Fermentability and Digestibility of Ration Containing Crude
Curcin Extract of Jatropha curcas L. Seed Meal
Anita S. Tjakradidjaja*, Komang G. Wiryawan, & Meri Afriyanti
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology Faculty of Animal Science – Bogor Agricultural University Jl. Agatis – Dramaga IPB Campus, Dramaga – Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Telephone/fax: 0251 8628149; *email: 1atj.yanuar@gmail.com
Abstract
Jatropha (J.) curcas L. seed meal (JCSM) is a byproduct of J. curcas L. oil extraction. This JCSM contains high protein concentration (37.56% DM) and ether extract (35.02% DM) which makes a potential source of animal feed. However, JCSM utilization can be limited by the presence of antinutrients such as curcin or lectin, and phorbolester. These antinutrients, especially the curcin, can be digested differently by microbes from the rumen fluid of cattle and buffalo. Therefore, an ex-periment was conducted to study fermentability and digestibility (in vitro) of ration that contain crude curcin extracted from Jatropha curcas L. seed meal by microbes from the rumen fluid of cattle and buffalo. Factorial randomised block designs were used in fermentability (4x2x2), and digestibility (4x2) studies; three replications were used in both experiments. The treatments were levels of crude curcin extracted from JCSM (0, 1, 2 and 3% v/w) that were added into rations as factor A, microbes from the rumen fluid of cattle and buffalo as factor B, and incubation times (0 and 3 h) as factor C in fermentability study; factors A and B were also applied as treat-ments in digestibility experiment. Variables measured were ammonia and total VFA concentrations, total bacterial and protozoal populations, and dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibilities. Data were analysed using analysis of variance, and differences in treatment means were examined with contrast or polynomial or-thogonal. The results showed that effects of addition levels of crude curcin extracts into rations were not significant on all variables measured, except the total proto-zoal population (P<0.01). There were differences between the rumen fluid of cattle and those from the rumen fluid of buffalo on total bacterial population, DM and OM digestibilities (P<0.01). Ammonia and total VFA, and total bacterial popula-tion were increased at 3h incubapopula-tion time (P<0.01). It is concluded that addipopula-tion of crude curcin extracts from JCSM up to 3% (v/w) did not produced negative ef-fects on ration fermentability and digestibility, except for protozoal population. The greater numbers of bacteria in the rumen fluid of buffalo than those in the rumen fluid of cattle cause higher DM and OM digestibilities.
Introducton
Jatropha (J.) curcas L. seed meal (JCSM) s a byproduct of J. curcas L. ol extracton and has potental source as anmal feed due to ts producton potental and nutrent contents as proten and energy sources. In Indonesa, the producton was about 0.4 ton/ton dry seed wth 200 - 300 l ol producton (Brodjonegoro et al., 2005). JCSM wthout husk contaned 86.26% dry matter (DM), 37.56% crude proten (CP), 35.02% ether extract (EE), 7.23% crude fbre (CF), 12.47% ntrogen free extract (NFE),7.71% ash, 16.30% NDF, 15.86% ADF, 4.51% lgnn and 0.01% slca (DM bass). Nut husk ncluson n ol extracton ncreased DM and fbre fractons, but reduced CP and EE contents; the husk contaned hgh fbre fractons (Tjakraddjaja
et al., 2007). The fbrous fractons and presence of curcn and phorbolester as the man antnutrents (Martnez-Herrera et al., 2006; Makkar et al., 1998) lmted ts use, but antnutrent effects vared among JC provenances, locaton, etc (Makkar and Becker, 1997; Makkar et al., 1997).
JCSM s, then, more sutable for rumnants than for monogastrc. The presence of rumen mcrobes, especally the bactera, has enable the rumnants to degrade CF or antnutrents developed by adaptaton to feeds that were consumed; however, these
vared among rumen mcrobes and rumnants (McDonald et al., 2002). Tolerance
of rumen mcrobes from goat, sheep, cattle and buffalo to JCSM antnutrents had been studed (Tjakraddjaja et al., 2008; Tjakraddjaja et al., 2010). Goat rumen bactera were more able to degrade JCSM and tolerate ts antnutrents wthn 0-12 h fermentaton wth proteolytc bactera are mportant n degradng antnutrents havng proten structure. These led to extract curcn from JCSM and study ts effects on raton fermentablty and dgestblty. Its addton up to 3% (v/w) dd not affect fermentablty, rumen flud of goat had greater total bacteral populaton wth no change n protozoal populaton at 3 h ncubaton, but lower DM and OM dgestblty compared to sheep (Tjakraddjaja et al., 2011). The effects can be dfferent usng rumen fluds of large rumnant. Therefore, an experment was conducted to study fermentablty and dgestblty (in vitro) of raton contanng JCSM crude curcn extract by mcrobes from cattle and buffalo rumen fluds.
Materals and Methods
Materals were JCSM wth husk, crude curcn extract, cattle rumen fluds obtaned from slaughter house n Bogor and the buffalo from fstulated anmal n BATAN, and raton. The raton was elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), ground corn and concentrate= 50 : 25 : 25% w/w). Crude curcn was extracted wth Strpe
n dgestblty study. Ammona and total VFA concentraton was determned, respectvely, by mcro dffuson Conway and steam dstllaton method (General laboratory procedure, Department of Dary Scence, 1966). Ogmoto and Ima (1981) method was used to count total bacteral (serally dlluton method) and protozoal populatons.
Three factors appled n fermentablty study; factor A:JCSM crude curcn extract levels added nto ratons (0, 1, 2 and 3% v/w), factor B:rumen flud sources (cattle and buffalo), and factor C:ncubaton tme (0 and 3 h). Only factor A and B were treatments n dgestblty study. Varables were concentratons of ammona and volatle fatty acd (VFA), total bacteral and protozoal populatons, and DM and organc matter (OM) dgestblty coeffcents. Expermental desgn and statstcal analyss (analyss of varance, and orthogonal) were carred out based on Steel and Torre (1993). Factoral randomsed block desgn 4x2x2 and 4x2 were, respectvely, used n fermentablty and dgestblty experment wth rumen fluds (three replcatons for each anmals) were used as blocks.
Results and Dscusson
Crude curcin extract and its effect on nutrient composition of rations
The extract n ths experment (370 ml/250 g dry weght) was smaller than that obtaned by Tjakraddjaja et al. (2011) that was due to dfferences n JCSM sample and expermental condton durng extracton. Addton levels at 1, 2 and 3% (v/w) were equal to addton of 0.67, 1.33 and 1.99% JCSM nto treatment ratons whch were greater than that used by Ahmed and Adam (1979), 0.25% JCSM. Extract also contaned saponn at 0.2% (Laboratory of Bofarmaka, IPB, 2008) that may also nfluence treatment effects. Extract addton slghtly reduced DM (89.66 to 83.41-85.22%), NFE (55.13 to 51.65-52.10%) and TDN (68.71 to 66.75-67.77 %) contents of treatment ratons, but ncreased CP (13.98 to 14.8 -15.56%) and CF (18.64 to 19.82-20.79%) contents; the effects dd not follow lnear patterns wth extract levels. Increase n CP content was due to addton of proten structure of curcn, glycoproten (Makkar and Becker, 2004; Juan et al., 2002; Aregheore et al., 2003).
Effects of treatments on fermentability, microbial population and digestibility
Table 1 showed that extract addton levels decreased sgnfcantly total proto-zoal populaton (P<0.01). Rumen flud sources produced sgnfcant effects on m-crobal numbers (P<0.01). Incubaton for 3 h ncreased ammona (P<0.01) and total VFA (P<0.05) concentratons and total bacteral numbers (P<0.01) wthout chang-ng protozoal numbers.
greater than that obtaned from JCSM fermented by cattle and buffalo rumen fluds (Tjakraddjaja et al., 2008). Ammona concentraton had also been used to show ablty of rumen mcrobes to degrade rcn from castor seed meal (Ricinus communis L.) at levels 0.42-1.68 mg/ml wthn 3-12 h ncubaton (de Olvera et al., 2010), but rumen mcrobes could not degrade phorbolester (Makkar and Becker, 2010). Ablty of rumen mcrobes degradng antnutrent wth proten structure stll depended on ts concentraton. Protozoal number reducton also occurred n other study (Tjakraddjaja et al., 2011). Protozoal cell was damaged and lysed by curcn and saponn (Fardaz, 1992; Juan et al., 2002) due to greater senstvty of protozoal cell, eukaryotes, to curcn and saponn than bacteral cell, prokaryotes (Makkar et al., 1998; de Olvera et al., 2010). Sample used caused dfferences n mcrobal numbers between the rumnants. Less mcrobal populaton n cattle rumen flud
Table 1. Effects of treatments on all varables
Treatments
because cattle was not fed properly before beng slaughtered; the greater mcrobal numbers n buffalo was due to regular feedng. Other factors were dfferences n growth rates, enzyme actvtes (Batha et al., 1980; Pradhan, 1994), and degree of resstancy to antnutrents (curcn and saponn) whch may be greater n mcrobes from buffalo than cattle; however, these stll needs a further clarfcaton.
Dfferences n rumen flud affected DM and OM dgestbltes (P<0.01) wth greater result was obtaned from the buffalo (Table 1). DM dgestblty was com-parable to those found by Hakm (2002) for raton contanng grass and concentrate (38-46%). The greater mcrobal populaton and ts ablty to ferment nutrents from rumen flud of buffalo provded more nutrents that were more easly dgested by enzymes n the post rumnal organ.
Concluson
Addton of JCSM crude curcn extracts up to 3% (v/w) dd not produce negatve effects on raton fermentablty and dgestblty, except for protozoal populaton. The greater numbers of bactera n rumen flud of buffalo than cattle caused hgher DM and OM dgestbltes.
Acknowledgment
Thanks are due to Department of Anmal Nutrton & Feed Technology, Faculty
of Anmal Scence, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty, for research fundng (Due-like
Project 2006).
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