Structural Decription of Bindu N. Lohani on The Jakarta Post Newspaper

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STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS OF

BINDU N. LOHANI ON

THE JAKARTA POST

NEWSPAPER

A PAPER WRITTEN

BY

YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA

REG. NO : 122202077

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY

NORTH SUMATERA UNIVERSITY

MEDAN

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It has been proved by Supervisor,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP. 19521 1261981121 001

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP. 19521 1261981121 001

Approved by the Diploma III English Study Program

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatra

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of

Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on August 2015

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis,MA NIP. 19511013197603 1 001

Board of Examiners Signature

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I,YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA, declare that I am the sole author of this

paper.Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper

contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a

paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main

text of this paper.This paper has not been submitted for the award of another

degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ………

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA

Title of Paper : Structural Decription of Bindu N. Lohani on The

Jakarta Post Newspaper

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion

of the Librarian of the Diploma III Department Faculty of Cultural Study USU on

the understanding that users are made aware of their under law of the Republic of

Indonesia.

Signed : ……….

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ABSTRACT

In order to write this paper, the writer applied descriptive linguistics technique

with the required data which are taken from written text, that was found in the

newspaper of Jakarta Post which was published on Saturday March 14th, 2015. In the paper the writing of Bindu N. Lohani the vice-president sustainable

development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank. The whole

data will be given the descriptions dealing with the form of sentences used and so

the tenses he applied. The title of his writing is entitled Sendai Meeting is Key

Chance to Build Asia’s Disaster Resilience. So as the descriptions showing to the

writer of this paper that he uses two forms of sentences, they are affirmative and

negative out of thirty-three sentences. There are six different tenses he applied,

they are Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Future

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ABSTRAK

Kertas karya tulis ini membicarakan tentang pola-pola kalimat yang digunakan

oleh Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge

management, Asian Development Bank beserta dengan tenses dalam bahasa

Inggris. Untuk mendeskripsikan tulisan tersebut penulis menggunakan teknik

linguistik deskriptif dengan menggunakan data dari bahan tertulis. Setelah seluruh

kalimat didiskripsikan maka dapatlah ditemukan bahwa Lohani hanya

menggunakan dua bentuk kalimat, yaitu kalimat berita dan kalimat menidakkan

dalam pola kalimat Subjek—Predicate—Complement. Tenses yang digunakan

ada sebanyak enam tenses, yaitu Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Allah subhanahu wata’ala for blessing

and giving me time, guidance, strength, and enlightment so I can finally complete

this paper which is one of my requirements as a student of English department to

achive the degree of Diploma III at Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of

Sumatera Utara.

I have to admit that I could never finish this paper if I were not surrounded

by some amazing people who made me make a short list of thankfulness:

• My deepest love to my beloved parents, Sugianto, SH and Sri Mawar

Wati for their prayers, patiences, and supports. They are the greatest gift in my life; and also to

• My brothers Arief Prayudha and Hafizul Ichsan.

• My sincere thanks to Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring M.A., as the Head of

Diploma III English Study Program and my supervisor, for his time,

advice, and patience.

• My sincere thanks to Drs.Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum. as reader of my

paper.Thankyou for your time,care,patience in completing this paper.

• My sincere thanks to Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., as the Dean of Faculty of

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• My deepest gratefulness to all lecturers and staffs in Diploma III English

Study Program for having given me their great support, advice, and

knowledge sincerely for the latest three years.

• My deepest thanks to my best friends (Budel, Gilang, Fuad, Ferdinan,

Jefry, Rico, Dhuha, Abangda Yoze, Abangda Achmad, Abangda Hery, Bobby, Krib-krib, Arfie, Faris and Veritas) for loyalty, love, suggestion, happy time, and sad time.

• My sincere thanks to all my friends in SOLIDAS.

I do realize that there are some mistakes in writing this paper which make

it away from exelence. Therefore, all criticisms and suggestions are trully

expected to improve it.

Finally, I wish this paper can be useful to all readers especially those who

are interested in making it as a reference of any purposes.

Medan, August 2015

The writer,

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_INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Writing

The title of this paper is ‘Structural Descriptions of Bindu N. Lohani on the

Jakarta Post Newspaper’ and the problems to be written down is structures of the

language used by Lohani in the newspaper deals with Sendai Meeting in Japan and

this newspaper was published on Saturday March 14th, 2015.

The use of language primarily and predominantly involves making noises with

our speech organs and receiving other people’s speech noises through our ears. It

is not a necessary condition of a language’s existence that it should have a written

form or indeed any form other than talk. All natural languages had a very long

history as solely speech before they were ever written down or became associated

with rules of spelling and punctuation. Many languages exist in the world today

which have still never been written down. Most of the changes that affect

languages in time and space are to be explained in terms of language as spoken

and heard. Most of the difficulties we experience in using language in what we

have called here its more ‘exotic’ ways (writing an essay, for example) arise from

the fact that our chief competence in the use of language lies in talking it.

In other words, it is vital to grasp that although we can transmit language by such

‘unnatural’ means as radio or telex, and can use language for highly sophisticated

and intellectual purposes such as the statement of atomic theory, all languages are

geared primarily to the quite ordinary needs of ordinary people and to the quite

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education to forget this and to think of language primarily in terms of its written

manifestations.

If all this makes it seem that language is a rather primitive activity, perhaps we

ought to dwell on this for a moment, since we have here a word that is often used

ill-advisedly in discussions of language. Many people think that ‘primitive’ is

indeed a term to be applied to languages, though only to some languages, and not

usually to the language they themselves speak. They might agree in calling

‘primitive’ those uses of language that concern- greetings, grumbles, and

commands, but they would probably believe that these were especially common in

the so-called ‘primitive languages’. These are misconceptions that we must

quickly clear from our minds.

‘Language exists to express our thoughts.’ We have seen some of the reasons for

questioning this sweeping generalisation. There are several others. Voltaire is

among those who have been cynical about language: People, he said, ‘n’emploient

les paroles que pour deguiser leurs pensees’. Goldsmith has a similar comment:

‘The true use of speech is not so much to express our wants as to conceal them.’

The Danish philosopher Kierkegaard went one better even than this: People use

language not merely to conceal their thoughts, he said, but to conceal the fact that

they have no thoughts.

Among the many attempts at categorising language functions, let us look at the

one suggested by the distinguished linguist Roman Jakobson (1896—1982). He

postulated six ‘factors’ in human communication:

• the speaker

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• the code — that is, the conventions (words, grammar, etc) of the language common to speaker and addressee

• the message — what the speaker says in the ‘code’

• the context — the things, qualities, actions that the speaker wants to talk about

• the contact — the relations between speaker and addressee Directly related to these ‘factors’ are Jakobson’s six functions:

1). Emotive (speaker-related): The speaker seeks to express feeling, as in ‘I’m

terribly sorry about your father’s illness’ or ‘How marvellous that your daughter

has passed her law exam.’

2). Conative (addressee-related): The speaker seeks the achievement of a goal, as

in ‘Two tickets for this evening’s performance, please.’

3). Metalingual (related to the form of the code): The speaker is talking, for

example, in English about English, as in ‘What’s the plural of syllabus?’ or ‘That

sounds unkind; let me rephrase it.’

4). Poetic (related to the form of the message): Though not necessarily in verse,

the message is intended to catch the eye or ear with an aesthetic impact, as in

‘Wash whiter with WHIZ!’

5). Referential (context-related): The primary concern of the message is with

information, as in ‘Hilda’s plane was delayed in Houston’ or ‘I am staying at the

Grafton Hotel’ or ‘What is the atomic weight of mercury?’

6). Phatic (contact-related): The speaker’s focus is upon achieving a relationship

with the addressee, as in ‘Good morning, Bill’ or ‘Nice to see you’ or ‘Thank you

very much indeed’ or ‘Not at all — you’re welcome.’ But we can also regard as

phatic such formulaic uses of language as in testing an address system (One, two,

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We shall have more to say about language functions as we consider English in use

throughout this book, but for the moment let us just make clear that these

functions are not necessarily divided off in separate watertight compartments. An

utterance may readily involve several functions simultaneously; for example,

phatic, referential, and implicitly conative functions in:

It is important to notice how things have been put in making this distinction.

Language is our capacity to talk to each other. The word ‘talk’ is used not merely

to avoid a rather more technical and high-sounding word like ‘communicate’;

‘talk’ is actually more precise and more relevant to the special nature of human

language than ‘communicate’. In the first place, all creatures—cat, sparrow, and

bee—can be said to communicate with each other to some extent. They can attract

each other’s attention, warn of danger, woo their mates, and direct the way to

food. We are still learning just how well animals can communicate with each

other, but even so, there can be no doubt that animal communication is extremely

rudimentary as compared with the complex and subtle control of language

possessed by the most unskilled labourer or illiterate peasant. It is therefore

appropriate to say that language involves ‘talk’ to emphasise that language is a

peculiarly human activity.

In the second place, ‘talk’ is useful for the present purpose because it specifies the

basic and dominant way in which human beings communicate. As we have

already seen in this chapter, it is far from being the only way. We use language

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code. But all these are derivative from talk, and—important as they are—they are

for most of us relatively specialised functions as compared with ‘mere talk’.

1.2 The Problems

1). What types of sentences are used by Lohani in telling the news which is

dealing with the Sendai Meeting held in Japan on March 14-18?

2). What are the tenses applied to tell the news to the readers?

1.3 The Scopes of Writing

While someone is writing about something there will be a tramendous things to

be written. The title of this writing is deal with the structural used, so structures

are still very general, therefore the writer of this paper limits his descriptions deal

with the types of sentences and also the tenses used in Lohani writing found in the

Jakarta Post Newspaper which was published on Saturday March, 14th 2015.

1.4 The Purposes of Writing

When someone is walking through of course he or she has a goal to be reached,

therefore in writing this paper of course there will be the purposes to be reached.

The writer wants to find out the description of Lohani’s language deals with the

types of sentences and tenses used in the newspaper while he is telling or spread

the news about the meeting held in Sendai Japan.

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In writing a paper there can be applied a variety of methods, such as field research

method, library research method, experiment method, etc. For this kind of paper

the writer is applying the library research because all the required data to be

described are taken from writtent text, the Jakarta Post Newspaper which was

published on Saturday March, 14th 2015. The title of the news is Sendai Meeting

is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Dosaster Resilience. The meeting was held in

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2.

_{REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE}

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally perfect as instruments of

communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any

other for saying the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be

appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter.

Certainly, not all groups of people. are equally competent in nuclear physics or

psychology or the cultivation of rice or the printing of batik cloth. But this is not

the fault of their language. The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with far

more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the

Eskimo language (one of those sometimes mis-called ‘primitive’) is inherently

more precise and subtle than English. This example does not illustrate a defect in

English, a show of unexpected ‘primitiveness’. The position is simply and

obviously that the Eskimos and the people who speak English live in different

environments and adapt their languages accordingly. The English language would

be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the

environments in which English w s habitually used made such distinctions

important.

To produce or to understand a complicated sentence, we need a firm grasp on its

underlying simple structure. In the following summary, the seven most common

patterns are sorted out according to whether or not the verb carries along any

complements, and, if so, how many and what kind. For each sentence pattern, the

summary first shows the simple, bare-bones model. It then shows the pattern as it

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modifiers, second, through the duplication of one or more basic parts; and, third,

through inversions, or variations in word order.

Pattern one: Subject—Verb (S-V)

This is the bare-minimum sentence in English. The verb alone serves as the

complete predicate. Verbs used in this pattern are called intransitive they are not

“in transit” to anything; they are not going anywhere.

Example : Kites fly. Mary nodded. The rain had stopped.

Varied : A cat may look on a king.

Pattern two : Subject—Verb—Object (S-V-O)

In this pattern, a transitive verb carries the action of the subject across to a second

noun (or noun substitute). The difference between a transitive and an intransitive

verb is like that between a through road and a dead-end street. The second noun

becomes part of the basic structure of the sentence and is called the direct object.

In many sentences, it acts as the target of an action, the result of a performance.

Examples : Dogs chase cats.

Varied : The heavens declare the glory of God.

Pattern three : Subject—Linking Verb—Noun, (S-LV-N)

In this pattern, the verb pins a label on the subject. The label is a second noun that

serves as a description of the first. The second noun in this pattern is often called a

predicate noun. The verb linking it to the subject is called a linking verb. Most

commonly the linking verb is a form of be. Occasionally, especially in British

usage, the linking verb is a verb like feel, seem, or remain:

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Varied : Man is the measure of all things.

Pattern four: Subject—Linking Verb—Adjective (S-LV-Adj)

In this pattern, the linking verb again pins a label on the subject. But this time the

label is not a second noun. It is rather a word chosen from the third major word

class: an adjective. Adjectives are words like warm, slender, blue, heavy,

beautiful, ladylike, studious. They typically fit in after intensifiers like very, fairly,

extremely: very short, fairly expensive, extremely beautiful. In comparisons, they

use forms with -er/-est or are preceded by more and most: older than my brother;

more difficult .than you think. The adjective that follows the linking verb is often

called a predicate adjective. Verbs that may serve as linking verbs in this pattern

include be, seem, appear, become, grow, turn, feel, taste, sound, smell, and look:

Examples : Men are mortal.

V`aried : All the boys seemed to him very strange.

Pattern five : Subject—Verb—Indirect Object—Object (S-V-IO)

In this pattern, a transitive verb makes a detour through a second complement

before carrying the action across to the direct object. The additional noun (or noun

substitute) inserted between the verb and direct object is called the indirect object.

Typically, the indirect object shows the intended recipient or destination. By its

position, that is, by word order, it conveys a meaning that at a different point in

the sentence would have to be shown by a preposition indicating to whom or for

what. Verbs that fit this pattern include give, send, teach, write, buy, leave, lend,

offer, show, ask:

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Varied : Thou canst not every day give me thy heart.

Pattern six : Subject—Verb—Object—Object Complement (S-V-O-OC)

In this pattern, a transitive verb first carries the action or process across to the

object. We then go on to a second complement that pins a label on the object. In

this pattern, the label pinned on the object is an additional noun (or noun

substitute), called the object complement. The resulting pattern looks the same as

Pattern Five but is put together differently. In Pattern Five, there is a triangle

relationship of “Sender Destination — Missive.” What is sent and to whom are

two quite different things. In Pattern Six, we have a combination of Pattern Two

(“I consider John”) and Pattern Three (“John is a fool”). As a result, in “I consider

John a fool” John and the fool are the same person. Verbs that fit this pattern

include consider, think, call, make, name, choose, elect, vote, appoint:

Example : I consider John my friend.

Varied : A child’s laughter makes the darkness light.

Pattern seven : Subject—Verb—Object—Adjective (S-V-O-Adj)

In this pattern we again have the verb pin a label on the object. This time, the

label is an adjective. The result is a combination of Pattern Two, and Pattern Four

(“This action is premature”). Combining these two statements, we arrive at “I

consider this action premature.” Verbs that fit this pattern include some of the

verbs from Pattern Six, but also many others: consider, think, call, make,’ find,

paint, turn, keep.

Example : I consider John eligible.

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When you start looking for the basic patterns that underlie actual

sentences, remember the following cautions:

(1) Not all complete utterances fit the subject-predicate pattern.

In spoken English, but also in imaginative writing, we find many units that are

grammatically self-contained and yet lack subject or verb or both. Many

exclamations consist merely of a noun cluster:

What a man!

My ticket!

Many casual remarks sound like a sentence of Pattern Three or Four from which a

mere filler subject like it and a form of be have been omitted:

(It is a) Beautiful day today.

Subject or verb or both are missing from many familiar sayings balancing one

thing off against the other:

(2) Some familiar sentence types fit the basic patterns only imperfectly. The

following sentences use be as a main verb (and not as an auxiliary); and be does

not link a noun or an adjective to the subject. We would therefore classify it as an

intransitive verb in Pattern One:

Your brother was here.

Here and abroad belong to the fourth major word class. They are adverbs — in

this case, adverbs of place. Usually we would treat these as optional modifiers

added to the basic pattern. But here the basic pat tern does not seem complete

until the adverb has been added. Some grammarians would therefore list a Pattern

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(3) Some sentences do not fit the familiar basic patterns at all. In the following

sentences, the verb is an intransitive verb that fits Pattern One, but at the same

time it acts as if it were a linking verb that pins a label on the subject:

Grandmother died happy

In the following sentence, the fourth element in the basic pattern pins a label on

the subject—rather than on the object:

He left the casino a millionaire.

In other words, our listing of basic patterns is not intended as a complete

inventory of possible sentence types. But it does furnish us with the most common

among the simple structures that more complicated sentences expand, vary, and

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3.

_{THE STRUCTURAL DESCRITION}

Before the writer of this paper is going to give the description of the language

applied by Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and

knowledge management, Asian Development Bank he would like to explain a

little bit about the grammar of English, because it can be understood that the title

of this writing is Structural Description.

The term ‘grammar’ is used in a number of different senses—the grammar of a

language may be understood to be a full description of the form and meaning of

the sentences of the language or else it may cover only certain, variously

delimited, parts of such a description. Here we shall use it in one of these

narrower senses, embracing syntax and morphology. Syntax is concerned with the

way words combine to form sentences, while morphology is concerned with the

form of words. We will launch without delay into a discussion of basic concepts

in syntax and morphology, returning in to the distinction between grammar in this

sense and various other components of a full description and to the basis for

dividing grammar into syntactic and morphological subcomponents. The only

terms that we shall need to anticipate are sentences.

Syntax deals with combinations of words, we have said, morphology with the

form of words. But again the term ‘word’ has been used in a variety of senses. For

our immediate purposes it will suffice to draw just one distinction, which we can

approach by considering the relation between, say, tooth and teeth: are they

different words or the same word? From one point of view they are clearly

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and they occur in different positions in Sentences (so that we could not, for

example, replace tooth by teeth in This tooth is loose or teeth by tooth in These

teeth are loose, and SC) on). Yet they are also traditionally said to be different

forms of the same word. This is a more abstract sense: we abstract away the

differences between them to isolate what is common to both. It will, be helpful to

distinguish both terminologically and notationally between these two senses. I

shall use word for the less abstract concept, lexeme for the more abstract one, and

I shall cite words in ordinary italics, Iexeme in bold face italics. We accordingly

say that tooth and teeth arc different words, but forms of the same lexeme tooth.

More specifically, we will say that tooth is the ‘singular’ form of tooth and that

teeth is its ‘plural’ form. The words tooth and teeth are thus each analysed into

two components, the abstract lexeme and what we shall call an inflectional

property. These properties are relevant to both the morphological and syntactic

components ofthe grammar (and for this reason are commonly referred to also as

‘morphosyntactic properties’). The morphology will include rules for deriving the

various inflectional forms of a lexeme from the ‘lexical stem’, while the syntax

will include rules specifying under what conditions a lexeme may or must carry a

given inflectional property. Thus it is a fact of morphology that the plural of tooth

is teeth, whereas it is a fact of syntax that if tooth enters into construction with this

there must be ‘agreement’ in number, i.e. both must cai5ry the singular inflection

or both the plural. Similarly, the morphology will tell us that the ‘past participle’

of the verb see is seen, whereas the syntax will say that a past participle is

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Not all words enter into inflectional contrasts such as we find between tooth and

teeth, this and these, or see, sees, saw, seeing and seen. Usually, as with words

like because, of however, besides, this is because there is simply no inflectional

property present at all — and, precisely because there is no inflectional property

to abstract away, the concept of lexeme will be inapplicable in such cases. Thus

because is a word that is not a form of any lexeme. In other cases we can

recognise an inflectional property even though it is not independently contrastive:

alms does not contrast with singular alm, but we can still analyse it as a plural

form, and conversely equipment does not contrast with plural * equipments but

we can still analyse it as a singular form. In these cases we can invoke the concept

of lexeme, so that equipment, for example, will be the singular form of the lexeme

equipment. When we say that equipment has a singular form but no plural form

we are talking about the same kind of entity as when we say that tooth has tooth

as its singular form and teeth as its plural form. But it is of course contrasts like

that between tooth and teeth that provide the raison d’être for the lexeme concept:

if it were not for these we would have no lexeme—word distinction, tooth and

teeth that provide the raison deter for the lexeme concept: if it were not for these

we would have no lexeme-word diustinctin, tooth vs tooth, to generalize to cases

like equipment vs equipment.

In drawing the patterns of the Lohani writing in the newspaper of Jakarta Post is

begun or started from the title. The title of the news can be paraphrase as

following.

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Subject (S) Lingking verb

they have possibly the biggest-ever opportunity to build the infrastructure and other defenses the infrastructure and other defenses the world needs to withstand the worst ravages of typhoons, earquakes, droughts and other disasters. (1)

Adv. S Comp.

cost some 403.000 lives in developing Asia alone while losses totaled US$436 billion-or $120 million per day.(2)

Subject (S) Verb Complement

some 403.000

lives while losses totaled US$436 billion-or $120 million per day.(2

PT S V Comp.

will become more frequent and more intense without action now to better prepare ourselves. (3)

Subject Predicate Complement

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Data (4)

a new framework for disaster risk reduction to succeed the Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year agreement adopted in January 2005 by 168 governments. (4)

Future Tense

Data (5)

Most of Asia faces significant exposure to a wide array of natural hazards. (5)

Subject Verb Complement

Present Tense (PT)

Data (6)

The 2005 world conference

occured in the immediate wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami that caused 230.000 fatalities in 14 countries in Asia and East Africa. (6)

Past Tense

from India and Pakistan in the west to Samoa in the east. (7)

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Data (8)

The avalanches in Afghanistan in February and March

are merely the latest natural hazards to bring tragedy. (8)

Subject LV Complement

Present Tense

Data (9)

Scuh disasters, which wipe out farmland and jobs,

Subject predicate complement

Present Tense

Subject hit the poorest of the region particularly hard ....

Predicate complement

Present Tense

they live in flood prone coastal areas or river plains, fall back on,

Present tense

it can take it can take some families a decade or more to recover. (9)

Present Tense

Data (10)

Despite the alarming statistics, the post decade

has seen signifcant progress on the back of commitments made in 2005. (10)

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Present Perfect Tense

Data (11)

Early warning systems

have improved from better forecasting, dissemination and evacuation capabilities. (11)

Data (12)

Thanks to such

preparation, a powerfull cyclone that

struct struct densely populated areas along India’s east coast in 2013 resulted in only 47 fatalities despite affecting 13.2 million people.(12)

Present Tense

Data (13)

Scientific tools such as satellite and remote sensing technologies and advances in disasters modeling

have also opened up

huge opportunities for better management of disaster risk by supporting measures

Present Perfect

sensitive land use risk planning

Present Tense

... enhanced infrastructure design and sustainable disaster risk solutions.(13)

Verb Complement

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Data (14)

“Building back better” has become another new mantra. (14)

Present Perfect

Data (15)

Governments and development partners now recognize

recognize that disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts

Present Tense

that disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts

must integrate measures to strengthen resilience to future natural hazards. (15)

Present Tense

Data (16)

progress has been more disappointing. (16)

Subject Predicate

Data (17)

disaster risk information

Subject Verb Object

Present Tense

disaster risk management legislation

Verb Complement

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have not yet translated into significant action on the ground to

remains weak in developing Asia Less than 5 percent of disaster losses

Present Tense

... are

insured

compared with 40 percent in developed countries,

LV+Verb

Present Tense

use of capital market instruments to offset risk is rare. (18)

Present Tense

Data (19)

The region should consider financial instruments such as pooling

Past Future

... risk to reduce insurance costs, catastrophe bonds or pre-agreed loans

Predicate Complement

Present Tense

countries can call on in the event of disasters.

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Present Tense

Data (20)

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Subject LV + V Complement Present Continuous Tense

... risk financing instruments for selected cities in Indonesia, the Philipines, Vietnam and at a national level in Bangladesh. (20) Verb Complement

Present Tense Data (21)

But none of these instruments

will be realized without strong commitment from governments. (21)

Future Tense

Data (22)

By 2050, 64 percent of Asia–a full 3.3 billion people

will live in cities,

Future Tense

which are already both economic centers and highly vulnerable to climate change. (22)

Present Tense

Data (23)

Recent research shows that of the 100 global cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazards, more than half are in Asia – 21 in the Philippines, 16 in Cina, 11 in Japan and eight in Bangladesh. (23)

Present Tense

Data (24)

... To protect economies and lives

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Present Tense

we must therefore protect existing infrastructure and climate proof new infrastructure. (24)

Subject Predicate Complement Present Tense Data (25)

Leadership and strategic planning is Key. (25)

Present Tense

Data (26)

The provincial government of Albay in the Philippines, which routinely

faces coastal flooding, volcanic activity

Present Tense

and typhoons, has set an excellent example.(26)

Present Perfect

Data (27)

Through risk-mapping software, early warning systems and innovative knowledge initiatives such as its Disasters

risk Reduction and Climate Change Academy for local government units,

Present Tense

it is already reducing the damage from disasters.(27)

Subject LV + Verb

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long-term sustainability over more short-long-term growth in some instances. (28)

Subject LV+V Complement

Present Continuous Tense

Data (29)

This requires visionary leadership, learning lessons from others and integrating disaster

Present Tense

... risk considerations into all investment decisions in hazard-prone areas. (29)

Verb Complement

Present Tense

Data (30)

This is a message

Present Tense

that also needs to be conveyed needs to be conveyed clearly when

Subject Predicate Adverb

Present Tense

presidents, prime ministers and other experts

gather gather in Paris in November to agree on a climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. (30)

Present Tense

Data (31)

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Present Tense

Data (32)

A 1-in-200-years disaster is just as likely to happen today or next week as in two centuries. (32)

Present Tense

Data (33)

Leaders must therefore be decisive in Sendai and decisive

Subject Predicate Compliment

Present Tense

they return home. (33)

Subject Verb Compliment

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4.

_{CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION}

4.1 Conclusion

The description of the whole sentences used by Bindu N. Lohani in writing the

news about the Sendai Meeting is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Diaster Resilience”

which he wrote in the newspaper of Jakarta Post which was published on Saturday

March 14th, 2015 shows to the writer of this paper that there are thirty-three

sentences he used. There is only one sentence form in negative and the rest,

thirty-two sentences are written in affirmative form. The patterns he uses is Subject

followed by Predicate and Complement. The tenses he used to write the whole

sentences are six different tenses. The applied tenses are Present Tense fourty

times (71%), Present Perfect eight times (14%), Present Continuous Tense three

times (5,3%), Future Tense three times (5,3%), Past Tense two times (3,5%), and

Past Future one time (1,7%). There are six kinds of sentences, they are

affirmative, interrogative, interrogative-negative, negative, other two types of

tag-questions. Lohani on this circumstance used only two kind of sentences, they are

affirmative and one negative. The tenses he applied are six different tenses out of

sixteen tenses that the English language has.

4.2 Suggestion

Now as the writer of this paper has finished in drawing the conclusion to the

writing he wants to encourage the other students to write about the morphological

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he or she may does the description of a writing found in a novel. By doing this

kind of activity the readers can understand and realize that what the tenses mostly

used are. The writer of this paper states like this because we, the Indonesian

learner who study English language as a first foreign language usually find it veri

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, M. 1996. Linguistics and Cultural Studies: complementary or competing

paradigms in translation studies. Dischingerweg: Tubingen.

Baker, M. 1996. Linguistics and Cultural Studies: complementary or competing

paradigms in translation studies. Dischingerweg: Tubingen.

Bate, D. 1989. Essay Method and English Expression. Sydney: CambridgePress.

Bate, Douglas. 1999. Essay Method and English Expression. Sydney: Harcourt Brace.

Brown, Gillian. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cam-bridge Univ. Press.

Catford, J.C. 1965. A linguistic Theory of Translation: an essays in applied

linguistics. London: Toronto.

Corder, S.P. 1985.Applied Linguistics.Auckland: Penguin.

Carson, D. 1988. Oral Language Across the Curriculum. London: Matters.

Edwarcte, J. 1995. Language, Society, and Identity.Oxford: Blackwell.

Edward, John. 1985. Language, Society, and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Edwards, John. 1985. Language, Society, and Ideentity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong: Macmillan.

Goodman, P. 1999. Compulsory Miseducation.London: Penguin.

Halliday, MAK. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Gram-mar. Australia: Edward Arnold.

Huddlestone, Rodney. 1995. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hudson, Richard. 1984. Word Grammar. London: Basil Blackwwell.

Kurath, Hans. 1972. Studies in Area Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.

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Mahsun. 2005. MetodePenelitianBahasa. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada.

Maleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologyPenelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya.

Martin, J.R. 1984. Language, Register, and Genre. Victoria: Deakin.

Martin,J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Matthews, P.H. 1980. Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Matthews, P.M. 1980. Syntax.Sydney: Cambridge Press.

Moleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologiPenelitianKualitatif. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya.

Montgomery, Martin. 1990. An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin books.

Parcinson, GHR. 1990. The Theory of Meanings. London: Longman.

Richards, J.C. 1990. Second Language Teacher Education. Sydney:Cambridge Press.

Samsuri. 1982. AnalisaBahasa. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Sedmbiring, MCA. 1985. PengajaranMorfologi. Bandung: Angkasa.

Sembiring, M. 1990. An Introduction to English Grammar.Medan: USU Press.

Stern, H.H. 1984. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Sudaryanto. 1993. MetodedanAnekaTeknikb AnalisisBahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.

Surachmad, Winarno. 1982. PengantarPenelitianIlmiah. Bandung: Tarsito.

Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Raja GravindoPersada.

Suryabrata. 1984. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: angkasa.

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APPENDICS

SENDAI MEETING IS KEY CHANCE TO BUILD ASIA’S DOSASTER

RESILIENCE

The writer is Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank.

When global leaders convene in Sendai, Japan, on March 14-18, they have possibly the biggest-ever opportunity to build the infrastructure and other defenses the infrastructure and other defenses the world needs to withstand the worst ravages of typhoons, earquakes, droughts and other disasters.

Between 2005 and 2014, disasters cost some 403.000 lives in developing Asia alone while losses totaled US$436 billion-or$120 million per day. Climate change means disasters will become more frequent and more intense without action now to better prepare ourselves.

The World Converence on Disasters Risk Reduction will seek to build a new framework for disaster risk reduction to succeed th Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year agreement adopted in January 2005 by 168 governments.

Most of Asia faces significant exposure to a wide array of natural hazards. The 2005 world conference occurred, by chance, in the immediate wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami that caused 230.000 fatalities in 14 countries in Asia and East Africa. Since then, few parts of the region have been spared, from India and Pakistan in the west to Samoa in the east. The avalanches in Afghanistan in February and March are merely the latest natural hazards to bring tragedy.

Scuh disasters, which wipe out homes, farmland and jobs, hit the poorest of the region particularly hard since they often live in flood prone coastal areas or river plains, fall back on, it can take some families a decade or more to recover.

Despite the alarming statistics, the post decade has seen signifcant progress on the back of commitments made in 2005. Early warning systems have improved from better forecasting, dissemination and evacuation capabilities.

Thanks to such preparation, a powerfull cyclone that struct densely populated areas along India’s east coast in 2013 resulted in only 47 fatalities despite affecting 13.2 million people.

Scientific tools such as satellite and remote sensing technologies and advances in disasters modeling have also opened up huge opportunities for better management of disaster risk by supporting measures such as risk sensitive land use planning, enhanced infrastructure design and sustainable disaster risk solutions. “Building back better” has become another new mantra.

Governments and development partners now recognize that disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts must integrate measures to strengthen resilience to future natural hazards.

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disaster losses are insured compared with 40 percent in developed countries, while use of capital market instruments to offset risk is rare.

The region should consider financial instruments such as pooling risk to reduce insurance costs, catastrophe bonds or pre-agreed loans that countries can call on in the event of disasters. ADB is developing disasters risk financing instruments for selected cities in Indonesia, the Philipines, Vietnam and at a national level in Bangladesh. But none of these instruments will be realized without strong commitment from governments.

By 2050, 64 percent of Asia – a full 3.3 billion people – will live in cities, which are already both economic centers and highly vulnerable to climate change. Recent research shows that of the 100 global cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazards, more than half are in Asia – 21 in the Philippines, 16 in Cina, 11 in Japan and eight in Bangladesh. To protect economies and lives, we must therefore protect existing infrastructure and climate proof new infrastructure.

Leadership and strategic planning is key. The provincial government of Albay in the Philippines, which routinely faces coastal flooding, volcanic activity and typhoons, has set an excellent example.

Through risk-mapping software, early warning systems and innovative knowledge initiatives such as its Disasters Risk Reduction and Climate Change Academy for local government units, it is already reducing the damage from disasters.

Strengthening disasters resilience is also about finding alternative places to site infrastructure, alternative building designs, alternative livelihood decisions and alternative development decisions – choosing long-term sustainability over more short-term growth in some instances.

This requires visionary leadership, learning lessons from others and integrating disaster risk considerations into all investment decisions in hazard-prone areas. This is a message that also needs to be conveyed clearly when presidents, prime ministers and other expers gather in Paris in November to agree on a climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol.

Structural Decription of Bindu N. Lohani on The Jakarta Post Newspaper

STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS OF

BINDU N. LOHANI ON

THE JAKARTA POST

NEWSPAPER

A PAPER WRITTEN

BY

YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA

REG. NO : 122202077

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY

NORTH SUMATERA UNIVERSITY

MEDAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

THE STRUCTURAL DESCRITION

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICS

SENDAI MEETING IS KEY CHANCE TO BUILD ASIA’S DOSASTER

RESILIENCE

_INTRODUCTION

_{REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE}

_{THE STRUCTURAL DESCRITION}

_{CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION}