“A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS ON NOTICE AND CAUTION IN
THE PUBLIC PLACES AT YOGYAKARTA, SOLO,
BOYOLALI, SALATIGA, AMBARAWA, SEMARANG.”
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.) English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
By:
KHAFIDLATUL ARIFAH
NIM 113-12-067
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
v
MOTTO
Life is not about taking from the others, but is how much your being
helpful to others
vi
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is proudly dedicated to:
1. My beloved Father (Sumali) and Mother (Kibtiyah) who give me any
support and the best education. You are the best parents in the world.
2. My big family, my brother and sister (Miftaqurrochman, Muhammad
Gufron, Faridotus Sholichah).
3. My beloved friends who always support me (Rahmawati, Riyo, Miftah,
Agus, Fajar, Frian) you are the best friends I have.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, the Lord of
universe. The writer would like to express the gratefulness to Allah SWT for His
blessing, chance, and guidance to finish this graduating paper as one of the
requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan in English Education Department of
Teacher Training and Education Faculty at the State Institute for Islamic Studies
(IAIN) Salatiga in 2017. Peace and salutation always be given to our beloved
prophet Muhammad SAW as the best human’s model in the world and who has
guided us to be the righteous human.
This research would not have been completed without supports, guidance,
advice, and help from individual’s institution. Therefore, the writer would like to
express deep appreciation to:
1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd. as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic
Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, M.Pd. as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
3. Noor Malihah, Ph.D., as the Head of the English Education
Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga and as
the writer’s counselor who has educated, guided, supported and given
advice, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from
beginning until the end. Thank you so much for your patience, sincerity,
viii
4. All lecturers of IAIN Salatiga especially the lectures of English
Department who have educated the writer.
5. All of staff of IAIN Salatiga who have helped the writer in processing the
research administration.
8. All of my friends TBI 2012, thank you for everything.
9. All of the people who have helped the writer that the writer cannot be
mention one by one. Thanks for your support, praying and kindness.
Salatiga, March 2th
2017
The writer
ix
ABSTRACT
Arifah, Khafidlatul. 2017. A Semantic Analysis on Notice and Caution in the
Public Places. A Graduating Paper. English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Counselor: Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
Key words: Semantic, Types of Meaning, Symbol and Sign, Notice and Caution.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE ... i
DECLARATION ... ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR ... iii
CERTIFICATION PAGE ... iv
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7
A. Definition of Semantics... 7
B. Types of Meaning ... 8
xi
2. Connotative Meaning ... 9
3. Stylistic Meaning ... 10
4. Affective Meaning ... 11
5. Reflected Meaning ... 12
6. Collocative Meaning ... 13
7. Thematic Meaning ... 13
C. Symbol and Signs ... 14
D. Notice and Caution ... 15
1. Notice ... 16
2. Caution ... 17
3. Double-Meaning Sign in Notice and Caution ... 19
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 20
A. Type of the Research ... 20
A. Meaning of Symbol and Sign in Notice and Caution ... 28
xii
CHAPTER V CLOSURE ... 49
A. Conclusions ... 50 B. Suggestions ... 51
REFERENCES
CURRICULUM VITAE
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
1. Figure 4.1 The Percentage of Notice and Caution ... 29
2. Figure 4.2 The Distribution of Three Types of Meaning ... 44
3. Table 2.1 Examples of Conceptual Meaning ... 9
4. Table 2.2 Several Dimensions of Stylistic Meaning ... 11
5. Table 2.3 Three Aspects of Sign ... 14
6. Table 3.1. Codes Used in the Data ... 24
7. Table 3.2 Complete Abbreviation of each Code ... 26
8. Table 4.1 Distribution of Notice and Caution ... 28
9. Table 4.2 Double – Meaning Sign ... 38
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is a means of social communication. People use
communication to have a relation with the other. They use language to deliver
meaning and aim of communication. Beside that, meaning is one important thing
in a language. The entire thing that human communicate using languages have a
meaning. That is a reason why they understand the messages stored in a
communication.De Sausure (1974:114, cited by Soeparno, 2002:1) argues that:
Language is an alloy of two elements, there are signifie and signifiant. Signifie is the elements of language behind the sign which is a concept by the speakers. We called meaning. Signifiant is the language physical form or sign of utter.
Parera (2004:6) also says that in a language, meaning is the important
one to the speaker and hearer that have to understand. Leech (1974:10)divides
seven types of meaning, they are: Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning,
Stylistic Meaning, Affective Meaning, Reflected Meaning, Collocative Meaning,
Thematic Meaning.
In the study of language, acquiring the message is the important thing
2 meaning. According to Kreidler (2002:2),there are three disciplines concerning
with the systematic study of meaning: psychology, philosophy, and linguistics.
From the three disciplines of systematic study, linguistics is the most
direct study in a language. In linguistic study, semantics is branch of linguistics
that studies about the meaning.
Palmer (1981:1) argues that Semantics is the technical term used to
refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics
is a part of linguistics.Similarly, Kreidler (2002:19) also says that Semantics is
the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how
languages organize and express meaning.
The specific features in semantics beginning with observation about
non-linguistics signs and how to get meanings from them. According to Kreidler
(2002:19), “a language is a system of symbol through which people communicate.” On the other hand, notice and caution are the example of human
deliberate sign creation.
Sometimes we are unaware that we often found some signs showing
notice and caution.We found that in the public places such asairport, train station,
supermarket, hospital, school, university, gas station, and high way.By that case
the writer is interested to do research to found the message stored the signwith
the title“A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS ON NOTICE AND CAUTION IN THE
PUBLIC PLACES AT YOGYAKARTA, SOLO, BOYOLALI, SALATIGA,
3 B. Limitation of the Study
This study focuses on the analysis of notice and caution.Notice and
caution consist of word, phrase, clause, and sign which describe a ban.According
to Kreidler (2002:20) human produces not only single symbols but system of
symbol.The writer limits this study by looking at the signal word in public place
such as airport, train station, supermarket, hospital, school, university, gas station
and high way. The places that the writer observes are around of Central Java
especially in Semarang, Solo and Yogyakarta.
C. Problem Questions
Based on the background of the study, the writer has some questions
that are mentioned as below:
1. What is the meaning of symbol and sign in notice and caution?
2. What is the types of meaning are involved in the notice and caution?
D. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problems above, the objectives of this study
are:
1. To find out the meaning of symbol and sign in notice and caution.
2. To find out the types of meaning are involved in the notice and caution.
E. Benefits of the Study
This study has some benefit impact for the lectures, university
4
1. Lecturer
This research can develop the lecturer’s perception about notice and
caution.
2. University Students
The students get more understanding about notice and caution from
the results of this study.
3. Other writers
This research can give more information about semantic on notice
and caution for the next writers who will discuss about related study.
F. Definition of the Key Terms
There are some key terms in this paper, the writer wants to clarify the
meaning shortly, some key terms are defined as listed bellow:
1. Analysis
According to Hornby (1974:79) analysis is a separation into parts
possibility with comment and judgment.
5 Notice is a sign or printed statement that gives information or warning
to people (Summers, 2003:1308).
4. Caution
Caution is a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful
(Summers, 2003:275).
G. Graduating Paper Organization
This graduating paper consists of five chapters. Each chapter discuses
the sub division as follows.
Chapter I : Introduction that includes Background of the
Study, Limitation of the Study,Problem Question,
Objectives of the Study, Benefits of the Study,
Definition of Key Terms, and Graduating Paper
Organization.
Chapter II : Review of related Theories such as theoretical
foundation which includes the meaning of Semantics,
Types of Meaning, Symbol and Sign, Notice and
Caution.
Chapter III : Research Method. This Chapter describes Type of
Research, Object of Research, Data Source, Method of
Collecting Data, and Technique of Data Analysis.
6 research finding.
Chapter V : Closure which consists of Conclusion and
Suggestion. The last part is References and
7 CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
Chapter II describes definition of some theories which are related to the
topic of this study. The writer discuses the Semantics, Types of Meaning, Symbols
and Signs, Notice and Caution.
A. Definition of Semantics
In the study of meaning, there are many definitions about semantics,
(Leech, 1974; Palmer, 1981; and Kreidler, 2004).Leech (1974:1), Palmer
(1981:1), and Kreidler (2004:4) have defined semantics as the study of meaning.
In more specific definition, Kreidler uses the term systematic to define the study
of meaning. It is systematic because it discuses about how languages organize
and express linguistic semantics which shows meanings.
From Kreidler’s definition, there arise questions about how linguistic
semantics can organize meaning? And how it can express meaning? Kreidler
explains that, it concerns about describing how such elements go together to
express more complex meanings, in phrases like the unhappy painter and
sentences like the painter is unhappy, it is tells how these are related to each
8 B. Types of Meaning
Leech (1974:10) divides seven types of meaning.Each typehas a
different way to interpret word or sentence. The seven types of meaning are;
Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning, Stylistic Meaning, Affective
Meaning, Reflected Meaning, Collocative Meaning, and Thematic Meaning. The
writer discusses each meaning in the following section:
1. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning (sometimes called denotative or cognitive
meaning) is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic
communication. Leech (1974:11) states that“establish conceptual meaning as
a complex and sophisticated organization.”
It is to be a complex and sophisticated organization because, it may
be compared with, and cross related to similar organization on the syntactic
and phonological levels of language.
For example in the conceptual meanings of a language seem to be
organized largely in terms of contrastive features (phonological).
Table 2.1 Examples of conceptual meaning
Female Male Adult
Woman + - +
9 The second principle, that the constituent structure (syntactical) is
the principle by which larger linguistic units are built up out of smaller units.
For example we are able to analyses a sentence syntacticallyinto its
constituent parts, moving from immediate constituents through a hierarchy of
sub-division to its ultimate constituents or smallest syntactic elements.
Leech (1974:13) argues that “Conceptual meaning is an inextricable
and essential part of what language is, like we can not define language
without it.” It meansconceptual meaning is an important part of language.
2. Connotative Meaning
The definition of connotative meaning can be understood from the
opposite of conceptual meaning.Leech (1974:14) argues that “connotative
meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it
refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.”
He explains the definition of connotative meaning using the same
example with conceptual meaning.The word ‘woman’ is defining
conceptually by three features (+Human, -Male, +Adult). On the other hand,
the word ‘woman’ may have connotative meaning; in giving the connotative
meaning we do not only look at the physical characteristic. For example ‘woman having a womb’, but we should also look at the psychological and
10 3. Stylistic Meaning
Leech (1974:16) defines that the definition of stylistic meaning is
that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstance of its
use. It means that stylistic meaning has a relation with how people choose the
language style according to various social factors.
Leech (1974:16) also states stylistic meaning is used when we
recognize various pronunciation of a word based on the speaker’s region
origin or based on their social status. Also, how a speaker chooses a word to a
specific hearer which might be based on the informality of the situation or
based on different status.
How stylistic meanings are various can be seen from several
dimensions as Leech (1974: 16) explains in table 2.2.
Table 2.2Several dimensions of stylistic meaning
A. Relatively permanent features of style
a. INDIVIDUALTY The language of Mr. X, of Mrs. Y,
of Miss Z, etc.
b. DIALECT The language of geographical
region or of a social class
11 century, etc.
B. DISCOURSE
a. MEDIUM Speech, Writing, etc.
b. PARTICIPATION Monologue, Dialogue, etc.
C. Relatively temporary features of style
a. PROVINCE Language of law, of science, of
advertising, etc.
b. STATUS Polite, colloquial, slang, etc
c. MODALITY Language of memoranda, lectures,
jokes, etc.
listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. For example:
(1)I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to
lower your voices a little.
Example (1) shows how the speaker rebukes the listener thatcan be
12 (2)Shut up!
Example (2) shows how intonation and voice-timbre take an effect to
interpret the spoken word. The second example can
interpret growl to the listener.
5. Reflected Meaning
Leech (1974:19) explains that reflected meaning is meaning which
arisesby the speaker when they response what they see. Example:
(1) waww
(2) ah
(3) oh
(4) emm, ect.
6. Collocative Meaning
Leech (1974:20) argues thatcollocative meaning consists of the
association a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend
to occur in its environment. It looks like synonymy, so the word is only
suitable for use in pairs with a more specific word. For example:
(1) girl – pretty
(2) boy – handsome
13 (4)children – young.
7. Thematic Meaning
Leech (1974:22) has argued that thematic meaning is communicated
by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message in term of
ordering, focus and emphasis. Look at the example (1) and (2):
(1)Mrs. Bessie Smith donated the first prize.
(2)The first prize was donated by Mrs. Bessie Smith.
Theexample (1) shows an active sentence which has different
meaning from passive equivalent, although in conceptual content they seem to
be the same.
Certainly these have different communicative values in the different
contexts, the active sentence answer an implicit question ‘What did Mrs.
Bessie Smith donate? While the passive sentence answers an implicit question
“Who was the first donated by?
According to Leech (1974:23), thematic meaning is mainly a matter
of choice between alternative grammatical constructions, as in examples (3)
until (9):
(3)A man is waiting in the hall.
(4)There is a man waiting in the hall.
(5)They stopped at the end of the corridor.
14 (7)I like Danish cheese best.
(8)Danish cheese I like best.
(9)It’s Danish cheese that I like best.
C. Symbols and Signs
Berger (2004:5) argues that interpreters have to supply part of
meanings of signs. He says that “sign is something which stands to somebody for something in some capacity.” He focuses on three aspects of sign; they are
iconic, indexical, and symbolic dimensions.
Table 2.3 Three aspects of sign
Iconic Indexical Symbolic
Signify by Resemblance Causal connection Convention
Example Picture, statues Fire/smoke Flags
Process Can see Can figure out Must learn
One characteristic of symbol is that it is never wholly arbitrary; it is
not empty, for there is a rudiment of a natural bond between the signifier and
signified. The symbol of justice, a pair of scales, could not be replaced by just
another symbol, such as a chariot. Every sign has their own rules as there is an
agreement in its use.One type of sign that the writer investigates in this research
15 According to Leonard (1988) in Drake, Conzola, and Wolgater
(1998:289) discus warning sign as in form of signal word. Signal words areused
in warning to draw attention to the sign or label and to quickly communicate the
level of hazard. The component of signal word divided into four types
accordingthe level of hazard, they are danger, warning, caution, notice.
In this research the writer only investigate two signal words mention
by Drake, Conzola, and Wolgater. They are notice and caution.
D. Notice and Caution
The explanation of notice and caution will be divided into three
points. They are meaning of notice and the example, meaning of caution and the
example, and some examples of signs which have double meanings but have
different impact when peoplebreak them.
a. Notice
According to Summers (2003:1308),notice is a sign or printed
statement that gives information or warning to people.The printed statement
isin the form of phrases or words. The phrases or words usually do not have a
16 Picture 2.1The example of notice
The blue board shown that there is information contains of the board
intended for the visitors. A sign of worship and the word of “Mosque” show
that there is worship place for Muslim to do the daily prayer. The sign
actually has an aim to make it easier for the visitors when they will do the
pray. The board indicates that is notice seen by the aim of the sign to give
information without any dangerous impact or warning. It is clearly to give
information.
17 An arrow pointing up shows that people have to drive straight ahead.
The phrase of “MAX 20 KM/JAM” or maximum 20 km/hours emphasize that
no one can drive more than 20 km/hours. In fact this sign does not have a
serious impact, but may be it can make a noise or disturb the others because
this sign actually found in the hospital or in a place that people need to be
treated.
However, there is actually inconsistency in this example the phrases
used in the picture should be in English as shown by the clipping “MAX” for
maximum and “20 KM”. In picture 2.2 the word “MAX” and “20 KM” is
followed by the Indonesian words “JAM” referring to hour. The writer keeps
on using this picture as an example because the meaning stated in this sign
showing a notice to inform people about something.
b. Caution
According to Summers (2003:275), caution is a warning or piece of
advice telling you to be careful. Being careful here does not only mean that
you take car of your self, but also means that may be everything that you do
can harm the others, for example the warning signs for drivers who can not
stop in every place. Otherwise, it will disturb the other highway users, and
also result in an accident.The examples of caution are shown in picture 2.3
18 Picture 2.3 Example of caution
Picture 2.3 shows that the phrase “KEEP MAGNIFIER LAMP
AWAY FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE”it means that you
have to take away the magnifier lamp from the direct sunlight. This is
because a direct sunlight has a solar thermal that can burn the machine
directly. It is will be dangerous if you use the machine exposed to sunlight,
the big impact is your face will be burned immediately. This caution was
found in salon.
19
The phrase “SAFTY FIRST, WORK SAFLY”. This phrase have a
meaning that you have to use the safety equipments when you work. For
example you can use work helmet to safe your head, the gloves to safe your
hand, work coat to safe your body. This is because in a factory many
equipments and some things that can not be touched directly.Usually the
biggest impact is accident that resulting of the death.
c. Double - Meaning Signs in Notice and Caution
The explanation above has described about signsshowing notice or
caution.According to Drake, Conzola, Wogalter which explain about signal
words, they did not give explanation about overlapping meaning in notice and
caution.But, there are exceptions regarding a sign which has two meanings
which can be interpreted either notice or caution.In these kinds of signs, the
word or phrases are same, but the pictures of the signs are symbolized
differently. So, the writer gives the examples of double meaning in chapter
20 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses five sections. They are type of research, object of
research, data source, method of collecting data, technique of data analysis. The
explanation of each section is discussed further into wide explanation.
A. Type of Research
The writer uses descriptive-qualitative research with data analysis
presented in statistic form.“Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind” (Kothari,
2004: 3). In line with Kothari, Denzim and Lincoln (1987) in Moleong (2008: 5)
define, qualitative research is a research that uses natural background for the
purpose of interpreting the phenomenon which happened and was done by
involving a variety of methods.
In this research the writer uses descriptive approach. According to
Arikunto (2010: 3), descriptive research is the study intended to investigate the
situation, condition, circumstance, events, and other activities, and the result
presented in the form of the research report.
The research report also presents statistics in the forms of table,
21 Arikunto(2010:27) states that qualitative data are turned into quantitative data
using number to help the research easier to be understand and presented, than
turn qualitative again to be drawn the conclusion, this technique called
descriptive qualitative with percentage.
This research is a descriptive-qualitative with percentage.Therefore,
the result are percentage in statistical forms such as table, percentage and chart.
B. Object of Research
The object of the research isnotice and caution which are found in the
airport, train station, supermarket, hospital, school, university, gas station, high
way, and Museumin the form of signs, words, and phrases.
Thus the data observed might be in the form of signs or picture only
without any words or phrases in the form of words or phrases without any
pictures at all, and in the form of both picture and words or phrases. However, in
this research the writer does not select them in different categories. Such
selection will be on further research potential.
C. Data Source
According to Arikunto (2010:172), data source is subject where the
data acquired. In the line with the statements, Moelong (1998) in Arikunto
(2010:22) states that data sources of qualitative research is presented in spoken or
22 be able to catch the implicit meaning on the document or thing. Data source
should be original, however if the original source is difficult to get, photocopy or
imitation is not be a problem, as long as the evidence can be acquired.
The data use in this research are signs, words, and phrases in the notice
and caution which found in the public place such as airport, train station,
supermarket, hospital, school, university, factory, gas station, high way, and
Museum. The writer does the research and get75samplesof notice and caution.
The 75 samples to be 74 samples of data reduction.Some places that the writer
visited are international airport of AdiSumarmo, Purwosari train station, Tugu
train station, Malioboro traditional market, Bringharjo traditional market,
Kensaras hospital, ArioWirawan hospital, SMPN 3 Salatiga, IAIN
Salatiga,UniversitasDiponegoro, Universitas Kristen SatyaWaca,Banyubiru gas
station, Yogyakarta Palace, Mount Merapi,Museum of Palaganand Ungaran,
Salatiga, Boyolali, Solo, Yogyakarta high ways.
D. Method of Collecting Data
The writer used some steps to collect the data, the step are:
1. Observation
23 tool and the method of data collection for the researcher, when it serves a
formulated research purpose, is systematically planned and recorded and is
subject to checks and controls on validity and reliability.”
The procedures in thisobservation are:
a. Specified the places to be observed, and the writer determined
some places, they are international airport of AdiSumarmo,
Purwosari train station, Tugu train station, Malioboro traditional
market, Bringharjo traditional market, Kensaras hospital,
ArioWirawan hospital, SMPN 3 Salatiga, IAIN
Salatiga,UniversitasDiponegoro, Universitas Kristen
SatyaWaca,Banyubiru gas station, Yogyakarta Palace, Mount
Merapi, Museum of Palagan, and Ungaran, Salatiga, Boyolali,
Solo, Yogyakarya high ways.
b. Went to the observation place.
c. Collected the data by taking some pictures.
In this observation the writer collected the data by taking a
picture. According to Moleong (2008: 160), photo can produce the
data of descriptive that is valuable enough and often used to
examine the ingredients subjective and the result often analyzed in
inductive. In line with the statement, Bogdan and Biklen (1982:
24 photographs that can be used in the qualitative study, that is the
photographs which the other people produce orthe observer
produce by her or him self.
The results of the observation, than were documented to
be analyzed further.
2. Documentation
According to Arikunto (2010: 274), a documentation method is
finding data that is relevant by using book, transcript, newspaper, magazine,
ancient inscription, notes of a meeting, agenda, etc. Compared to other
method this method is recommended for a beginner because of its easiness. In
term if a mistake is made, the data sources still remain as they are without any
changes. Documentation method is observed not living but inanimate object.
The result documentation of the observation is some pictures which
draw the signs, words, phrases in a notice and caution.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
To analyzed the data obtained, the writer conducted procedure which
is describe as follow:
a. First, the writer classified the data obtainedfromobservation based on kind
25
b. Then, the writer code the classified data using string of codes explained as
below,
Table 3.1. Codes used in the data
Field Description
1. Types of Sign (N and C) N
C
2. Place of observation (AP, HP TS
26 By using a string of codes, it is not possible that there is similar data
overlapped in this research. For example, when there is a string of code <
N-AP-04 >, it means that this data is a kind of notice (N) which is collected in
the Air Port (AP) and it is data number 4.
Table 3.2 Complete abbreviation of each code
Abbreviation Description
YP = Yogyakarta Palace
27
12.M M = Museum
c. Once, all the data have been coded, the writer analyzed each data using the
28 CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In this chapter the writer presented the data analysis. This chapter answers
the problem question in chapter I: (1)Whatis the meaning of symbol and sign in notice
and caution, and (2) What is the types of meaning are involved in notice and caution.
A. Meaning of Symbol and Sign in Notice and Caution
Based on the data collected, there are 75 notices and cautions found in
the data. The writer classified each of them in accordance with the theory in the
chapter II.The distribution of the data is illustrated in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Thedistribution of notice and caution
Types of sign Number of data Percentage
Notice 21 28%
Caution 45 61%
Notice and Caution 8 11%
29 Figure 4.1 The percentage of notice and caution
Table 4.1 and figure 4.1 show the distribution between Notice and
Caution. It is shown that caution is 2 times (61%) more frequently that notice
(28%).The double-meaning signs of notice and caution has the most infrequent
occurrences (11%). The examples of Notice and Caution collected in this study
30 Example (1) is shown a red mark in the middle and in the
surrounding with white background completed the time,it means that all of
people can not enter in that place at the time of “07.00-15.00” or 7 p.m until
3 a.m. This sign is not only intendedfor the drivers but also for the visitors
who came to that place. Usually that sign found in the hospital which people
need to treat. In the hospital, many medical patients need to have a rest. The
sign is used to limit the visitors who visit the patients. It is because the
visitors maydisturb or make a noise in the rest time. So we can conclude that
the sign included of notice, because it does not have a big impact such
accident or the others. This sign was found in ArioWirawan hospital.
(2) <N-HW-02>
Example (2) show the white right arrow sign with the blue
background and the phrase “Angkutan Umum Wajib Belok Kiri” or “the
public transportation have to turn right”. This sign is especially for the
31 also used to decrease the traffic jam. This is because in the city center, there
are many important buildings such as government office, Bank, or private
office. So the sign included of notice because it only gives the information
without having a big impact. This sign was found in Diponegoro Street,
Salatiga.
(3) <N-AP-03>
Example (3) shows the white picture bicycle and word
“Bicycle” on the road with green background. This sign aims to give
information for the highway users, especially for the bicycle drivers. The
government who provides this sign hopes that the available road for the
bicycle drivers will make people are interested more to use bicycle than
motorcycle. So, it can also decrease the traffic jam and accident.Thissign
also has other functions: that is for the motorcycle and car drivers should be
32 to be discipline when they ride. So the picture in example (3) is a notice
because the picture is only to giveinformation. This sign was found in
AdiSumarmo international airport.
(4) <N-HW-04>
In the example (4), there are five names of the city which use
white color and a green background. The first symbol shows an arrow
pointing up meaning that the straight direction is the way people who will go
to Magelang or Yogyakarta. The second symbol is aright arrow sign
completed with the name of Banyubiru and Salatiga. And the third symbol is
the left arrow sign, the place that people have an aim to go to the city or
Ambarawa Hospital. The aim of this sign is to give information for highway
users to help them showing their destination place.This sign was found in
33 (5) <N-TS-05>
Example (5) is a picture withthe phrase “Drop Zone or Drop
Off”this sign means that there is the place where the people can drop their
luggage. This zone is usually a point where passengers remember where they
drop off their luggage from one transportation to continue to go with other
public transportation. So, in case they lost their luggage, they can come to
the receptionist.Usually this sign is found in some public transportation
places such as train station, bus station, or airport. This sign is aimed to
inform people to drop off this luggage in that area and not in other areas. So
the sign included that is notice. This sign was found in Tugu train station.
34 Example (6) showsa symbol of people who are leaning on the second
floor completed with a red slash and whitebackground.It informs people not
to do that. It is intended to avoid accidents that can result in a person falling
onto the ground. This sign is usually found in the buildings that have more
than two floors such as hospitals, office building or supermarket. As this
sign implicitly informs dangerous effect when people do not obey the sign,
thus, such a sign is a caution. This sign was found in Ken Saras hospital.
(7) <C–HP–07>
Example (7) is a caution.The phrase “caution wet floor”shown in
the picture aims to warn the pedestrians to become aware of the unsafe
condition of the floor quickly. These warning signs are typically portable
signs placed on the floor surface to warn of hazard. If the pedestrians do not
pay attention to this caution they may experience accidence. It is shown by
35 because they do not aware of the caution. It is also shown by the color of the
sign which is yellow. Yellow in signs symbolizes danger. This sign was
found in ArioWirawan hospital.
(8) <C-HW-08>
Example (8) indicatesis a caution. The caution have an aim to
warn the users to be careful when they drove their cars. The drivers have to
slowly to drove because the road was located in children areas, for examples
in some places on the way to school or playground. This is indicated by the
symbol of mother and child was crossing. The yellow color in the
background symbolized a danger for a driver who did not pay attention,
because the accident may happen. This sign was found in
36 (9) (C-HW-09)
Example (9) is a sign with an S symbol in black which is crossed
using a red slash line in the middle and in the surrounding. This sign means
that people should not stop their vehicle such as motors, cars, bus, etc,
around this sign. So it is prohibited to stop around here, because usually the
sign was found in primary road or some place which have busy time such as
government or office building. If they stop their vehicles around this sign,
there might be traffic jam or an accident may happen. Thus, this sign is
considered as caution because it given by impact to people.This sign was
37 (10)(C-TM-10)
Example (10) is a caution. This sign usually found in escalator
precisely at the supermarket or market. The aim of the sign is to warn
people to be careful when they stand on the elevator. The picture shows that
people are not allowed to put their foot in the rear of the stair. It will be
dangerous if their foot slipped inside the stairs. So, they should stand
straight as shown by the person next to him. The danger is shown by the red
cross on the person’s leg who put his leg in the rear of the stair. If they do
not obey this sign, they may fall down or experience an accident. It is
therefore, such a sign is a caution because the warns has a big impact when
they do not obey the caution.
In chapter twothe writer has also described signs with double
meanings, they are: notice and caution. The example of double meaning
38
visitors to enter the place or streets
that should not be crossed. In the
picture above, it has already stated
clearly that the visitors at
Yogyakarta Palace should not pass
the boundary lines that are already
determined. Actually the sign is
However, the similar part is on
the part of the phrase “Limit
Visitor” showing that this place
is limited for anyone to visit
without certain aim or
39 grow well, to avoid the destruction
from the visitors who lack of
responsibility. The sign is also
used to preserve Yogyakarta
Palace which is one of the social
heritage in Indonesia, so, only
limited people can access that
section. The sign is a notice,
because it only gives information.
This prohibited sign located at
distance of 2 km from the peak
of Merapi, this is used to give
not to break the warning. Thus,
it is a caution.
Phrase and Sign of “Prohibition to eating and drinking”
40 The symbols a cup, spoon, and
fork are identical to the food, but
the sign of the red slash has a
meaning prohibited, while the
phrase “No Food No Drink”
confirms that eating and drinking
are not permitted in that place.
These sign was found in the
library, the place that everyone
need to read the book. This sign is
also used to maintain the
Drinking in this library”
indicating exactly where this
sign is found. In the science
laboratory at the school. The
whole phrase in picture (14) is
different in picture (13).
However, the similar part is on
the part of the phrase “NO
EATING AND DRINKING”
showing that this place is
prohibited for anyone to eating
and drinking. This is because in
the laboratory there is
andangerous substance for
41 parts of their internal organs.
Because this sign has a big
impact, so this is a caution.
The example of phrase and sign “DO NOT LITTER”
(15)<N-SC-15>
do this, it can offend the view. This
sign has an aim to discipline the
student.
(16)<C-RV-16>
The sign of people throwing
the rubbish in the river and the
red cross sign have a meaning
that it is really prohibited to do.
So, it is not only about
offending the view but also can
result a flood. So the impact
when people did not pay
attention to this sign is not only
to ask people to be discipline
42
The example of phrase and sign “NO SMOKING”
(17)<N-UN-17>
The symbol of cigarette with a red
slash and phrase “NO SMOKING”
which is found in the university
means that no one is permitted to
smoke in that place. It is to inform
that smoking might be dangerous
or not health for them. Also, this
sign warn people that the fumes of
the cigarette can disturb others.
(18)<C-GS-18>
station. This is because in a gas
station there are fuel which is
easy to burn. So, if people
smoke in gas station, there may
be fire which a will be
43 One important different characteristic of notice and caution is
notice did not have a big impact when people break them. However, caution
has other effect which might be dangerous for people if they break the rule.
B. Types of Meaning Involved in Notice and Caution.
As the writer has defined, types of meaning in chapter II, Leech
(1974:10) divides meaning into seven. The seven types of meaning are;
Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning, Stylistic Meaning, Affective
Meaning, Reflected Meaning, Collocative Meaning, and Thematic Meaning.
From the data that the writer has collected there are only three type of meaning
involved in the notice and caution. They are conceptual meaning, connotative
meaning, and affective meaning.
The writer assumes that this is because the other types of meaning are
not too specific or personal with context, for example stylistic meaning is
influenced much by social status of the community of the people. Yet, notice and
caution does not consider once social status, because notice and caution is
intended to everyone without considering any social status.Reflected meaning is
reaction of people, this is theexpression of what they see, for example (waw), so
it can not be notice and caution. Collocative meaning is identical pair word, for
example “girl” identical with“pretty”. Thematic meaning is about grammatical
structure especially in passive and active sentence. From the data collected the
44 The distribution of three types of meaning in this study is demonstrated in table
4.3 and figure 4.2.
Table 4.3The distribution of three types of meaning
Types of Meaning Number of Data Percentage
Conceptual 67 91%
Connotative 3 4%
Affective 4 5%
Total 74 100%
Figure 4.2 Distribution of three types of meaning
45 Table 4.2 and figure 4.2 show the distribution of three types of
meaning in the data. It can be seen that conceptual is the most frequent type of
meaning (91%). Connotative is the least frequent (4%). And the last type is
affective(5%).From this data, it is clear that is conceptual meaning occurs more
frequently. The writer assumes that this is because people who have an aim to
give information or warning chose the words straight to the point to make people
easy to understand. Examples of three types of meaning are illustrated in the
example (19) – (24).
(19)<N-AP-19>
In the picture (19) shows a sign with a figure of a woman, which is
also completed with the word “WANITA” and the English translation
“FEMALE”. This sign also completed with an arrow in the left corner
pointing down. This sign shows a conceptual meaning with a denotative or
logical meaning. This is because the sign inform a toilet which isonly for
46 (20)<C-TS-20>
The symbol of girl and security officer which try to take something
from the railway track. This sign has an aim to inform every visitor when
they drop something under the railway track, they should ask to security to
help them especially for kids. This sign shows of conceptual meaning
because the message transmitted directly or as a denotative meaning that the
man is helping a girl to pick something. This sign was found in train station.
47 The symbols of cigarette completed with the red slash have a
meaning that no one is permitted to smoke in that place. Usually this sign
completed with the phrase “no smoking”but, it is different with that picture.
The picture shows an imperative expression in Indonesian. “SAYANGI
JANTUNGMU” and in Englishversion “LOVE YOUR HEART”. Implicitly,
this is a hidden message here which the sign wants to inform. That is, by not
smoking, the person will love their heart or it can be said that the person
take care of their healthy. So, sign in (21) is different from sign (20) that the
message is not directly delivered. Thus the meaning shown in this sign is a
connotative meaning, that the meaning should be inferred by the reader.
(22)<N-TS-22>
Example (22) shows a sign with person is throwing garbage in the
bin. The figure of person is completed by an expression “KEEP OUR
COUNTRY CLEAN”. Using such a figure and expression, there is an under
48 only keep his or her surrounding clean. But, broadly, when all people in the
country do as the personin the sign, then, the country will also be clean.
Thus the meaning shown in this sign is a connotative meaning, that the
meaning should be inferred by the reader.
(23)<N-UN-23>
Example (23) shows the phrase “Quiet Study Area”emphasize
that everyone who enter that place have to keep their voice down. This sign
was found in the library. In the library many people try to get quiet place
because they need to concentration to read the book. This signaffective
meaning because this sign is initiated by the fact that someone may not be
49 (24)<N-SC-24>
The phrase “DON’T BE NOISY”, this sign uses to warn the student
which make a noise or disturb their friend. Usually this sign was found in
the class. In the class, many students need to study quietly. They need to do
their assignment or answers same question. This sign meaningshows an
affective meaning, because this sign is initiated by the fact that some
50 CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
After collecting, presenting, analyzing the data and discussing the
result, in this chapter the writer would like to present the conclusion and suggestion
of this research. The conclusion and the suggestion of this research are presented one
by one in turn.
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the signs of notice and caution, the writer concludes:
1. Based on the research question number 1 in chapter I, the writer analyzed
the meaning of symbol and sign in the forms of signal words they are notice,
caution, and double meaning signs.The third signs have not been discussed
in the literatures to writer’s knowledge. However, the writer can not analyze
further about this third type because the number of this data is limited.
2. Based on the research question number 2 in chapter I, there are three types
of meaning involved in notice and caution collected in this research they are
conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, and affective meaning. This
finding is not the same as Leech has proposed in chapter II, that there are 7
types of meanings. The meanings which are absent from this data are
stylistic meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, thematic
51
B. Suggestion
After analyzing the data and discussing the result, the writer gives some
suggestions completed the implication of this study toward language teaching
addresses to the readers, students, other writers, and English Teacher.
1. Readers
The writer suggests to give more attention of understanding Symbol
and Sign in Notice and Caution and Semantics especially in Types of
Meaning, because it will make them easier to understand the next.
2. Students
For the students who study about Symbol and Sign in Notice and
Caution they can get more information about a sign which have much
meaning, for example double-meaning sign, this is about a sign which has
one purpose but have differentplace there might be have different impact.
They also study more about vocabulary in the form of word or phrase. In the
Semantic study they can study more about Types of Meaning.
3. Other Writer
For the other writer which studies about symbol and sign and
semantics the writer hopes that they can develop more about the
understanding of types of meaning. This research could be one of references
in studying Symbol and Sign in Notice and Caution and Semantics in Types
of Meaning for the other researcher, the writer advice to use the title or topic,
52
4. English Teacher
The writer hopes that the English teacher givesmore attention when
they explainabout the differences of notice and caution, especially when they
found double-meaning sign. The writer also hopes that the teacher gives more
exampleabout notice and caution, so the students will have more
53
REFERENCES
Arikunto, S. 2010. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Bogdan, R. & Biklen, S. K. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education: An.
Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and bacon, Inc, 1982.
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. 1987. Introduction Entering the Field
Qualitative Research dalam Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publiction.
Hornby, A S. 1974. Oxford Advance Learner Dictionary of Current English.
Oxford University Press.
Kothari, C. R. 2004. Research Methodology. India: New Age International
Limited.
Kreidler, C.W. 1998. Introducting English Semantic. New York: Routledge
Leech, G. 1974. Semantics. Australia: Penguin Books Australia.
Moleong, L.J. 2008. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja
Rosdakarya.
Palmer, F.R. 1981. Semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Parera, J.D. 2004. Teori Semantik. Jakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama.
Soeparno. 2002. Dasar-dasar Linguistic Umum. Yogya: Tiara Wacana
Yogya.
Saussure, F. D. 1974. Course in General Linguistics. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company.
Summers, D. 2003. Longman dictionary of Contemporary English. British
55
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Khafidlatul Arifah
Place and Date of Birth : Kab. Semarang, March 2th 1994
Address : Pundan, RT 04/RW 04 Kebondowo,
Banyubiru, Kab. Semarang
Email : khafidlatul_a@yahoo.com
Educational Background :
1. Roudlotul Atfal Masitoh, Kab. Semarang, graduated in 2000
2. SD Negeri Kedondowo 02, Kab. Semarang, graduated in 2006
3. SMP Negeri 01 Banyubiru, Kab. Semarang, graduated in 2009
4. SMA Islam Sudirman Ambarawa, Kab. Semarang, graduated in 2012
56
APPENDIX
Surat Tugas Pembimbing dan Asisten Pembimbing Skripsi
Lembar Konsultasi Skripsi
Daftar SKK (Satuan Kredit Kerja)
64
Pictures Documentation
Adi Soemarmo International Airport
Purwosari Train Station
65
Malioboro Traditional Market
Bringharjo Traditional Market
66
Ario Wirawan Hospital
IAIN Salatiga
67
Satya Wacana University
Banyubiru Gas Station
Yogyakarta Palace
