data sources. These facts serve to be a

motivation to conduct the present study dealing with the use of metaphor in Hitam

Putih program on Trans7 TV channel in order to find out what types of metaphor

which are used in the program of Hitam Putih.

1.2 The Focus of the Study

The study is focused on Lexical metaphors. Lexical metaphors concerns

with the lexemes or words in primary meaning that are compared to the other. The

concept of lexical metaphors is related to the explicit meaning and implicit

meaning which is used by the speakers in Hitam Putih Talk Show.

1.3 The Problems of the Study

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following:

(1) What types of metaphor are realized in Hitam Putih program on Trans7

TV Channel?

(2) What is the dominant type of metaphor used in Hitam Putih program on

Trans7 TV Channel?

(3) How do the metaphors occure in relating to the speakers’ intension in

Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel?

1.4 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

(1) to find out the types of metaphor which are realized in Hitam Putih

program on Trans7 TV Channel

(2) to find out the dominant type of metaphor that useful in Hitam Putih

program on Trans7 TV Channel

(3) to describe how the context of using metaphors in Hitam Putih program on

Trans7 TV Channel

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to be useful relevant theoretically

and practically, where they are expected to enrich the theories of linguistics

especially about metaphor, specifically the spoken language of certain aspect such

as media or in a certain community and this study considers being useful initially

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they express metaphor in the situation. Consewuently, it will give better

understanding and new insight on how metaphor is related to the aspect of

linguistics study. This contribution will in turn give tentative framework for a

comprehensive analysis of metaphorical expressions.

Since this research was focused on metaphor used in Hitam Putih program

on Trans7 TV Channel, hopefully the findings will be useful for teachers and

lecturers of linguistics to apply the metaphorical expression specifically in

linguistics to the students either in university or high school which occur in daily

conversation, then the students knowledge about the metaphor can be enlarged

and brightened and also for the general people, they would have a clear

understanding about the metaphorical expressions such as media or in a certain

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclussions

After describing and analyzing the metaphors in Hitam Putih Talkshow,

the writer can draw some conclussions as follows:

(1) Hitam Putih Talkshow used implicit and explicit metaphor. But not all

editions used both of them. Sometimes only implicit metaphor occured in

Hitam Putih Talkshow

(2) The dominant type of metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow is implicit type.

There is 79.57% of implicit metaphor used in Hitam Putih Talkshow.

(3) Implicit and explicit metaphor were used by the host(s) and guest star(s) to

express their feeling of happiness, humor, sadness and love. They also were

used to build understanding between host(s), guest star(s) and also audience,

about their intension.

5.2 Suggestions

Metaphor as part of language is often used both by ordinary people and

educated people. Based on the purposes, metaphors can be used to inform, or to

explain, even to refer to humor hence people understand the speakers’ intension.

in this study, the writer limited to one of Talkshow program especially Hitam

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(1) The students especially of linguistics should study sematic especially

metaphors in order to find out the variation of metaphor based on its theme.

(2) The lecturers who teach language, should provide a lot information in

semantics field and discourse. In addition, they also should enrich it through

translation because the metaphor is arbitrary.

(3) For the other reserchers, the information of metaphor in Hitam Putih

Talkshow is based on linguistic needs more extensive research from the

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