The Characteristics of The Arrowroot Starch and Its Use as the Source of Raw Material for Glucose Syrups

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220

I

Natural Resources

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARROWROOT

ST ARCH AND ITS U

THE SOURCE OF RAW

MATERIA

OR GL COSE SYRUPS

yal, Z. Nasution ' , and

til

The creal ion all productive aclivilies to over come the monetmy crisis prevailing in Indonesia and also 10 increase the social income is

a

l1Iusl. For Ihal purpose. Ihe gOI'ernmelll has lallnched ellarls related to Ihe use oflhe carbohydrales inlhe ｡ｲｲｏｬｾＧｲｏｏｉ＠

plant f.l1aral1la arllciinacea L). This type oJplani has long been known by rural socielies in Celllral ｊ｡ｾＧ｡＠ and Easl Jal··a. The people Itse its starchfor traditional/ood. The Aim of this research is 10 inl'(!'slfgate the characteristics ojIhe Arrowroot slarch and Ihe Jactors affecting en::ymalic ｨｹ､ｲｯｾ｜Ｇｳｩｳ＠ oJlhe starch. i.e.: the effect ojsubstrale cOllcentration alld en::yme concelllration on ils liqueJaction, the effect ojsaccharificalion. The experimenlal design used was a completely randomi::ed factorial design. The resllit showed that the optimal conditioll ofenzymatic hydrolysis was on the cOllcentralion subSlrale oj 30%. a-amylase 53.913. -I) {.I kg substrate at 72 hours oj saccharification by amyloglucosidase 60.3/9.28 ekg sllbstrale. The rendement oJglllcose syrup was 85.31% and DE 86.09.

Keywords: Arrowroot. Starch. Glucose syrups

Introduction

The monetary crisis prevailing in Indonesia at this time requires the creation of productive activities to increase social income. For the purpose. the government has launched efforts related to the use of carbohydrates in Indonesia. One of the alternative, sources of carbohydrate developed is the arrowroot plant (Maranta arudinacea L). This type of plant has long been kncwn by the rural societies in Central Java and East Java. whose people use its starch for traditional food. The advantage of the arrowroot as one of the sources of carbohydrates is among others as follows: it is easy to rear, the seedling grows on the root cut, and it can live under bare sunlight or even under sun light protection. The program to develop this plant until the year 2000 is to plant the arrowroot covering over 300,000 hectares area (which is equal to 900,000 tons of arrowroot starch). As soon as this arrowroot plant is fully developed. it is hoped to be useful as raw: material as well as industrial commodity based on carbohydrate. One of the potential industries using arrowroot starch is glucose syrups industry.

The Department of Trade and Industry's data shows that utilization of national capacity industry of glucose has just reached 600/0. Glucose import in 1996 was 112,396 kg or $ 98.4 19 worth. Most of the raw material used was tapioca and com flour. The industries

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Nalural Resources 221

utilizing glucose are among others candy industry, beverage industry, and biscuit industry. The problem faced by the glucose industry at the moment is the supply of material and fluctuation of its price.

Based on the problem above, in order to anticipate the overflow of the arrowroot harvest during the years to come, a research is developed to investigate the characteristics of the arrowroot starch and its further process to become glucose syrups. This use is hoped to increase the farmer's additional income.

l

_Methodology

This research was carried out in the Laboratory of the Research Institute of Biotechnology and Crops in Bogor. A survey of the form ofthe starch particles was done in the Institute of Veterinarian Research in Bogor, ad the characteristics of starch with amylograph in the Research Institute of crop at Sukamandi. The arrowroot starch used as a sample was taken from Malang, East Java. whereas the tapioca was from Bogor. The analysis of the arrowroot applied involved the content of water. protein, fiber, starch, and ash (AOAC. 1984). The measurement of enzyme (Bernfeld. 1975) and specific activities (Lowreyet al 1975). sugar as the product of hydrolyzed starch was by the DNS method and the total solidified glucose (AOAC. 1984).

The experiment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of the arrowroot starch into glucose syrups on the substrate concentration level (20. 25. 30. 35 %) and the alpha-amylase enzyme concentration (1.797.114 Ulkg substrate. 35.942.28 Ulkg substrate. 53.913.42 Ulkg substrate. 71.885.56 Ulkg substrate) at liquefaction stage. The optimum result at the liquefaction stage was used to condition the saccharification at the saccharification time (48. 60,

n.

and 84 hours) and the concentration of amyloglucocidase enzyme ( ... 3.083.20 Ulkg substrate: 51,702.24 Ulkg substrate: 60.319.28 Ulkg substrate: 6S.936.32 Ulkg substrate). The experimental design used was a complete randomized design factorial 4 x 4 with a two replication, continued with a Hest to see the difference between the treatments .

• tive, Tbe Result of The Researcb

The result of the characterization of the arrowroot starch was meant as additional information about the nature of the arrowroot starch, and t complete the data concerning starch. Observation about the granule of the arrowroot starch is oval, which of tapioca is round and the sago starch is not orderly. Based of the observation of the characteristics of amylograph starch, data were found that gelatinizing points of the arrowroot. tapioca and arrowroot were correspondingly 66.75 °c, 64.50°C. and 67.50

0c.

The lower the gelatinizing temperature. the shorter was the gelatinizing time. Gelatinizing time of the arrowroot starch was 24.50 minutes. that of tapioca was 23.00 minutes. and that of sago was 25.00 minutes. The broken granular of the arrowroot starch was 71.25

°c,

that of tapioca was 84.00 °C, and that of sago was 73.50

0c.

the time needed to break the granule for the arrO\\Toot was 27.50 minutes, for tapioca was 36.00 minutes. and for sago 29.00 minutes. The viscosity of the arrowroot, tapioca, and sago were correspondingly 430 BU, 630 BU and 520 BU, and the cold viscosity (50°C) was 200 BU, 460 BU and 480 BU.

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[image:3.599.236.560.61.215.2]

223 Natural Resources

Figure 1.

The pattern of reduction sugar on different substrate concentration levels with different enzymatic concentration of alpha-amylase

According to Fogarty (1983) transglucocydase is an enzyme, which contains enzymatic amyloglucicydase and catalyzes the formation of saccharification. In this case, the purity of enzymatic amyloglucocidase very much influences on the product formation. The main product of backward reaction was maltose and isomaltose. The figure indicating the relationship between the products of reaction sugar at various time of saccharification

Relationships between saccharification time and reduction sugar at various concentrations of amyloglucocidase

!r.hr

The treatment of saccharification time of 72 hours with a concentration of enzymatic amyloglucocidase 60,319.28 Ulkg substrate and 68,936.32 UIkg substrate resulted in high

can be seen in Figure 2 below.

ｾ＠

ｾ＠ 70000

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ｾ＠

20000

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with

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48

jam

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jam

72

jam

84

jam

saccharification time (hour)

Figure 2.

mo.s

X 10-3 I/kg

1110.6 X 10-3 IIkg

00.7 X 10-31/kg

00.8 X 10-311kg

ｾ＠

..

1550

III

CI 1500 ::J

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c 1450

0

;:: ₁₄₀₀ 0

::J 135D

al

..

20% 25% 30% 35%

substrate concrentatio

[image:3.599.231.559.319.508.2]

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ｾ＠ 100000 ,

-ｾ＠ 90000

+---ｾ＠ 80000 ＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＮｾＭＭＭ｟｟］＠ C 70000 ＫＭｾ］ＭＭＭＭＭＭＮＮＮＮＮＬｲｮＭＭ

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saccharification time (hour)

mlO.5x10-3 I/kg • II O.6x1 0-3 I/kg 00. 7x1 0-3 I/kg

o

O.8x1 0-3 I/kg .

Figure 4. Relationships between Observation on pattern of change of rendement (%) of glucose syrups at saccharification levels at various enzymatic concentrations

Based on the t-test on the two treatments of saccharification time of 72 hours and 84 hours, it turn out that the rate of the rendement showed a significant difference. At the 84 hours saccharification time, liquefied glucose tended to decrease, because of the acti vity ofthe enzyme had decreased, or the existence of resistance ofthe higher sacccharide than the formation of the glucose. The higher is the concentration, the higher was the rendement of amyloglucocidase. This was caused by the break of the glucose molecule from the chain of the long polymer as the result of hydrolysis by the alpha-amylase, which would be quicker on the higher concentration of amyloglucocidase. WillI the higher concentration of the enzymatic glucocidase, the contact between the enzyme and the substrate was multiplied, so that the formation of complex enzyme and substrate and the quantum of the catalysis reaction become higher. As the result of the fonnation of" aligosaccharide, the weight of the molecule lowered down and the glucose from the higher polymer was much higher (Pazur, 1965).

The comparison between the rendement and the liquefied glucose acquirement from the arro\VToot starch and the tapioca, was derived from the fact that the arrO\VToot has a higher rendement as compared to tapioca. This was predicted on account of the fact that arrO'WTOOt has higher amylase with a tie of a(1-4) glycoside and 0:(1-6) glycoside. The alpha-amylase enzyme would hydrolyze the tie a( 1-4) glycoside on the polysaccharide with a random degradation in the central part or inside of the molecule. Whereas the amyloglucocidase would hydrolyze a( 1-4) glycoside and 0:( 1-6) glycoside whose activity was slower as compared to the alpha-amylase (Fogarty, 1983). Based on that case above, the height of the amylase content in the arrO\VToot would cause the break of the tie of the hydrogen to be easier and faster. It was predicted that because that the tapioca starch the amylopectine content was higher, at the same time it was probable that the polysaccharide with the tie of a(1-4) had not been fully degraded yet. The result of the rendement was 85.31% of liquefied glucose from the arrO\VToot and that of tapioca was 78.73%. The data mentioned were derived from 3 observation.

[image:4.599.232.553.57.188.2]

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•

Based on this fact, the optimum condition of the saccharification should be done on the substrate concentration of 30% at the 72 hours time with the enzymatic concentration of 53,913.42 Ulkg substrate.

The result on the economic account of liquefied glucose of the arro\Woot, when fully developed already, the price of liquefied glucose of the arro\Woot may equalize the liquefied glucose of the tapioca. In October 1998, the price of the tapioca was around RP. 1.7001kg, whereas that of the arrowroot was Rp. 2.500,- because of its scarcity, not yet spread out in the society. However, if the government program is successful, so that arro\Woot plant would be abundantly found everywhere, the arrowroot plants could have been reduced and could compete with tapioca. Production cost per hectare of the arro\Woot plants would be around Rp. 3.000.000,- (I ha can produce 20 tons of arro\Woot slabs, with the starch rendement of 15%).

Conclusion and Suggestion

A. Conclusion

Based on the result of the chemical analyses and economical sw-vey, this research can be concluded that the arrowroot starch can be used as an alternative source of the raw material for liquefied glucose. The enzymatic hydrolysis process of the arro\Woot to become liquefied glucose is influenced by the substrate concentration, by enzymatic a.-amylase concentration, and by amyloglucocidase concentration as well as by the time required for saccharification. The result of the optimum liquefied glucose was acquired at the substrate concentration of 30%, a.-amylase 53,913.42 Ulkg substrate and amyloglucocidase 60,319.28 UIkg substrate. On those conditions, the time required for saccharification was 72 hours. The rendement acquired was.85.31% and DE 86.09.

B. Suggestion

1. Further experiment on more efficient time for liquefaction process is still needed in order to reduce energy for liquefaction.

2. Further experiment is needed to get a scale-up of the process of the arro\Woot starch liquefaction from the laboratory scale to factory scale.

3. The requirement of the arrowroot as the raw material for liquefied glucose would be that the input fulfills the requirement in term of quantity, quality, continuity, and the competing price of the raw material for the carbohydrates. For that purpose, technical training for the arro\Woot farmers will be necessary carried out by the involved instances.

References

AOAC. 1984. Analysis of the Association of Official of Anal)'1ical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis. Wa,hington. D.C.

Berkhout, F. 1976. The Manufacture of Maize Starch. In Radley, 1.A(ed.). Starch Production Technology. Applied Science Publisher Ltd. London, p.356.

Bemfeld. 1975. Amylase a. and p. In Kaptan.N.O.(ed.). Methods in Enzymology and Related of Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York p. 149 ] 55,

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Charles, A B. 1953. Starch Its Sources, Production and Uses. Reinhold Publishing Corp. New York. p. 277·281

Cox:, H.E and D. Pearson. 1962. The Chemical Analysis of Food. Chemical Publishing Co., Inc. New York. p. 128 -154

Fogarty, W.M. 1973. Microbial Amylases. In W.M. Fogarty (ed.). Microbial Enzymes and Technology. Applied Science Publisher Ltd., London.

George, T. A 1984. Shreve's Chemical Process Industries, Me. Graw Hill, New York. p. 554·577 Gerald Reed. 1975. Enzymes in Food Processing. Academic Press. New York p. 1-117. Grace, M. R. 1977. Cassava Processing. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, Rome. Howling, D. 1979. The General Science and Technology of Glucose Syrups, In : Birch, G.G. and

K.1. Parker (cds). Sugar: Science and Technology. Applied Science Publisher Ltd., London. p. 259.

Kay, D.E. 1973. Arrowroot (Maranra arundinacea). Root Crops, Tropical Products Institute. London, England. p. 16-23

Knight, l.W. 1974. Specialty Food Starches in Cassava Processing and Storage. Proceeding of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, Pattaya, Thailand 17 - 19 April 1974. p. 77 87.

Kulp, K. 1975. Carbohydrate. In G. Reed (ed.). Enzymes in Food Processing. Academic Press, New York. p. 54-117.

Macrae, R. 1982. HPLC in Food Analysis. Academic Press. England. p. 159·165

Madsen, G.B. and RE. Norman. 1973. New Specially Glucose Syrups. In G.G. Birch, Green L.F, and Coulsoo C.B. (eds.). Glucose Syrups and Related Carbohydrates. Publishing Co. New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta. p. 3 - 21.

Maiden, AM. 1970. Food and Fermentation AppJ:lcations of Starch hydrolysates. In G.G. Birch, Green L.F., and Coulsoo C.B. (eds.). Glucose Syrups and Related Carbohydrates. Publishing Co. New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta. p. 3·21.

Meyer, L.M. 1973. Food Chemistry. East West Press. New Delhi. 385 pp.

Miller, G. L. 1959. Use of Dinitro Salicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of Reducing Sugar. Analytical. Chemistry,31:426-428.

Norman, RE. 1981. New Developments in Starch Syrup Technology. In G.G. Birch and K.l. Parker (cds.) Enzyme and Food Processing. Applied Science Pub!. Ltd, London. p. 65 - 1\3 NOVO. 1997. Novo Enzyme Information, Denmark.

NOVO Industries. 1977. Production of High Purity Glucose Syrups. U.S. Patent 4.017.363. Purseglove, l.W. 1972. Tropical Crops Monocotyladus, Longman, London. p. 366·34 L

Radley, lA 1976. Starch Production Technology. Applied Science Pub!. Ltd, London. p. 229·352. Ulrich, R and G. Karlfiied. 1978. Principles of Enzymatic Analysis. Verlag Chemie. New York.

260pp.

Whistler, L. and Daniel. 1984. Molecular Structure of StareIL In L. Whistler, l.N. Bemiller, and F. Paschall (cds.). Starch Chemistry and Technology. Academic Press. Inc. p. 153·178. Whitaker, l.R. 1972. Principles of Enzymology for The Food Science. MarchelJ Dekker Inc. New

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220

I

Natural Resources

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARROWROOT

ST ARCH AND ITS U

THE SOURCE OF RAW

MATERIA

OR GL COSE SYRUPS

yal, Z. Nasution ' , and

til

The creal ion all productive aclivilies to over come the monetmy crisis prevailing in Indonesia and also 10 increase the social income is

a

l1Iusl. For Ihal purpose. Ihe gOI'ernmelll has lallnched ellarls related to Ihe use oflhe carbohydrales inlhe ｡ｲｲｏｬｾＧｲｏｏｉ＠

plant f.l1aral1la arllciinacea L). This type oJplani has long been known by rural socielies in Celllral ｊ｡ｾＧ｡＠ and Easl Jal··a. The people Itse its starchfor traditional/ood. The Aim of this research is 10 inl'(!'slfgate the characteristics ojIhe Arrowroot slarch and Ihe Jactors affecting en::ymalic ｨｹ､ｲｯｾ｜Ｇｳｩｳ＠ oJlhe starch. i.e.: the effect ojsubstrale cOllcentration alld en::yme concelllration on ils liqueJaction, the effect ojsaccharificalion. The experimenlal design used was a completely randomi::ed factorial design. The resllit showed that the optimal conditioll ofenzymatic hydrolysis was on the cOllcentralion subSlrale oj 30%. a-amylase 53.913. -I) {.I kg substrate at 72 hours oj saccharification by amyloglucosidase 60.3/9.28 ekg sllbstrale. The rendement oJglllcose syrup was 85.31% and DE 86.09.

Keywords: Arrowroot. Starch. Glucose syrups

Introduction

The monetary crisis prevailing in Indonesia at this time requires the creation of productive activities to increase social income. For the purpose. the government has launched efforts related to the use of carbohydrates in Indonesia. One of the alternative, sources of carbohydrate developed is the arrowroot plant (Maranta arudinacea L). This type of plant has long been kncwn by the rural societies in Central Java and East Java. whose people use its starch for traditional food. The advantage of the arrowroot as one of the sources of carbohydrates is among others as follows: it is easy to rear, the seedling grows on the root cut, and it can live under bare sunlight or even under sun light protection. The program to develop this plant until the year 2000 is to plant the arrowroot covering over 300,000 hectares area (which is equal to 900,000 tons of arrowroot starch). As soon as this arrowroot plant is fully developed. it is hoped to be useful as raw: material as well as industrial commodity based on carbohydrate. One of the potential industries using arrowroot starch is glucose syrups industry.

The Department of Trade and Industry's data shows that utilization of national capacity industry of glucose has just reached 600/0. Glucose import in 1996 was 112,396 kg or $ 98.4 19 worth. Most of the raw material used was tapioca and com flour. The industries

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Vj)

",

Sustainable Development in the

Context of Globalization and Locality:

Challenges and Options for Networking in Southeast Asia

Proceedings

September 18-22, 2000

in

Bogor, Indonesia

(9)

..

Editon of the Supplement:

German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture GmbH. Witzenhausen

University of Kassel. Faculty of Agriculture. International Rural Development and Environmental Protection (FB 1.1). W itzenhauscn

Verband der TropcnI andwirte Wilzenhausen e. V. Witzcnhausen Editorship:

ｾ［ＺＺＺＭＮｓｹ｡ｲｩｦ｡ｨ＠ lis Aisyah, Bogor and Hans Hemann. Witzenhausen / .ＮＮＭＢｾ //univcrsiUitsbibliolhek Kassel

./" / ' ISSN 0173 • 4091 ISBN 3 • 89792 • 067·0 Publishing Houst:

ＺＮｾＧ［＠ Universitatsbibliothek Kassel Diagonale 10,34127 Kassel Gemlany

Distributor. Tropenzenlrum; FB II

Steinstr. 19. 37213 Witzenhausen Germany

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Foreword

The proceeding is produced from papers collected during International symposium cum workshop of SEAG (South-East Asia-Gerrnany) held in Bogor-Indonesia, on September 18-22M. 2000.

We would like to express our deeply thanks to our colleagues from University of Goettingen, University of Kassel. University of Marburg and Bogor Agricultural University, which had a very fruitful cooperation either as steering committee members or organizing committee members. working hard to the success of the symposium cum workshop, until this book published.

We are also greatly indebted to the DAAD for the financial support. as a main sponsorship to this symposium cum workshop. The programme was therefore very smoothly conducted.

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I

ii

-

Preface

This proceeding was made possible through the long term German alumni network for South-East Asia Region (SEAG) funded by DAAD.

This publication documents the experiences of the several projects in South-East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Cambodia, PR Laos, Myanmar. Thailand and Vietnam). While certain peculiarities were individually experienced, a pattern may discerned in their works. The topic of the symposium was "Sustainable Development in the Context of Globalisation and Locality Challenges and Options for Networking in South-East Asia".

This publicatior. details the lesson learned, as well as the adaptive planning process in building network through research results. Three main areas were included in this symposium: (A) Socio-economic Development, (B) Natural Resources, and (C) Science,

-

Research-Teaching and Organization.

In group A, two authors wrote about the role of women in agriculture: Fuah, has written the contribution of women to livestock production systems in Eastern Indonesia, and Dumlao, Corpus and Leones have written the role of Filipino Women in Agricultural Development. The topic of agriculture itself, was written by three authors: Ananda, who wrote the role of agriculture, as key sector for Indonesian economic recovery (an input-output analysis), Widyasunu and Widodo who wrote about the role of orga.'lic farming to the development oflndonesian agriculture, and Rosyadi who wrote about the adoption of improved tumpangsari practices on Central Java, Indonesia. The topic of socio-economic development in forest area was covered by the articles from Saragih. Rao and Seila. Saragih underlined the role of non-timber forest product in sustainable economic development, whereas Rao and Seila wrote the improvement of forest concession management planning. For the marketing subject, Repu and Bunga made an article about it. Bunga analysed the marketing efficiency of agriculture product, while Repu more stressed it in cocoa marketing; both took East Nusa Tenggara as a case study. The other two subjects were about the endangered sandalwood by Sinlae, and the Regional autonomy and regional development in Indonesia, by Tope. Finally, Mulatsih told about development and the environment: human capital as a mean to sustain.

In group B, discussion was about natural resources, which covered the scientific topics in agronomy, Forestry, and animal husbandry. The most numerous topics were in agronomy subjects, including plant production, plant breeding, soil science, and control of plant pest and disease, including biochemical and also biotechnology process.

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iii

study on the productive canopy structure of some citrus and mango cultivars.. The success of micro propagation on calla lily by tissue culture was reported by Purwito, Aisyah and Tjandra. For soil subject, the article of modelling soil erosion in GIS was written by Somba.

In plant genetic and breeding, Taryono and Supriyanta wrote the sustainable upland-rice-based agriculture, which was stressed on the role of rice breeding for weeds resistance. The rest four authors in plant breeding described the genetic characters of several clones or cultivars observed, e.g. Mukminah, Sodikin, Keutgen and Janssens, characterised the photosynthesis capacity of several sweet potatoes clones; Kale described the physical and chemical characteristics on several cultivated and wild species of yam bean tuber; Aisyah. Rahardjo and Djatnika made description on the resistance character of several carnation cultivars, while Boer did molecular analysis on germplasm

of local maize cultivars from Sulawesi. .

In the area of plant pest and disease control, Habazar. Rivai, Bakhtiar and Rahma studied the ISR of soybean to bacterial pustule by the root colonizing fluorescent Pseudomonads; Screening on red pepper seedling for identifYing resistance to

Phytophtora capsicii was done by Widodo; while biochemically, the effect of neem on migratory locust was studied by Arinafril.

For the subject of forestry, Syahrinudin, Ruhiyat and Suba proposed nutrient cycle as a mean to assess the sustainability of plantation development. In agro industrial technology. there was an article about the characteristics of the arrowroot starch and its use as the resource of raw material for glucose syrups, written by Indrasti. Mangunwijaya. Nasution and Chilmijati.

Six articles in animal husbandry were presented during the seminar. There were about ewe and doe productivity under village and improved management system, ....Titten by Sodiq; Effect of essential oil of spices as feed additives on the growth and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs, written by Onibala, Gunther and ter Meulen; and flashes from the past until to date on animal metabolic research at the metabolic research Center, Bogor, written by Sastradipradja. From social point of view, Dethan wrote an article about the efficiency analysis of the utilisation of production factors on beef processing in small business enterprises (case study in West Timor, Indonesia). Biochemical study on VFAs production on ruminants (under in vitro condition) using SA leaves was observed by Suprayogi, ter Meulen, Ungerer and Chairul. The molecular analysis was done by Prajoga, on dairy cattle p-Iacto globulin, using PCR and RFLP method of analysis. Upon all of these articles in group B, Malole wrote his idea to establish the centre ofinformation system for tropical agriculture and forestry.

Group C discussed the topics of science, research, teaching and organizatiop. Here, Ogbinar presented his paper on promoting effective research culture, whereas Dharmawan and Putri wrote their conceptual analysis on new orientation of business activities under the framework of ecological economy.

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•

_iv

university stafT career development programme, while Tumapon wrote the curriculum revisited: towards in-depth change. Pertiwi propose her idea on web-based collaborative teaching, Wasmuth gave attention in higher education, in the context of development cooperation, whereas Adhi, based on his experience, wrote the sustainable development in higher education management: learning from the co-operation of higher education institutions.

We hope that through this publication the myths in empowering alumni organization network will be clarified; that the seemingly elusive goal of socializing research results for consumption by the public through this network will be achieved, and the development of the rural areas in the region will be hastened.

Publisher

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v

The Characteristics of The Arrowroot Starch and Its Use as the Source of Raw Material for Glucose Syrups

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARROWROOT

Introduction

ｾ＠ 60000 ＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾｾＭＭＭＱＱｴＭＭｾｾ＠

0

saccharification time (hour)

+---ｾ＠ 80000 ＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＮｾＭＭＭ｟｟］＠ C 70000 ＫＭｾ］ＭＭＭＭＭＭＮＮＮＮＮＬｲｮＭＭ

Conclusion and Suggestion

References

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARROWROOT

Introduction

Sustainable Development in the

Foreword

Preface

TABLE OF CONTENTS