THE INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USING PAS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TOWARD STUDENT’S
PROCESS SKILL AND ACHIEVEMENT IN REDOX REACTION
By:
Irna Ariani Pulungan Reg.Number 409332021 Bilingual Chemistry Education
THESIS
Submitted to Fulfill The Requirement For Getting The Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
iv
PREFACE
Firstly, writer said thankfulness to Allah SWT that always give rahmat and hidayah so that writer can finished this thesis. This thesis submitted to fulfill the requirement for getting the degree of sarjana pendidikan by the title is “The Influence of Experimental Method Using PAS In Senior High School Toward Student’s Process Skill and Achievement In Redox Reaction.
In this opportunity, the writer would like to express thankfulness to Prof. Drs. Motlan, M.Sc, Ph.D as Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Dr. Iis Siti Jahro, M.Si as thesis supervisor who always guide and suggest the writer from begin until finish this research, and also Prof. Albinus Silalahi, M.S., Dr. Retno Dwi Suyanti, M.Si and Dra. Ani Sutiani, M.Si as thesis examiners, for their advice, suggestion and guidance in the process of completing this thesis.
The writer also say thanks to Drs. Jamalum Purba, M.Si as head of Chemistry Department and also academic supervisor of writer and to all of lectures in Chemistry Department. In addition, the writer also say thankfulness to Drs. H. Amarullah, SH, M.Pd as headmaster at MAN 2 Model Medan, and then to Dra. Suyati, M.Si and Dra. Jati Setiasih, M.Si as chemistry teachers who help the writer in doing this research.
iii
THE INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USING PAS
IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TOWARD STUDENT’S PROCESS SKILL AND ACHIEVEMENT
IN REDOX REACTION
Irna Ariani Pulungan (Reg.Number 409332021)
ABSTRACT
vii
viii
4.2.4. Percentage Skill of Student By Using Experiment With PAS 53
4.2.5. Student Perception to PAS Guidance 53
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 55
5.1. Conclusion 55
5.2. Suggestion 55
x
LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 2.1. Oxidation Number and Nomenclature 24
Table 3.1. Scale Assessment of Percentage Skill Of Student Activity Learning 31 Table 3.2. Assessment Questionnaire for Student’s Perception Level 32
Table 3.3. Assessment Questionnaire of Feasibility for Teacher 32
Table 3.4. Research Design 33
Table 3.5. Research Time Table 40
Table 4.1. The Result Analysis of Instrument Test 43
Table 4.2. The Result Data of Student’s Achievement 44
Table 4.3. The Questionnaire Result of Feasibility of PAS Guidance 44
Table 4.4. The Result of Testing PAS Guidance In Laboratory UNIMED 45
Table 4.5. The Result of Percentage Skill of Student Using Experiment With PAS 46
Table 4.6. The Result of Student Perception To PAS Guidance 47
Table 4.7. The Result Data of Normality Test 48
Table 4.8. The Result Data of Homogenity Test 48
Table 4.9. The Result of Gain Data For Experiment and Control Class 49
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 2.1. Characteristic of Redox 20
Figure 2.2. Rusting of Iron 26
Figure 2.3. The Cell Uses The Redox Reaction 27
xi
Appendix 21 The Result Data of Observation Sheet For Skill Assessment In The Experiment of Redox Reaction 120
Appendix 22 The Result of Student’s Perception To PAS Guidance In The Topic of Redox Reaction 121
Appendix 23 The Result of Student’s Achievement in Experiment Class 122
Appendix 24 The Result of Student’s Achievement in Control Class 126
Appendix 25 The Calculation of Student’s Achievement (Normalized Gain) in Experiment Class 130
Appendix 26 The Result Table of Student’s Achievement (Normalized Gain) in Experiment Class 132
Appendix 27 The Calculation of Student’s Achievement (Normalized Gain) in Control Class 133
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Chemistry is an experimental science, can’t be learned only through reading, writing or
listening. Learning chemistry not only mastery the knowledge of the fact, concept or principle,
but also chemistry is a discovery process and mastery of procedure or can called as scientific
method. Therefore, in the learning of chemistry there are two important things that must be
attention, first is chemistry as a product like a fact, concept, principle, law, theory and second
chemistry as a scientific work process. Thus, the learning of chemistry isn’t right if done only by
using conventional method, but need a method that can provide the opportunity for students to
conduct a scientific work process (Jahro, 2009).
The chosen method in this research is experimental method. As a method of teaching,
experimental method aims to assist the learning process to be more easily remembered by
students, so it will be able to give the impression of a longer learning. Teaching methods by
using the experimental method will be able to help students in providing the concept of
knowledge and reality in the laboratory through experiments. Thus, the impression of learning
will form better effectiveness in improving students’ mastery of subject matter in school.
Learning about experimental methods previously been investigated by Sihole, (2004)
which suggests that there is increasing in student’s achievement that taught by experimental
methods than the conventional method. The result of Sadia research (2007) suggests the
performance of the research instrument of scientific research and assessment of the performance
of laboratory activities is conceptually feasible to use, performance and learning outcomes of
students in laboratory activities categorized properly. Afriani, (2004) shows the learning
activities and practical activities undertaken to improve the skills and experience of students.
But, the reality show learning achievement in chemistry of students in high school
generally is still low. In X class of MAN 2 Model Medan as the school that will be observed has
the average result of daily examination chemistry is 50 until 100, with the highest result is 100
and the lowest is 50. Meanwhile, completing minimum criteria (KKM) in supervisor class is 80.
2
class. So, it is needed to increase the amount of student who get the result below of KKM, like
conduct the experimental method as the way to increasing student’s achievement.
Based on the data above, this case caused the implementation of practical activities both
quantity and quality is not optimal. The results of a survey of senior high school (SMA) in the
city of Medan and the its surrounding shows that most of schools don’t implement practical
activities and demonstrations in learning chemistry due to the lack of laboratory facilities, lack of
ability, lack of teacher creativity and willingness of chemistry teachers to manage laboratory and
practical activities.
In the result of evaluation data in chemistry education program, about 103 alumnus that
had been worked as a teacher in some area/city in the North Sumatera said that the obstacle that
got in the implementation of experimental chemistry such as there isn’t laboratory about
13.665%, there isn’t material about 29.814%, there isn’t of experimental guidance about
14.286% and others about 27.329%.
Based on the reality above, lack of tools and materials that available in the laboratory is
the cause of inhibition of practical activities in senior high school. Less complete of facilities of
tool and chemical material for practical purposes isn’t a plausible reason is the implementation of
practical activities. Experiment not only be implemented in the laboratory room, but can also be
carried out in the open field.
In MAN 2 Model Medan as the school that will be observed, the tools and materials are
available in laboratory. But, in the fact of this school practical activities is seldom to conduct.
This case caused the price of tool and materials that will be used to do experiment most of them
is expensive, need big cost to buy the tools and materials so can do experiment. In addition, there
is an assume of students that all of chemistry materials is dangerous. So that most of students still
afraid to do experiment and less interest to conduct it. Based on the reason above, practical
activities is seldom to conduct although the tools and materials are available in laboratory.
Thus, it can be solved by creating a simple design that isn’t always use materials and
tools of expensive chemicals. PAS is one way to overcome practical obstacle by using tools and
materials that are easily obtained in the surrounding of students and also can decreasing the
assume that experiment not only always use chemistry material, but also can change with the
material in our environment so that this case can decreasing the negative effect of chemistry
3
It can be applied to practical activities and simultaneously implement to contextual
approach to learning the subject of a redox reaction. Yandani, (2006) suggested less complete in
its research facility equipment and materials can be overcome by making a simple experiment
design using tools and chemicals are easily obtained in the surrounding.
Implementation of experiment in the laboratory as a means for students to assist the
learning process to make it more meaningful. In addition, with the implementation of the
experiment will be able to assist students in thinking about the concept of knowledge and reality
in the laboratory through the experiment. Thus the impression of learning will provide better
results in improving students' mastery of the material, especially chemistry, so that students can
develop process skills better.
Learning activities in the laboratory like experiment can make students have the ability to
think scientifically. In addition, students will be able to find scientific facts, identify, interpret
observations, critical thinking and able to accept criticism of its differences, especially among
fellow students. Thus it would be good to give the students motivation to learn.
A study is expected to be more increase student’s understanding as a result of learning.
Where according to Baugh that comparison result of learned through the sense of hearing is very
prominent difference. Approximately 90% the result of learning outcomes through the senses of
view and only about 5% is obtained through the senses of hearing and 5% again with the other
senses. Meanwhile, Dale estimates that the learning outcomes through the sense of view about
75%, through the senses of hearing about 13% and through the other senses approximately 12%
(Arsyad, 2000).
Based on the description and the fact above, the writer interested to conduct research with
the title The Influence Of Experimental Method Using PAS In Senior High School Toward
Student’s Process Skill and Achievement In Redox Reaction.
1.2. Problem Identification
Based on the background above, so can identified some problem such as:
1. Does teaching and learning with experimental method using PAS increase student’s
achievement in chemistry of students in high school?
2. Does teaching and learning with experimental method using PAS improve the
4
3. Does teaching and learning with experimental method using PAS increase interesting of
students towards chemistry subject?
1.3. Problem Limitation
Problem limitation of this research as follows:
1. The method that used in this research is experimental method by using PAS in senior high
school toward student’s process skill and achievement in X class of MAN 2 Model Medan at
second semester in academic year 2012/2013 on the teaching of redox reaction.
2. Student learning activities that will be measured in this study is science process skill.
3. Student’s achievement to be measured in this study is cognitive aspect of the level C1, C2,
C3 and C4.
4. Feasibility test will be applied to PAS guidance.
1.4. Problem Formulation
Based on the background above, so problem formulation of this research are:
1. Is student’s achievement who have learning with experimental method using PAS higher than
the student who have learning with conventional method?
2. How many the percentage of average score in feasibility test of PAS guidance to use on the
teaching of redox reaction?
3. How is the result of testing PAS guidance in the topic of redox reaction at chemistry subject
X class SMA in laboratory UNIMED?
4. How many the percentage of average score in percentage skill of student by using
experimental method with PAS?
5. How many the percentage of average score in student’s perception to PAS guidance in the
topic of redox reaction that have been design and tested in UNIMED FMIPA laboratory?
1.5. Objective of Problem
5
1. The comparison of student’s achievement who have learning with experimental method
using PAS and student who have learning with conventional method.
2. The feasibility of PAS guidance to use on the teaching of redox reaction.
3. The result of testing PAS guidance in the topic of redox reaction at chemistry subject X class
SMA in laboratory UNIMED.
4. The percentage skill of student with experimental method using PAS.
5. Student’s perception to PAS guidance in the topic of redox reaction that have been design
and tested in UNIMED FMIPA laboratory.
1.6. Benefit of Problem
The expected benefits of this research are:
1. As information for teachers about experiment as an alternative learning to improve student’s
achievement in chemistry.
2. As information for students that experimental chemistry doesn’t always have to use
expensive chemicals, but can use materials that found surround them.
3. Produce an innovative learning model that can enhance students learning activities, student’s
achievement, skills, creativity, independence, democratic attitudes and responsible behavior
optimally.
Where, PAS is an alternative method that had been famous for teacher in senior high school that
can be used as replacement of usual experimental method, where in this method conducted by
using tools and materials that are easily obtained in the surrounding of students. In other hand,
the tools and materials also cheap or no costly, safety (not dangerous) so that not only can
conduct in laboratory, but also can conduct in the class or in the field. Therefore, this case can
decreasing the assume of students that experiment not only always use chemical danger material,
but also can change with the material in our environment, so that this case can decreasing the
6
Student’s Process Skill
Student’s process skill is a work process of students in processing an information to
found a new fact or concept so that grow their ability in physical, social and way to thinking that
can develop their attitudes moral value.
Student’s Achievement
Student’s achievement is an influence of teaching and learning activities like a level of
mastery learning for students to the material that gained by effort, both individually or group, it
can be seen in the form of changes in knowledge, attitudes, and skills that can be observed in the
55 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1.1. Conclusion
1. Student’s achievement who have learning with experimental method using PAS higher than
student who have learning with conventional method.
2. PAS guidance is feasible to used as experimental guidance on the teaching of redox reaction
with average score is 95.83.
3. The result of testing PAS guidance in laboratory UNIMED was give similar result with the
theory.
4. Percentage skill of student by using experiment with PAS get average score is 87.12 with
category is high.
5. Student’s perception to PAS guidance get average score is 86.25 with category is understand.
5.2. Suggestion
1. For chemistry teachers should using experimental method on the teaching of redox reaction
because experimental method able to increase the student’s process skill and achievement, so
that will make learning meaningful and make student’s remembrance more long.
2. For school holder in order to provide and increase the facility of school, especially apparatus
56
REFERENCES
Jahro, I. S., dan Susilawati, (2009), Analisis Penerapan Metode Praktikum Pada Pembelajaran Ilmu Kimia Di Sekolah Menengah Atas, Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 1: 20-26, ISSN:2085-3653
Jahro, I. S., dan Susilawati, (2009), Desain Praktikum Alternative Sederhana (PAS) Wujud Kreatifitas Guru Dalam Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Praktikum Pada Pembelajaran Kimia, Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 2: 44-47, ISSN:2085-3653
Jahro, I. S., dan Juwitaningsih, T, (2010), Penuntun Alternatif Sederhana (PAS), FMIPA, UNIMED
Jahro, I. S., dan Juwitaningsih, (2011), Praktikum Alternatif Sederhana (PAS) Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Proses IPA Siswa, Seminar hasil Penelitian, Lemlit, UNIMED
Jaya, I., (2010), Statistik, Cipta Pustaka, Medan
Justiana, S dan Muchtaridi, (2009), Chemistry For Senior High School Year X, Yudhistira, Jakarta
Manik, B.P., (2008), Uji Kelayakan dan Studi Ketersediaan Alat dan Bahan Praktikum Kimia di Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), Skripsi Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Michael J. Padilla, 2013, The Science Process Skills,http://www.narst.org/ publications/research/skill.cfm, 12.27 WIB, Access on Sunday, 20 Jan 2013
Nn, (2013), Balancing Redox Reactions, http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/ RVGS/ ACT/notes/oxidation_numbers.html (Access on Sunday, 20 Jan 2013)
Nn, (2013), Oxidation Number and Nomenclature,
http://www.emedicalprep.com/ study-material/chemistry/redox-reactions/oxidation-number-nomenclature. html (Access on Sunday, 20 Jan 2013)
Nn, (2013), Redox, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox (Access on Sunday, 20 Jan 2013)
Nn, (2013), Redox In Life, http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-2/Oxidation-Reduction-Reactions.html(Access on Sunday, 20 Jan 2013
Rife, W., (1992), Essentials of Chemistry, Saunders College Publishing, California
57
Sihombing, M., (2008), Efektivitas Penggunaan Metode Praktikum Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pengajaran Sifat Koligatif Larutan Non elektrolit di SMA, Skripsi Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Silitonga, P.M., (2011), Metode Penelitian Pendidikan, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Simanjuntak, A. S., (2007), Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL) Dengan Media Power Point Terhadap Peningkatan Tiga Tingkat Representasi Kimia Siswa SMA Pada Sub-pokok Bahasan Penyetaraan Reaksi Redoks Dan Sel Volta, Skripsi Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Situmorang, N.N., (2006), Innovation Of The Laboratory Experiment To Increase Student’s Achievement On The Teaching Of Colligative Properties Of The Solution, Skripsi Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Situmorang, M., (2011), Pedoman Penulisan Proposal Dan Skripsi Mahasiswa
Program Studi Pendidikan, FMIPA, UNIMED, Medan
Slameto, (2003), Belajar Dan Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhinya, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta
Sugiyono, (2010), Statistika Untuk Penelitian, Alfabeta, Bandung
ii
BIOGRAPHY
Irna Ariani Pulungan was born in Medan on 07th April 1991. Father’s name is Irwan
Pulungan and Mother’s name is Naimah nasution and the second children from four brotherhood.
In 1997 the writer entered to elementary school at SDN 067240 Medan and graduated in 2003.
In 2003 the writer continued the study to junior high school at SMPN 29 Medan and graduated in
2006. In 2006 the writer continued to senior high school at MAN 2 Model Medan and graduated
in 2009. In 2009 the writer accepted in Chemistry Department, programmed of study in Bilingual
Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, State University of Medan.
