STYLISTIC DEVICES OF RAJA ALI HAJI’S AND RENDRA SETYADIHARJA’S GURINDAM
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
MAHYA HUMAIRA
Registration Number: 8126111019
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
Humaira, Mahya. Stylistic Devices of Raja Ali Haji’s and Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam. Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan, 2015.
ABSTRAK
Humaira, Mahya. Perangkat Stylistik pada Gurindam Raja Ali Haji dan Rendra Setyadiharja. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Almighty God, the most Gracious and the most Merciful,
first of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah for His Blessing in the
completion of this thesis.
In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her
deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to
her by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to her two advisors, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih,
M.Pd. as her first advisor and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum. as her
second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this thesis.
Then, her appreciation also goes to Prof. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. as the
head of English Applied Linguistics Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. as
the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Program who have assisted her in
processing the administration requirements during the process of her studies in the
Post Graduate Program of the State University of Medan.
The writer’s great thanks also goes to her reviewers or examiners, Prof.
Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, and Dr. Siti Aisyah
Ginting, M.Pd. They had given suggestions, criticisms and improvements for this
thesis. She also would like to express her thankfulness for all lecturers teaching
her during the academic years of LTBI. Then, her gratitude goes to the students of
LTBI A2 XXI, such as; Bang Hiskia Manurung, Bang Mahfudz, Kak Ismayani,
Dwi Maya Novitri, Kak Elvida Wahyuni, Kak Novi Dian Isra, Kak Raden Syahid,
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encouragement in writing this thesis. Her thanks also dedicated to Bang Farid for
his kindness for helping in administration processes of LTBI.
Finally, her special gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents, her late
father Drs. Nazrun and her mother Khadijah, who give her pray, motivation,
support mentally and financially and also endless praying.
Medan, September 15th 2015 The writer,
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CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Data Analysis……… 69
4.1.1. Types of Stylistic Devices Used in Raja Ali Haji’s and Rendra Setyadiharja’s Gurindam ……….…….. 69
4.1.2. The Reason of Using Stylistic Devices in Gurindam …… 78
4.2. Findings……… 79
4.3. Discussion……… 80
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions…..……… 84
5.2. Suggestions……….. 85
REFERENCES …...………... 80
APPENDIX 1 ……….……….. 82
APPENDIX 2 ……….…. 135
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
Discourse analysis, being a relative social phenomenon solely depends on the wide range of disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, cognitive and social psychology, philosophy, for knowledge and methodologies and it is difficult to draw a clear line of demarcation between certain linguistic fields, such as anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistic, discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics, as the approaches to “study of language in use” are borrowed from these sub fields and most of the times the findings are independently supported by the fresh evidences. Discourse analysis, in turn, is composed of a wide range of sub-disciplines, such as pragmatics, conversational analysis, speech act theory and ethnography of speaking. The discipline studies language used in the context, so its subject matter is language as a whole, either written or spoken, in terms of transcriptions, larger texts, audio or video recordings, which provides an opportunity to the analyst to work with language rather than a single sentence.
necessarily reflects the multifunctional dimensions of language in general, and this suggests that any approach to its analysis will have to take into account both linguistic as well as extra-linguistic features, the latter of which are a combination of subjective / personal and intersubjective / cultural factors.
In the light of above definition, one main proposition put forward in this thesis is that all texts as instances of discourse can be approached in essentially the same manner for critical analysis. This would specifically include those texts (namely literary texts) traditionally viewed as unique and different from all other instances of discourse in that they exhibit unique and different 'types' of language. Yet considering these types as different would naturally cause problems to an otherwise uniform view of discourse, the analysis of which could not then be approached from the same angle. Consequently, the aim of this research is to revisit and, where relevant, redefine a set of traditional notions which do not conform with the view of discourse discussed above. These include such notions as literature, literary and non-literary language, and style in language and its effects on stylistic analyses, and the positions and roles of text producers as well as the reader in interpreting texts. The need to attend to these issues springs from their centrality in critical approaches to discourse analysis.
Many contemporary approaches to ideology emphasize that ideologies are not merely systems of beliefs, but also feature such phenomena as symbols, rituals and discourse. It may be readily agreed that such phenomena are often part of ideological systems and practices in a broader sense. However, it is theoretically more useful to distinguish between ideologies as such, that is, socially shared beliefs of a specific type, on the one hand, and their expression or enactment in symbols, rituals, discourse or other social and cultural practices, on the other hand.
Talking about discourse is directly related to the traditional view of literature and literary languages are those of style and stylistics. Similar to the notion of literary language, the term style was traditionally used with positive connotations to describe "written" language as "praiseworthy, skilful or elegant" (Chapman 1973: 11). However, the two core senses of style which developed subsequently were those viewing it either as "an intimate, individuating index" or as "an evaluative index" (Crystal 1969: v). From a practical point of view, this meant the following. In the first case, emphasis is laid on those linguistic features considered unique to a specific author and characteristic of his/her language. In the second, the evaluative, aspect of style is stressed by comparing and contrasting linguistic features of different works in order to determine the value and, more importantly, superiority of one over another.
interact with the language of (mainly literary) texts in order to explain how to understand and are affected by texts when it is read.
Bradford (1997) says that stylistic attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialization, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.
Stylistic can be seen as a bridge connecting linguistics and literary criticism. Stylistic focuses on the language in literature (although it can be and is applied to non-literary texts), specifically on the linguistic features or the technique or craft of literary texts and their related functions. The stylisticians or readers derive a better understanding and appreciation of literary texts through stylistic analysis.
Moreover, stylistic is the science which explores how readers interact with the language of (mainly literary) texts in order to explain how to understand, and are affected by texts when it is read. More technically, stylistic is the study of the linguistic features of a literary text -- phonological, lexical, and syntactical -- which directly affects the meaning of an utterance.
moslems. So that’s why, much of Malay work that is written by Malayan is affected by religion, especially Islam. For example; Hang Tuah, Hikayat raja, Pak Pandir, syair, Pantun, Gurindam, etc. The poet sometimes affected by religion in
writing his work, like in Gurindam written by Raja Ali Haji that is called Gurindam Dua Belas. The content of Gurindam is mostly affected by Islam.
The researcher tries to find out what types of stylistic that is used in literary work – in this case Gurindam – and how those stylistic devices are used by in Gurindam and the reasons why the poets used the way they did in his work.
1.2Problems of the Study
In relation to the background of the study, the problems researches are formulated as the following:
1) What types of stylistic devices are used in Gurindam of Raja Ali Haji and Rendra Setyadiharja?
2) Why those stylistic devices are used the way they used?
1.3Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1.4Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the stylistic used in Gurindam of Raja Ali Haji and Rendra Setyadiharja, where this study is focused on describing the types of the stylistic devices: there are many types of stylistic devices especially in literature, but the researcher does not elaborate all of them because it is not all the stylistic that is used by the poet in their work. The scope of this study is limited on the figurative of speech; they are 23 types of stylistic devices those are elaborated in chapter II. Then, it will be elaborated to find the reasons of using stylistic. It is related to the reason why the poets use those stylistic in their work.
1.5Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution both theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretically, this research is expected to be able to give contribution for the content analysis research through stylistic aspects about how to analyze stylistic in literary text. And it is also useful as the source of information and idea for other researchers who want to carry out further study on stylistic. This study may be guidance for other researchers who are interested in stylistic study or Gurindam to make better research.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the conclusions are stated as follows:
1. The types of stylistic were found in Raja Ali Haji’s are Irony, Polysemy,
Ephitet, Oxymoron, Hyperbole, Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche,
Repetition, Ellipsis, Anaphora, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Coinage. The types of stylistic devices found in Rendra Setyadiharja’s
Gurindam are: Irony, Polysemy, Oxymoron, Euphemism, Hyperbole,
Pleonasm, Symbolism, Synecdoche, Repetition, Anastrophe, Anaphora,
Paradox, Simile, Metaphor, Archaic/ difficult word, Personification, Clich,
Coinage. The dominant stylistic devices that is used by Raja ali Haji is
polysemy, while Rendra Setyadiharja dominantly used symbolism in his
Gurindam.
2. It was found that there are three reasons why poets use stylistic devices in
Gurindam, they are; (1) Stylistic devices as the reflection of personal style.
(2) Stylistic devices as the medium to attract readers’ attention. (3) Style –
Style devices – is influenced by Personal background. Raja Ali Haji is a
powerful and important figure in the Malay world in 1880s and he was
grown up in the kingdom family, while Rendra Setyadiharja is talented
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the conclusions stated above, this study has some suggestions to
readers with may be different positions as follows:
1. To the other researchers, it is suggested to conduct the same topic with
different literary work and different topics in different discourse to see the
role of stylistic devices used by the poets whether they have similar or
different style.
2. To the teachers, it is suggested to enrich and develop the students’
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