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it a ll e c n a c e e r g e d g n i d u l c n i s e c n e u q e s n o
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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ... i E
G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii E
G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ... iii H
A I M L I A Y R A K I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P R A B M E
L ... vi
Y T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T
S ... v E
G A P O T T O
M ... vi E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... vii S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... iv ii S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi M
A R G A I D D N A S E L B A T F O T S I
L ... xi T
C A R T S B
A ... xii K
A R T S B
A ... xiii .. N
O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ... 1 .
A Backgroundoft heStudy... 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton ... 4 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy ... 4 .
D De ifniitono fTerms... 5 .... W
E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ... 7 .
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies ... 7 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires... 01 1. NounPhrase ... 01
.
2 TheExpilctines so fP -ost modiifcaiton ... 31 .
3 Preposiitona lPhrasea sPost-modi ifer... 4.. 1 .
4 CoordinaitonTest... 71 .
5 Exrtaposiiton ... 81 .
6 RelaitveClausea sPost-modi ifer ... 91 a . FintieRelaitveClause ... 02 b . N -on ifn tieRelaitveClause ... 12 .i - gin RelaitveClause ... 12 i .i - de RelaitveClause ... 12 ii .i t -o in ifniitveRelaitveClause ... 2.. 2 c . RestircitveRelaitveClause ... 22 d . N -on restircitveRelaitveClause ... 2.... 2
.
7 Pattern soft heFormulao fClassica lDetecitveStory... 32 .
C Theoreitca lFramework ... 52 Y
G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C ... 72 .
A Objec toft heStudy... 7.... 2 .
B Methodoft heStudy... 8.. 2 .
C ResearchProcedure... 9.... 2 .
x .
2 DataAnalysis ... 03 .
3 Populaiton ... 13 S
I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ... 23 .
A Pattern so fNounPhrase sP -ostmodi ifedbyPreposiitonal... 23 s
’ e o P n i e s u a l C e v it a l e R y b d n a e s a r h
P ThePurloinedLetter
.
1 NounPhrasePost-modi ifedbyPreposiitona lPhrase... 53 a . NounPhrase+Preposiitona lPhrase( a sadjunc)t... 63 b . NounPhrase+Preposiitona lPhrase(a scomplemen )t ... 73 c . NounPhrase+CoordinatedPreposiitona lPhrases... 93 d . NounPhrase+Preposiitona lPhrase( a sadjunc)t... 24 +Preposiitona lPhrase( a scomplemen)t
e . NounPhrase+Preposiitona lPhrase( a scomplemen )t ... 54 +Preposiitona lPhrase( a sadjunc)t
.f NounPhrase+doublePPs( a sadjunc)t ... 74 .
2 NounPhrasePost-modi ifedbyRelaitveClause... 94 a . NounPhrase+RelaitveClause... 94 b . NounPhrase+CoordinatedRelaitveClauses ... 15
.
3 NounPhrasePost- om di ifedbyPreposiitona lPhraseand ... 4.. 5 RelaitveClause
a . NounPhrase+Preposiitona lPhrase( a sadjunc)t... 45 +RelaitveClause
b.NounPhrase+Preposiitona lPhrase( a scomplemen)t ... 6.. 5 +RelaitveClause
.
B Funciton soft heUseoft hePreposiitona lPhrase sand... 85 s
e s u a l C e v it a l e R
.
1 Funciton soft hePreposiitona lPhrases ... 95 a . GivingDisitncitveandSpeciifcExplanaiton ... 06 b . AvoidingDisconitnu tiyo rAmbigu tiy ... 16
.
2 Funciton soft heRelaitveClauses ... 26 a . MaximizingExpilctiness... 46 b . IncreasingEconomy... 56 c . GivingDisitncitveandSpeciifcExplanaiton ... 66 d. GivingAddiitonalI nformaiton ... 76
.
3 TheSigni ifcan tOccurrenceo ftheFunciton sof... 86 thePreposiitona lPhrase sandRelaitveClausesi nt he
Patterno fAciton N O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ... 57 Y
H P A R G O I L B I
B ... 87 X
I D N E P P
i x
M A R G A I D D N A S E L B A T F O T S I L
.
A Lis to fTables .
1 Table4.1 ThePattern sandt heProporitonoft heNounPhrase s ... 23 t
s o
P -modiifedbyPreposiitona lPhrase sandbyRelaitve
s e s u a l C
.
2 Table4.2 TheProporitonoft heRelaitveClausesi nPoe’s... 43
r e tt e L d e n i o l r u P e h T
.
3 Table4.3 TheFunciton soft hePreposiitona lPhrase sas ... 95
t s o
P -modiiferi nPoe’ sThePurloinedLetter
.
4 Table4.4 TheFunciton soft heFintieandNon-ifntieRelaitve... 26
t s o P s a s e s u a l
C -modi iferi nPoe’ sThePurloinedLetter
.
5 Table4.5 TheFunciton soft heRestircitveandNon-restircitve... 36
t s o P s a s e s u a l C e v it a l e
R -modiiferi nPoe’ sThePurloined
r e tt e L
.
6 Table4.6 TheOccurrenceoft heFunciton sachievedby ... 96
e v it a l e R e h t d n a s e s a r h P l a n o it i s o p e r P e h t f o e s U e h t
n o it c A f o s n r e tt a P e h t n i s e s u a l C
.
B Lsi to fdiagram .
1 Diagram4.1 TheFunciton sachievedbyt heUseo fPreposiitonal... 07
t s o P s a s e s u a l C e v it a l e R e h t d n a s e s a r h
P -modiifer s
1
I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
Engilshi soneo fthelanguagesi nt hewo lrdwhichi susedbymanypeople e
h t s s o r c a e t a c i n u m m o c o
t ilmi to fgeographica lauthortiy o rcounrty .A san
a u g n a l l a n o it a n r e t n
i ge , tii si mpo trantf o rnon-naitvespeakers o fEngilsh t o learn
s
ti grammaitca lsrtucturein order t o be able t o communicate well ,especially i n
y a m e c n e t n e s h s il g n E n A . g n it ir
w consis to fconsrtucitons which refertosmalle r
e m e h p r o m d n a , d r o w , e s a r h p , e s u a l c s a h c u s , s tr a
p .A par twhich r elates eo n uni t
t n e u ti t s n o c a d e ll a c y l n o m m o c s i r e h t o n a d n
a (Qurik ,Greenbaum ,Leech and
k i v tr a v
S ,1985:3 8 .)
Anounphrasei soneoft heconsttiuent swhich bulids asentence .Qurike t
l
a menitoni nAComprehensiveGramma roft heEngilshLanguage, anounphrase
h c i h w o t , d a e h r o t n e u ti t s n o c l a rt n e c a s a h t i t a h t t n e t x e e h t o t d e d a e h s i ) P N (
( d e d d a y ll a n o it p o e b n a c s t n e m e l e r e h t
o 1985 :61) .A noun phrase ha sa noun
d n a d a e
h i tcan be modi ifed by adding some element ssuch a sdeterminers ,
e v it c e j d
a s, nouns ,preposiitona lphrases ,relaitve clauses ,non ifntie clauses ,and
t n e m e l p m o
c . However , thi s research only focuse s on modi ifcaiton by
.s e s u a l c e v it a l e r d n a s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p
Preposiitona lphrases and r elaitveclauses aret woo fnoun post-modi ifers .
t s o p e s o h t , y r o t s e v it c e t e d s a h c u s , e s o r p a n
I -modi ifer sare commonly found t o
li a t e d e v i
n o it a r i m d a l a s r e v i n u d e t c a r tt a ' d d o d n a n e v e' f o e m a g e h
t ’ ,which modfiy the
‘ . e .i , e s a r h p n u o n e h t f o d a e h e m a
s one.’
Thepreposiitona lphrase sand t herelaitveclause sarechosen ast het opic
e h t n i r u c c o y lt n e u q e r f y e h t e s u a c e b r e p a p s i h t f
o tex tand t hey funciton t o give
li a t e d e r o
m s indesc irbingaperson ,at hing ,o raplace .Becauseoft hecomplextiy
, g n it ir w f o y a w s ’ e o P f
o theclartiy o fpattern sandf unciton so fthepreposiitona l
s e s u a l c e v it a l e r e h t d n a s e s a r h
p i sneeded .Ther eader sshouldknowt hei rpattern s
n
a d funciton swhent heyareattachedt ot henounphrasess ot hat ythe nc a ge tclea r
u d n a n o it p ir c s e d t i c il p x e d n
a nderstand t he story. Therefore, t hi spaperidenitifes
e z y l a n a d n
a s them.
.
B ProblemFormula iton
: s w o ll o f s a d e g n a r r a s i n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h T
.
1 Wha tare the patterns o fnoun phrase swtih post-modiifcaiton in Edga r
s ’ e o P n a ll
A ThePurloinedLetter?
.
2 Wha taret hef unciton soft heuseoft hosepreposiitona lphrases andr elaitve
e s u a l
c s sa nounp -ostmodiifers inPoe’ sThePurloinedLetter?
.
3 Wha ti sthe signi ifcan toccurrence o fthe funciton so fthe preposiitona l
e s a r h
p s andr elaitveclauses int hepatterno faciton?
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy
Accordingt o t het wo problems above, t hescopeoft hisr esearch include s
e h
e s u a l
c s o . Inly tcan bestated t ha tthef ris tobjecitveoft hisr esearchist o ifnd ou t
e h
t pattern s and the proporiton o f the noun phrases p -ostmodi ifed by the
e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p s and by the relaitve clauses in the story .A tfe r ifnding the
n o it c n u f e h t y fi t n e d i o t s i e v it c e j b o d n o c e s e h t , n o it r o p o r
p s fo the use o fthose
e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p s andr elaitveclauses a smodiifers .
.
D De ifniitono fTerms
To avoid misinterpretaiton and misunderstanding , tii snecessary t o know :
e d u l c n i s m r e t e h T . y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u s m r e t e m o s f o n o it i n if e d e h t
n r e tt a P
According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’ sDicitonary 3rd Ediiton ,
. d e n e p p a h r o d e g n a r r a , e n o d s i g n i h t e m o s h c i h w n i y a w r a l u c it r a p a s i n r e tt a p
r e p a p s i h t e c n i
S discusse sthenoun phrases wtihthepreposiitona lphrases and the
e s u a l c e v it a l e
r s a s ti spost-modi ifers ,i trefer sto the arrangemen to fthe noun
s e s a r h
p wtiht hosepost-modi ifer .s
n o it c n u F
Thet erm f unciton referst o t he role so fpreposiitona lphrase sand relaitve t
s o p s a s e s u a l
c -modiifers .In othe rwords ,i tcan be deifned a sthe purpose so f
s r e if i d o m e s o h t g n i s
u a snoun post-modiifers .Oneo ftheexample smen itonedby
k ri u
Q e tal’. sA Comprehen isve Gramma ro fthe Engilsh Language i stha to ne
e h t g n ir r e f e r p r o f n o s a e
r of-phrase to geniitve i sto avoid disconitnutiy (1985:
) 8 9 2
ir t s e r r o e n if e d y e h t e s u a c e b e s u a l
c ctt her eferenceoft heanteceden tnoun (Yule ,
: 8 9 9
1 248).
e s a r h P l a n o it i s o p e r P
o t g n i d r o c c
A ContemporaryLinguisitcs :AnI ntroduciton ,tii ssta tedtha ta
n u o n n a d n a n o it i s o p e r p a f o n o it a n i b m o c y b d e m r o f s i ) P P ( e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p
y d a r G ’ O ( e s a r h
p ,1989 :129), fo rinstance “the door o four apartment wa s n
e p o n w o r h
t .”Int heexample,i tcan bei denitifedt hat‘ of’i st hepreposiiton and ‘ourapartment’i st henounphrase.
e s u a l C e v it a l e R
Qurik e tal .de ifne the relaitve clause a srestircitve and nonrest ircitve
e r o f e r e h t d n a e s a r h p n u o n f o s r e if i d o
m i ti sfuncitonally paralle lto attirbuitve
e v it c e j d
a ,f ori nstance“amanwhoi sl onely” (1985 :1048).
t s o
P -modiifer
Accordingt oAComprehensiveGramma roft heEngilshLanguage , ap -ost s
i r e if i d o
m an tiemt hati splaceda tfert heheadandt husi tmodiifest hehead .The
t s o
p -modiifer so fnoun phrasecould bepreposiitona lphrases ,non-ifntieclauses ,
e s u a l c e v it a l e
r s ,o rcomplements (Qurike tal. ,1985 :1239).
n o it c A f o n r e tt a P
Caweliti nAdventure ,Mystery ,and Romance :Formula storie sa sAr tand e
r u tl u C r a l u p o
P men iton stha tthere are six main phase sa sthe pattern so fthe
) c ( ; e u l c d n a e m ir c ) b ( ; e v it c e t e d e h t f o n o it c u d o rt n i ) a ( : e r a y e h T . n o it c a
it a n a l p x e ) e ( ; n o it u l o s e h t f o t n e m e c n u o n n a ) d ( ; n o it a g it s e v n
i on of t he soluiton ;
e u o n e d ) f
7
I I R E T P A H C
I T E R O E H
T CALREVIEW
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies
Therearet wos tudie swhicharer elatedt ot hisr esearch .Theyare“AStudy R
h s il g n E f
o elaitve Clauses in Edga r Allan Poe’ sThe Murder sin the Rue
e u g r o
M ” yb Yohana Kuncup Yhanua rPrasthiwi and “Preposiitona lPhrase sand
t s o P n u o N s a s e s u a l C e v it a l e
R -Modiifer s in Doyle’ s Slive r Blaze and The
e r i p m a V x e s s u S e h t f o e r u t n e v d
A :Thei rPattern sand Effects” by Siegfireda
. ir t u P a ti s r u M a t n i h S i tr e b l
A Inhe rundergraduatet hesis ,Prasthiw ididananalysi s
f
o Engilshr elaitveclauses .Hert hesisshared thesamet opicaboutr elaitveclause s
t s o p n u o n a s
a -modiifer.I naddiiton ,Put ir’ sundergraduatet hesi swa san analysi s
n
o pattern sandeffect so fpreposiitona lphrasesand r elaitveclause .sI tshared the
i p o t e m a
s coft hisr esearch ,except theautho randthes tory .
Prasth ii w discussed the type sand the funciton so frelaitve clauses .The e l b a t n i n w o h s s a s e s u a l c e v it a l e r f o n o it r o p o r p e h t d e w o h s s i s y l a n a r e h f o t l u s e r
n o n d n a e v it c ir t s e r o t n i e s u a l c e v it a l e r e h t d e d i v i d e h s , n o it i d d a n I . 1 .
2 -rest ircitve
s a n o it r o p o r p e h t t o g e h s d n a s e s u a l c e v it a l e
r shownint hetable2.2:
. 2 e l b a
T 1 Proporitono fRelaitveClausei nEdga rAllanPoe’ sTheMurdersi n e
u g r o M e u R e h
t (Prasthiw’i sThesis ,2006)
. o
N Rela itveClause ONcucmurbreernoce f Percentage
.
1 Restircitver elaitveclauses 1 29 67.18%
.
2 N -on restircitver elaitveclauses 6 3 32.82%
.
3 Sentenitalr elaitveclauses 0 0
2 . 2 e l b a
T Proporiton o fRest ircitve and Non-restircitve Relaitve Clause in s
’ e o P n a ll A r a g d
E The Murder sin the Rue Morgue (Prasthiw’i s
) 6 0 0 2 , s i s e h T
. o
N Rela itveClause ONcucmurbreernoce f Percentage
.
4 Fintier estircitver elaitveclauses 9 3 47.45% .
5 N -on ifntie r estircitver elaitveclauses 3 6 18.37% .
6 Fintienon-restircitver elaitveclause 4 4 22.45% .
7 N -cloaunseifntienon-restircitver elaitve 1 9 9.69% .
8 Zeror elaitveclauses 4 2.04%
From the tables above ,she showed tha tEdga rAllan Poe used more
e v it c ir t s e
r relaitveclausest han then -on ifntieone sand mademos to fhi srelaitve
. e ti n if s e s u a l
c Besides ,she concluded t hat the funciton so fthe relaitve clauses
e r e
w providing detalied informaiton which made the story more complete and
li a t e
d ; serving addiitona l informaiton which gave more informaiton and
n o it p ir c s e
d , atlhough t hey werenot i mpo trant ;and combining i deas which made
ll a h c y r o t s e h
t engingandno tbo irng.
Inothers tudy,i nhe rundergraduatet hesis ,Putirformulatedtwoproblems :
)
1 what i st heproporiton o fpreposiitona lphrase post-modiifcaiton and t ha twtih
s ’ e l y o D n i e s u a l c e v it a l e
r Slive rBlazeand TheAdventureoft heSussexVamprie?
w ) 2 d n
a ha taret heeffect sachievedbyt heuseoft hosepreposiitona lphraseand
t s o p s a e s u a l c e v it a l e
r -modiiferi nt het wos to ires?
Referirng to the fris tproblem ,she showed the proporiton o fthose pos
t-a n I . 3 . 2 e l b a t n i n e e s s a s r e if i d o
m ddiiton ,she menitoned the proporiton o f
s e s u a l c e v it a l e
r a sseenin t able2.4 .Fromt hesecondproblem ,shegott heeffect s
e r e w h c i h
From the table s above , Put ir showed tha t in those Doyle’ s work s
t s o p s a d e s u y lt s o m e r e w s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p -modiife rand mos to frelaitve
e h t , n o it i d d a n I . e ti n if e r e w s e s u a l
c mos t frequen t effec t w as giving more
.t c e j b o n a t u o b a n o it a n a l p x e c if i c e p s r o e v it c n it s i d
Thi sundergraduate thesi sdevelops both o fthe studie sabove and also
t u o b a w e n g n i h t e m o s r e v o c s i
d thesigniifcanceo fusingthepreposiitona lphrase s
d n
a therelaitveclause sa snoun p -ost modiifer sby analyzing t hepattern sand t he
s n o it c n u
f inThePurloinedLetter yb Edga rAllanPoe.
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheories .
1 NounPhrase
Anounphrase(NP)i sheaded t o t heextentt hati tha sacenrta lconsttiuen t (
d e d d a y ll a n o it p o e b n a c s t n e m e l e r e h t o h c i h w o t , d a e h r
o Qurike tal. ,1985 :61).
s i e s a r h p n u o n a n e h
W narrowed,i twli lbef oundt ha tanounphraseha sanouna s
r o d a e h e h
t thecen rta lconsttiuent .I tcan be modiifed by adding othe relements ,
c t e , e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p , s e v it c e j d a , r e n i m r e t e d s a h c u
s . Qurik e t al . in A
h s il g n E e h t f o r a m m a r G e v is n e h e r p m o
C Languagemeniton that t heconsttiuent s
f
o thenoun phraseare t hehead, t hedeterminaitve, t he pre-modi ifcaiton ,and t he
t s o
p -modiifcaiton( 1985 :1238 .)Theheadi ssurroundedbyothe rconsttiuent sand
, e c n e t n e s e h t f o s tr a p r e h t o h ti w d r o c n o c s e t a t c i d t
i fo rexample:
Thet al lgirlstandingi nt hecorneri smys iste .r
Thet al lgirlsstandingi nt hecorne raremys iste .r
s e h t n
I entenceabove,t henounphrase‘ thet al lgri lstandingi nt hecorner’hast he
d a e
h ‘girl’ and t henounphrase t‘het al lgirl sstandingi nt hecorner ’hast hehead
‘g ls.ir ’Both of t he head sare followed by the n -on ifntie clause “standing i n t he
” r e n r o
c ast hemodi ife .rThenoun head ‘girl ’and ‘girls ’determinetheuseoft o
e
b ‘ si ’ and ‘ ea ’ r whichf ollow t henounphrasei nt hesentence .s I tshowst hatt he
d r o c n o c e h t s e t a t c i d d a e
h .
Fu trher ,Qurike ta.ldividethedeterminaitvei ntopre-determiners ,cenrta l
t s o p d n a , s r e n i m r e t e
d -determiners (1985 :1238) .Pre-determiner sare al l tiem s
. g . e , r e n i m r e t e d l a rt n e c y n a e d e c e r p n a c h c i h
w a ll , both , double . Cen rta l
( s e l c it r a e h t s a h c u s s m e ti e r a s r e n i m r e t e
d a/an and the) ,this , some. P -ost
e r p e d e c e r p t u b s r e n i m r e t e d l a rt n e c w o ll o f h c i h w s m e ti e r a s r e n i m r e t e
d -modiifers ,
,s l a r e m u n . g .
e many ,few ,several. P -ost determiner salso includeparititve swhich
e v it it r a p e r u s a e m d n a , n o it it r a p y ti t n a u q , n o it it r a p y ti l a u q s a d e p u o r g e b y a m
n u o
n s .Qualtiy parititon i sexpressed by a parititve coun tnoun ilkekind ,sort ,o r
e p y
t fo llowed byanof-phrase ,e.g .akindofcomputer ,asor tofbread ,and at ype
f
o research(1985 :249) .Quanttiypatrtiioni sachievedbymean so fcetraingenera l
e v it it r a
p noun ,si nparitcula rpiece ,bti ,tiem,f ollowedbyanof-phrase ,e.g .apiece
f
o cake ,some bti sof chalk ,and an tiem of news(1985 :249) .Measure parititve
r o f , t h g i e w d n a , e m u l o v , a e r a , h t g n e l g n it o n e d s e it it n a u q e s i c e r p o t e t a l e r s n u o n
: e l p m a x e
.
a eL ngth :af oo to fcoppe rwrie ,amerte( BrE /)ameter( AmE /)ayardo fcloth ,
e l b a c f o e li m a
.
.
c Volume :a ilrte( BrE /)al tier( AmE )o fwine ,apin/taquar to fmlik
.
d Weight :an ounce of t obacco ,apound o fbutter ,akilo o fapples ,a t on o f
) 1 5 2 : 5 8 9 1 ( .l a o c
Thepr -emodi ifcaitoncomp irse sallt he tiem splacedbeforet hehead othe r
s e v it c e j d a y l b a t o n , e v it a n i m r e t e d n a h
t (o radjecitvephrases)andnouns:
( )1 somef urntiure
( )2 someexpensivefurn tiure
( )3 someveryexpensiveofifcefurntiure
( )4 someveryveryexpensiveofifcefurntiure.
(Qurike ta.l ,1985 :1239)
Lock in Funcitona l Engilsh Grammar : An introduciton fo r second
s r e h c a e t e g a u g n a
l deifne stha tp -ost modiifers which modfiy t he head i n a noun
p u o r
g havefuncitontonarrowdownt hemeaningo fconsttiuentsf romal lkind so f
s t n e u ti t s n o c f o t e s b u s a o t t n e u ti t s n o
c (1996 :53).I nothe rwords ,apost-modiife r
t e s b u s c if i c e p s a y fi t n e d i y l e u q i n u o t n o it c n u f y a
m . The post-modiifcaiton
: y l b a t o n , d a e h e h t r e tf a d e c a l p s m e ti e h t ll a s e s ir p m o c
Preposiitona lphrases: theca routsidet hes ta iton
N -on ifn tieclauses: theca rstandingoustidet hes taiton
Relaitveclauses: theca rthats toodoutsidet hes taiton
Complementaiton: abigge rca rthant hat
(Qurike ta.l ,1985 :1239)
In conclusion ,t nhe ounphrase sconsis to fahead ,which i a s noun ,ando f
h c i h w s t n e m e l
n o n , e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p , s n u o n , s e v it c e j d a , s r e n i m r e t e
d -ifntie clauses ,relative
t n e m e l p m o c d n a , s e s u a l
c . A funciton o fa post-modi ife rmight be to identfiy a
.t e s b u s c if i c e p s
.
2 TheExpilctines so fPost-modiifca iton
Qurik e ta.l in AComprehen isveGramma roft heEng ilsh Languagestate e
t a h
t xpilctinessi np -ost modiifcaitoni sgreateri nthe ifntier elaitveclausethani n
n o n e h
t - ifntie –ing clause ,from which the expilci ttense (is/was? )i sabsent ,
i s i h t h g u o h
t n turn i smoreexpilci tthan t hepreposiitona lphrase,f rom which the
it a c i d n i b r e
v ngas peciifcposturei sabsent .Fo rexample:
) 5
( theg ri lwhowass tandingi nt hecorner
) 6
( thegilrstandingi nt hecorner
) 7
( thegilri nt hecorner
(Qurike ta.l ,1985 :1243)
Thenoun phrase(5)i smodi ifed by a ifntierelaitveclause where t herei s
l li t
s anexpilctit ense( was) .Whent heclausei nt henoun phrase( 5)i sr educedby
elilpsi s o f the tense (was) , i t become s non-ifntie –ing clause where the
n u o n e h t ,r e v o e r o M . ) 6 ( e s a r h p n u o n e h t n i e s u a l c e h t e k il s e s a e r c e d s s e n ti c il p x e
) 7 ( e s a r h
p isl es sexplici tbecauset heverbandt het enseareabsent .Fromexample
(5) up to example (7) ,i tcan be concluded tha ta ifntie relaitve clause i smore
e s u a c e b e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p a n a h t t i c il p x
e o fthe absence o fthe verb and the
1 )IN+NOUN+OF
e .g. incaseo ,fi nchargeo ,fi nviewo ,fi nneedo ,fi ns ptieo ,fi nf ron tof , n i ,f o t s e u q n i ,f o d i a n i ,f o e c a f n i ,f o e c a l p n i ,f o r u o v a f n i ,f o u e il n i
. c t e , f o h c r a e s n i ,f o t c e p s e r
2 )IN+NOUN+WITH
e .g.incontac twtih,i ncommonwtih,i n ilnewtih,i naccordancewtih ,etc.
3 )BY+NOUN+O F
e .g. bymean sof ,bywayof ,byvitrueof ,bydin tof ,etc.
4 )ON+NOUN+OF
e .g. onaccoun tof ,onbehal fof ,ont opof ,onpainof ,ons rtengthof ,etc.
5 )OTHERTYPES
e .g. a tva irance wtih ,in exchange for ,in return for ,in addiiton to ,in .
c t e , f o s d n a h e h t t a , o t t c e p s e r h ti w , o t n o it a l e
r
The example so fthe preposiitona lphrase scan be seen in the following s
e c n e t n e
s :
( 8)Ist hisr oadtoParis?
( 9)Thehousebeyondt hechurchwasf ors ale.
(10)Hisl fieatfert hewarwasr athe rdull
(LeechandSvatrvik ,1975 :268-269)
. s e s a r h p n u o n e h t r e tf a e m o c s y a w l a s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p e h t ,s e c n e t n e s e s o h t n I
, ) 8 ( e l p m a x e n
I the P P to t heParismodiife sthe noun head road, i n (9)t hePP
h c r u h c e h t d n o y e
b modiifes t he NP the house ,and i n (10) t he PP atfer t he war
s e if i d o
m theNPhisl fie.
In the noun phrase srtucture ,a preposiitona lphrase can funciton a sa
. t c n u j d a n a d n a t n e m e l p m o
c Acomplementi sneededbyahead becausei tshow s
g n i d n o p s e r r o c e h t f o t c e j b o c it n a m e s e h
t verb oft he head (Djatmoko ,2002 :12) .
e k a t n u o n a n e h
W s aPPa s ti scomplemen,tt hepreposiiton which headst hePP si
2 0 0 2 , o k o m t a j D ( d e x
if :11) .Fo rexample:
) 1 1
) 2 1
( shi knowledgeo fEngilshgrammar e
l p m a x e e h t n
I (11)and( 12),t henoundemand isf ollowed by ifxed preposiiton , .
e
.i on and t he noun knowledgei sfo llowed by ifxed one , .ie .of .Theboth ifxed n
o it i s o p e r
p canno tbereplacedbyothe rpreposiiton.
A san adjunct ,a preposiitona lphrase give sthe characteirsitc o fa noun
2 0 0 2 , o k o m t a ji w D ( d a e
h :15) .Fo rexample :
) 3 1
( thebookont het able
e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p e h t ,) 3 1 ( e l p m a x e e h t n
I ont het ablegivest hecharacteirsitc
. e v it c n it s i d d n a c if i c e p s s e m o c e b t i t a h t o s , k o o b e h t f o
Thenounphrase swhicharep -ost modiifedby–o fcontirbutegrealtyt ot he
s n o i s s e r p x e e h t f o y ti x e l p m o
c because o fthe vairable ‘drieciton ’o fpredicaiton
m e h t o t d n o p s e r r o c h c i h
w (Qurik e ta.l, 1985 :1278) .They have tfl - oe t - irgh t
n o it a c i d e r
p ro objecitve relaiton and ir - oghtt -lef t predicaiton o r subjecitve
e h T . n o it a l e
r o -f consrtucitont ha thas av -erb objec trelaitonshipi scalledobjecitve ,
e l p m a x e r o
f :
1( 4) thei mp irsonmen toft hemurdere r
~( someone)i mp irsonedt hemurderer
e h
T o -f consrtuciton tha tha sa subject-verb relaitonship i scalled subjecitve ,fo r
e l p m a x
e :
5 1
( ) thearirva loft he rtain
~The rtainar irved
k ri u Q
Qurik e tal .(1985: 1298 )also meniton t ha tone reason fo rpreferirng t he
f
o -phraset ogeniitvei stoavoiddisconitnu tiy.Fo rexample :
6 1
( )t heear so fmani nt hedeckchari
7 1
( )*theman’ searsi nt hedeckchari
1 ( e s a r h p n u o n e h t n
I 6) ,the modiifcaiton can be added to the word “ears” o r
c k c e d e h t n i n a m e h t f o s r a e e v it i s n e s e h t “ e l p m a x e r o f , ” n a m
“ hai rwho brough t
o
s mef ood.”I nt henoun phrase( 17 ,)t hemodi ifcaiton canno tbeaddedbecausei t
. d e u n it n o c s i d s e m o c e b d n a y ti u g i b m a s e t a e r c
.
4 Coordina itonTest
Geoffrey Poole i n Syntacitc Theory menitons t hat i n orde rfor t wo t hing s e
b t s u m y e h t , d e t a n i d r o o c e b o
t in thesamesyntacitccategoryandt hesamel eve l
y e h t fi ) s P N ( s e s a r h p n u o n o w t e t a n i d r o o c y l n o n a c e w t a h t s n a e m t I .) 9 3 : 2 0 0 2 (
r o f e r
a instance anoun phrase(NP )and anothe rnoun phr ase(NP) o rnoun head
n a c d n a , P N n a m r o f s P N d e n i o j n o c o w t , n e h T . ) N ( d a e h n u o n r e h t o n a d n a ) N (
s i e l o o P y b n w o h s s i t a h t e l p m a x e n A . n a c P N ’ l a m r o n ‘ a e r e h w y n a r a e p p
a :
) 0 2
( thes tuden to fphliosophyandadvisort ot hes tars.
‘ t a h t e r u s s i
tI studen to fphliosophy’ hast hes ames yntacitccategoryandt hes ame
h ti w l e v e
l ‘advisort ot hes tars’ .Therefore,t hes rtuctureo fexample( 20 )mus tbe:
(20a)
y h p o s o li h p f o t n e d u t
s advisort ot hes tars
P N
t e
D N ’
’
N N ’
e h
a f r u
s ceorde rof( 21b)i sde irved .ThePPi,‘ o fHockney’sl ates tpicture’ ,ha sbeen
, s u h T . t h g ir e h t o t d e n i o j d a s i d n a P N e h t f o t u o d e v o
m exrtaposiiton happensi n
) b 1 2 ( e l p m a x
e sincet hePP ii sexrtaposedf romt heobjec tNP.
6. Rela itveClausea sPost-modi ifer
Relaitveclause s(RC )aret ypicallyf ound atfe ranoun phraseand provide e s a r h p n u o n t a h t y b d e t a c i d n i g n i h t r o n o s r e p e h t t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i e m o
s (Yule ,
) 0 4 2 : 8 9 9
1 .Theyarealsosomeitme scalled‘ adjecitveclause ’because , ilkemany
e v it c e j d
a s ,they o tfen desc irbe and help to identfiy the person o rthing being
n o it a m r o f n i s e d i v o r p e s u a l c e v it a l e r e h t , e l p m a x e g n i w o ll o f e h t n I . t u o b a d e k l a t
. k o o b e h t t u o b a
( 22 ) I’mt alkingabou tabooktha tdoesn’ tmakemef al lasleep .
r
A elaitveclausecan oa ls followa preposiitona lphrase,f o rexample:
3 2
( ) Wherei st hepersontowhomyout alked?
4 2
( ) Wherei st hehote linwhichyou tsayed?
Int hosesentence ,st hepreposiiton stoandinhavebeenf rontedalongwtih
a c n o it i s o p e r p d e t n o r f h ti w e s o h T . s n u o n o r p e v it a l e r e h
t n sound very forma land
y f f u t
s (Yule ,1998 :242).
Wtihr elaitvemodi ifcaiton,t hegeniitvei scompulsoryo rgrealtypreferred ,
n it n o c s i d , s s e n d r a w k w a d i o v a o t r e d r o n
i utiy ,o rambigutiy:
5 2
( ) af irend’ sarirva lwhichhadbeenexpectedf ors evera lweeks
k ri u Q
e h t f
I phrase above i sconvetred a s“the arirva lo fa f irend which had been
t i ” ,s k e e w l a r e v e s r o f d e t c e p x
e create saheavyr estircitvepost-modiifcaitonoft he
e s a r h p n u o n e h t f o d a e
h .
Ther elaitveclauses canbe ifntieandnon-ifntie ,andcanber estircitveand
n o
n -rest ircitve .Fu trheri nformaitonwli lbeexplainedbyt hepoint sbelow:
.
a Fin tieRela itveClause
Fin tie relaitveclause i saclause tha t ti sverb i s ifntie . tI i sinrtoduced by n
u o n o r p e v it a l e
r ,such a swho ,whom ,whose ,which ,and that .The choice o fthe
. l a n o s r e p n o n r o l a n o s r e p s i g n i h t e h t r e h t e h w y b d e t c e f f a s i n u o n o r p e v it a l e r
s e d s i ti , r e h tr u
F cirbedi nt het ablebelow:
6 . 2 e l b a
T TheChoiceo fRelaitvePronouns(Qu rike tal. ,1972 :215) n
o n d n a e v it c ir t s e
R -rest ircitve Rest ircitveonly
Personal N -on personal Persona l and non -l
a n o s r e p e
s a c e v it c e j b u
S W ho which T hat
e s a c e v it c e j b
O W mh o That ,z ero
e s a c e v it i n e
G Whose O fwhich
+ n o it i s o p e r P
n u o n o r p e v it a l e
r Prep+whom Prep+which
n u o n o r p e v it a l e R
n o it i s o p e r p
… Who/m /…prep Which…prep tzhearo t……pprreepp
Nevetrheless ,many user so fEngilsh would prefer t o use a ifntie relaitve
… ( e s u a l
c who aret alking t oJohn) ,no doubti nr esponset o adesrief o rmaxima l
k ri u Q ( d a e h e h t m o r f t n a t s i d y l e v it a l e r s i h c i h w t n i o p a t a s s e n ti c il p x
e e tal. ,1985:
:) 7 9 2 1
6 2
( ) themanandwomani nt hecornert alkingt oJ ohn
7 2
.
b N -on ifn tieRela itveClause
A no -n ifntier elaitveclausei sa clauset ha t ti sverb i snon-ifntie .Therei s n
i d e s u n u o n o r p e v it a l e r o
n n -on ifntier elaitveclause .Wtihou tconjunciton,t here
a n e e w t e b ) e c it c a r p n i g n i n a e m n i e c n e r e f fi d e lt ti l h ti w n e tf o h g u o h t( y ti u g i b m a s i
t s o p e h t f o n o it a l e r d e t a n i d r o o
c -modi ifcaiton and ahierarchicalr elaiton ( Qu rik e t
l
a . ,1985: 1297) .There are three type so fnon-ifntie relaitve clause : i( )-ing
, e s u a l c e v it a l e
r ( -ii ) edrelaitveclause ,and( ii)ito- in ifniitver elaitveclause .
.i -ingRela itveClause
A sa paritciple clause doe sno thave tense ,-ing relaitve clause can be p
r o t s a p s a d e t e r p r e t n
i resentt ense(LeechandSvatrvik ,1975 :269 ,)f o rexample: 8
2
( ) Thepeopleworkingi nt hef actoryaskedf o rapayi ncreasel as tmonth.
Int hesentenceabove,t henounphrase“thepeopleworkingi nt hef actory”
e r a o h w e l p o e p e h t “ s a d e t e r p r e t n i e b n a
c working i n t he f actory”o r“thepeople
” . y r o t c a f e h t n i g n i k r o w e r e w o h w
.i
i -edRela itveClause
The -ed paritciple clause correspond sin meaning to a passive relaitve e
s u a l
c andcontain snoneoft hedisitnciton t ha tcan bemadeby t enseand aspect
e e L
( chandSva trvik ,1975 :269 ,)f o rexample:
9 2
( ) Thequesitondebatedi nParilamen tye tserdaywa sabou taboritonl aw .s
e c n e t n e s e h t n
I (29 )above,t henoun phrase“thequesiton debated i n Parilamen t
y a d r e ts e
y can be i nterpreted as “thequesiton which wa sdebated i n Parilament”
.i
ii to- in ifni itveRela itveClause
The to- in ifniitve resemble sthe othe rnon-ifntie clause sin no tmaking e
s n e t f o n o it c n it s i
d and aspect ,so tha t ti s itme reference atler saccording to
: e l p m a x e r o f ,) 9 6 2 : 5 7 9 1 , k i v tr a v S d n a h c e e L ( t x e t n o c
0 3
( ) Thenex trtaintoar irvewasf romChicago.
n i a rt t x e n e h t “ e s a r h p n u o n e h t , e v o b a e c n e t n e s e h t n
I toarrive”canbei nterpreted
” .t x e n d e v ir r a h c i h w n i a rt e h t “ s a
.
c RestricitveRela itveClause
Restircitve relaitve clause s are also called ‘deifning ’ relaitve clause s n
u o n t n e d e c e t n a e h t f o e c n e r e f e r e h t t c ir t s e r r o e n if e d y e h t e s u a c e
b (Yule ,1998 :
) 8 4
2 ,f o rexample:
1 3
( ) Myf irendwho’sJ apanesei scoming .
In addiiton ,Qurik e tal .(1985 :1239 ) state stha tthe modi ifcaiton i s n
e h w e v it c ir t s e
r ther eferenceoft heheadi st hemembe ro ftheclas swhichcanbe
. d e il p p u s n e e b s a h t a h t n o it a c if i d o m e h t h g u o r h t y l n o d e if it n e d i
.
d N -on restricitveRela itveClause
N -on restircitve relaitve clause sare clause swhich give exrta informaiton
g n i y fi t n e d i t o n , n o it a m r o f n i l a n o it i d d a e d i v o r p d n a t n e d e c e t n a n a t u o b a
: e l p m a x e r o f ,) 8 4 2 : 8 9 9 1 , e l u Y ( n o it a m r o f n i
2 3
Qurik e tal .(1985 :1239 )add stha tthe modiifcaiton i sn -on restircitve
e h t n e h
w modi ifcaitonwhichi sgivent osuchaheadi saddiitonalinformaitonand
t
i i sno tessenitalf ori denit ifcaiton.
7. Pa ttern soft heFormulao fClassica lDetecitveStory
Caweliti n ih sbookAdventure ,Mystery ,andRomance :Formulastorie sa s
d n a t r
A Popula rCutlure(1976 :80 )dividest hef ormulaoft heclassica ldetecitve
y r o t
s into 4 aspects :stiuaiton o rstiuaitons ,pattern o faciton o rdevelopmen to f
p u o r g n i a tr e c a , n o it a u ti s s i h
t o fcharacter sand relaiton between them ,and a
. n o it c a d n a s r e t c a r a h c e h t o t e t a ir p o r p p a g n it t e s f o e p y t r o g n it t e s
.
1 Stiuaiton
Stiuaitoni nt heclassica ldetecitves torybegin swtihanunsolvedcirmeand
y r e t s y m s ti f o n o it a d i c u l e e h t d r a w o t s e v o
m (Cawelit ,1976 :80) .Cawetly also
t a h t s n o it n e
m themystery maycente rwtih t hecirmina land hi spurpose sknown ,
e h t f o e c n e d i v e r a e l c h s il b a t s e o t r o s n a e m e h t e n i m r e t e d o t e b y a m m e l b o r p e h t
f o e s a c e h t n i s a , d e e d s ’l a n i m ir
c ThePu lroinedLetterwheret hedetecitvemus t
. r e tt e l e h t d e l a e c n o c s a h . D r e t s i n i M e h t e r e h w e n i m r e t e d
.
2 Patterno fAciton
InRueMorgueand ThePurloinedLetter,t herearesixmainphase sast he
: e r a y e h T . n o it c a e h t f o s n r e tt a
p (a)i nrtoduciton of t he detecitve ;(b )cirme and
it a n a l p x e ) e ( ; n o it u l o s e h t f o t n e m e c n u o n n a ) d ( ; n o it a g it s e v n i ) c ( ; e u l
c on o fthe
e u o n e d ) f ( ; n o it u l o
s m (ent Cawelit ,1976 :82) .Healsoaddst hatt hosepatr sdono t
l
e h t d li u b t a h t m e h t g n o m a n o it a l e r e b l li w e r e h t d n a s e l o r e s o h t l li fl u f d l u o h s
. y r o t s e l o h w
.
4 Setitng
In hi s book , Cawetl i also give s explanaiton on the setitng o f Poe’ s
. y r o t s e v it c e t e d l a c i s s a l
c Hes tates:
h t o
B RueMorgueand ThePurloinedLettertakeplacei nt woi solatedsetitng s m o o r e h t d n a t n e m tr a p a s ’ n i p u D : d lr o w e h t f o t s e r e h t m o r f f f o d e k r a m y lr a e l c
e c a l p s e k a t e m ir c e h t h c i h w n
i (Cawelit ,1976 :9 . 6)
tIi sbettert oknowt hes etitngoft hedetecitves tory,s ot hatt her eader scan
e c a l p e h t f o n o it p ir c s e d c if i c e p s e h t t e
g s in which the aciton sin the story take
. e c a l p
.
C Theoreitca lFramework
Thi sstudyaimst o answe rproblemaboutt hepattern soft henounphrase s
t s o
p -modiifed by preposiitona lphrases and by relaitveclause ,s and thefunciton s
f
o thepreposiitona lphrases a dn relaitveclause sa spost-modi ifersin Edga rAllan
s ’ e o
P The Purloined Letter. The related theo ire swhich have been reviewed
e b l li w t i , tr a p s i h t n I . s m e l b o r p e h t r e w s n a o t r e ti r w e h t p l e h l li w y l s u o i v e r p
s i s y l a n a e h t n i d e il p p a e b l li w s e ir o e h t e h t w o h d e n i a l p x
e .
The theory o fnoun phrase ,preposiitona lphrase a spost-modiifer ,and
t s o p s a e s u a l c e v it a l e
r -modi ife rgivecont irbuitonin ifndingt henounphrasei nthe
y r o t
s to answer the fris tproblem .The theory o fpreposiitona lphrase a spost
-c e v it a l e r d n a r e if i d o
m lausea spost-modi ife rhelp t hewrtier t o analyzet henoun
s e s a r h
n o it a n i d r o o c f o y r o e h t e h T . t n e m e l p m o c a n a h t d a e h e h t o t r e s o l c e b n a c t c n u j d a
t e z y l a n a o t r e ti r w e h t s p l e h t s e
t hecoordinated preposiitona lphrase sand r elaitve
. s e s u a l
c Inaddiiton,t hoset heo ire sareusefuli nanalyzingt hepatternoft henoun
e r a h c i h w s e s a r h
p modiifed by preposiitona lphrase sand relaitveclauses i n The
r e tt e L d e n i o l r u
P byEdga rAllanPoe.
The second problem i sabou tthe funcitons o fthe use o fpreposiitona l
e s a r h
p s andr elaitveclauses a snoun post-modiifers .Thet heoryo fexpilctines so f
t s o
p -modiifcaiton and the t heory about the characteirsitc o fpreposiitona lphrase
d n
a relaitve clause stated by Qurik e ta.l (1985) and also theory abou trelaitve
n o it c n u f e h t e n i m r e t e d o t r e ti r w e h t p l e h ) 8 9 9 1 ( e l u Y y b d e t a t s e s u a l
c s oft hose
t u o b a y r o e h t e h T . s r e if i d o
m the patter sof t he formula of t he classica ldetecitve
n o it a m r o f n i s e v i g y r o t
s , such as the stiuaiton ,pattern o faciton ,characte rand
d e s u e b l li w n o it c a f o n r e tt a p f o y r o e h t e h t , n o it i d d a n I . g n it t e s d n a , c it s ir e t c a r a h c
s e s a r h p n u o n f o e c n e r r u c c o e h t d n if o t d n a s tr a p e m o s o t n i y r o t s e h t e d i v i d o t
h c i h
w aremodiifed bypreposiitona lphrase sand r elaitveclausesin every pattern
. n o it c a f
7 2
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
.
A Objec toft heStudy
The data o f thi s research are noun phrase s which are modiifed by n
i s e s u a l c e v it a l e r d n a s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p ThePurloined LetterbyEdga rAllan
. e o
P The story taken by the wrtie rwa sfound in book enitlted Tale so fEdga r
e o P n a ll
A .Thi sbook wa spubilshed i n 1944 byRandom HouseIncorporaiton i n
. k r o Y w e N
Based on http://www.cummingsstudyguide .sne/tGuides4/Pu lroined.html ,
r e tt e L d e n i o l r u P e h
T i sone of t he frist t hree detecitve sto ire seve rw irtten .I ti s
d l o c g n i s u f o s s e c o r p e h t , n o it a n i c o it a r f o s e l a t s a o t d e r r e f e
r ,objecitve logic–
n o it c u d n i d n a n o it c u d e d g n i d u l c n
i –tos olveaproblemo ramystery.Inaddiiton,i n
d e n i o lr u p / m o c .s e t o n e . w w w // : p tt
h -letter, ti i smenitoned tha t i twa so irginally
, e n i z a g a m l a u n n a n i d e h s il b u
p TheGitf :AChri tsma sandNewYea 'r sPresentf o r
4 4 8
1 .Then ,the story wa sreproduced in Poe’ sTale sby Edga rA .Poe the
.r a e y g n i w o ll o f
ThePurloinedLette rha sbeenadaptedi nto storyt elilng i nVOA’ sSpecia l
o t g n i d r o c c A . ” s e ir o t S n a c ir e m A “ m a r g o r p h s il g n
E http://www.voanew .scom /
s tr a / e m o h / h s il g n e g n i n r a e
l -entetrainmen /tSho tr-Story- eT -h Pu lroined-Letter- yb
-r a g d
E -Allan- eP -o 130456943.html ,thi sshor tstory w as adapted into a program
“ d e lt it n
e Specia lEngilsh” by Dona De Sancit sand wa sdeilvered by Barbara
n i e l
.
2 DataAnalysis
A tfe rgetitng t hecolleciton o fdataoft henoun phrasesi nt hesho trstory , .
a t a d e h t e z y l a n a o t s p e t s e e r h t e r a e r e h
t
Fris,t the wrtier idenitifed the pattern s o f the noun phrases . Thi s
t e g o t d e d e e n s a w n o it a c if it n e d
i clea runderstanding on t he noun phrase swhich
d e if i d o m e r e
w by the preposiitona lphrase and the relaitve clauses .The data
s e l p m a
s fromonegroup oft hepatternso fnounphrase sweretaken andt hent hey
d e z y l a n a e r e
w .
Second ,the wrtie ridenitifed the function so fthose post-modi ifers .The
a t a
d samplesfromonegroupoft hef unciton so fnounphrase sweret akenandt hen
d e z y l a n a r e ti r w e h
t therif uncitonsby giving check i nt het able. Theexample so f
: w o l e b n w o h s e r a d e z y l a n a a t a d
e d o C
r e b m u
N NounPhrase
s n o it c n u F
n r e tt a P
f o
n o it c a g
n i v i G
e v it c n it s i d
c if i c e p s &
n o it a n a l p x e
g n i d i o v A
y ti u n it n o c s i d
y ti u g i b m a r o 7
1 / A P P P N / 7
1 themethodoft het hief √ √ 2
8 1 / A P P P N / 8
1 thedocumentinquesiton √ 2
9 1 / A P P P N / 9
1 tpheerseonntargaencf reoomft whheoomthees rpeexcaiatlelldy ti l a e c n o c o t h s i w r e h s a w t i
√ √ 2
0 2 / A P P P N / 0
2 thehandwri itngoft headdress √ 2
1 2 / A P P P N / 1
2 athdedrceosnsfeudsionoft hepersonage √ √ 2
Thrid , thewrtieri denit ifedandanalyzedt heoccurrenceoft hef uncitons in
n r e tt a p y r e v
e o facitoni nt hes torysot ha tthes igni ifcanceoft heoccurrenceint he
n o it c a f o s n r e tt a
.
3 Popula iton
Based on the ifndings , there were 9 74 noun phrase s in Poe’ s The
r e tt e L d e n i o l r u
P .Thedetali sare79nounphrase swtihou tmodi ifcaiton ,570noun
e r p h ti w s e s a r h
p -modiifcaiton ,and 325 noun phrase swtih preposiitona lphrase s
t s o p e h t s a s e s u a l c e v it a l e r d n
a -modiifers .The data observed consisted o f210
y b d e if i d o m s e s a r h p n u o n 4 9 , s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p y b d e if i d o m s e s a r h p n u o n
d n a s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p h t o b y b d e if i d o m s e s a r h p n u o n 1 2 d n a , s e s u a l c e v it a l e r
. s e s u a l c e v it a l e
r Int hisr esearch ,al ldatawhichhad beengrouped wereanalyzed .
y r e v
E s -ub patternoft henounphrase swa sgivent woort hreeexamplest os uppor t
e h
2 3
V I R E T P A H C
S I S Y L A N A
.
A Pa tterns o fNoun Phrases P -ostmodiifed by Preposiitona lPhrase and by s
’ e o P n i e s u a l C e v it a l e
R ThePurloinedLetter
A tfe rreading Poe’ sshor tstory ,al lnoun phrase swhich are modiifed by
e r a s e s u a l c e v it a l e r d n a s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p collected and grouped .They are
d e p u o r
g tino three main divisions :(1 ) noun phrase swhich are modiifed by
a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p se ,s( 2 )nounphrase swhicharemodiifedbyr elaitveclause ,s( 3 )
e r a h c i h w s e s a r h p n u o
n modi ifedbypreposiitonalphrase sandr elaitveclause .s
The following t able shows the detali patterns and proporiton of t he noun
s e s a r h
p modiifedbyt hepreposiitona lphrases andbyt her elaitveclauses:
1 . 4 e l b a
T ThePattern sandt heProporitono ftheNounPhrase sPost-modi ifed e
s a r h P l a n o it i s o p e r P y
b s andbyRelaitveClauses
n r e tt a
P so fNPwtihPPand/ orw tihR C Total Percentage .
1 NPmodi ifedbyPP
.
a NP+PP( a sadjunc)t .
b NP+PP( a scomplemen)t .
c NP+coordinatedPPs .
d NP+PP( a sadjunct )+PP( a scomplemen)t .
e NP+PP( a scomplement )+PP( a sadjunc)t .f NP+t woo rmorePPs( a sadjuncts)
0 1 2
3 1 1
4 8 4 2 5 2
2 6 . 4 6 %
7 . 4
3 7 %
5 8 . 5
2 %
% 3 2 . 1
2 6 . 0 %
3 5 . 1 %
2 6 . 0 %
.
2 NPmodi ifedbyRC
.
a NP+RC
.
b NP+coordinatedRCs
4 9
1 9 3
2 9 . 8 2 %
0 0 . 8
2 %
0 2. % 9
.
3 NPmodi ifedbyPPandRC
.
a NP+PP( a sadjunct )+RC .
b NP+PP( a scomplement )+RC
1 2
7 14
6 4 . 6 %
% 5 1 . 2
1 3 . 4 %
L A T O
Table 4.1 also shows tha t Poe’ s noun phrase s are dominated by
e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p s a sthe post-modiifers .Based on the sub-pattern so fthe
s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r
p , i tcan befound t hatanoun phrasecan appea rwtih oneo r
i w ) s ( e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p e r o
m th the same o r d fiferen t syntacitc funciton .
s a s e s a r h p l a n o it i s o p e r p e k a t h c i h w s e s a r h p n u o n o t y l n o t o n s n e p p a h t i ,r e v e w o H
t s o p e h
t -modiifer ,bu talso to the one swhich take relaitve clause sa spost
-.r e if i d o m
Qurik e ta.l in AComprehen isveGramma roftheEng ilsh Languagestate
t s o p n i s s e n ti c il p x e t a h
t -modiifcaitoni sgreateri nt he ifntier elaitveclauset hani n
n o n e h
t - ifntie –ing clause ,from which the expilci ttense (is/was? )i sabsent ,
p l a n o it i s o p e r p e h t n a h t ti c il p x e e r o m s i n r u t n i s i h t h g u o h
t hrase,f rom which t he
t n e s b a s i e r u t s o p c if i c e p s a g n it a c i d n i b r e
v (1985 :1243). Atlhough mos to fnoun
n i s e s a r h
p thePoe’ sshor tstoryaremodi ifedbypreposiitona lphrase ,si tdoe sno t
.t i c il p x e t o n e r a s e s a r h p n u o n e h t t a h t n a e
m I tonlyr educest heexpilctines soft he
f o r e b m u n e h t n e h w t i c il p x e l li t s e r a s e s a r h p n u o n e h t , r e v e w o H . s e s a r h p n u o n
t s o
p -modiifcaiton w tih ifntie relaitve clauses si greate rthan the one wtih nn -o
l c e ti n
if auses .Thef ollowingt ableshows theproporiton o frelaitveclause swhich
: y r o t s tr o h s e h t n i s e s a r h p n u o n e h t y fi d o m
2 . 4 e l b a
T The Proporiton o fthe Relaitve Clauses in Poe’ sThe Purloined r
e tt e L
. o
N Rela itveClauses Occurrence Percentage
A FintieRela itveClause 87 75.65%
1 Fin tier estircitverelaitveclause 65 56.52%
2 Fin tienon-restircitver elaitveclause 22 19.13%
B N -on ifntieRelaitveClause 28 24.35%
1 N -on ifntier estircitver elaitveclause 24 20.87%
2 N -on ifntienon-restircitveclause 4 3 % .48
L A T O
