ANAPHORIC REFERENCE
IN JUSTIN BIEBER’S ALBUM “BELI
EVE
ACOUSTIC”
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan In Partial as Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By :
Hisarmauli Desi Nataina Situmorang Registration Number: 2103220018
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to praise my savior, the almighty God, Jesus Christ who always blessed me and take care of me in all my entire life, without Christ, I
am nothing. Thank God, I finally finish my Thesis entitled Anaphoric Reference in Justin Bieber’s Album “Believe Acoustic”
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistance and
academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., as the Rector of State University
of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts for her leadership and administrative assistance during the process of
writing this thesis.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as the Head of English Department, Rika
S.Pd, M.Hum., as Secretary of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A.,
as the Head of English Literature Department, and Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., as the Head of English Education Department.
Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum, as her Thesis Advisor, for the advice,
guidance, constructive comment, valuable knowledge, and precious time
she spent in correcting and supervising the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis.
Dra. Tjut Ernidawati, M.Pd. as her Academic Advisor, for the advice,
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All the Lecturers throughout her academic years at State University of
Medan that could not be mentioned one by one.
Her beloved parents Saut Lindung Parulian Situmorang (Pak Toem)
and Rohani Pangaribuan (Omak Ndut), thank you for the love and everything. And the writer also want to thanked her beloved brothers
Daniel Egana Situmorang (Niyek), Josua Situmorang (Ijos), Johanes Situmorang (Anes), and the cutest one Jonathan Christian Situmorang
(Aseng) for giving her their love and support.
All her beloved classmates of Applied Linguistics Regular 2010
especially the member of CANTIQUE Bintang Nopita (bins), Dona
Manalu (Rondang), Devi Arista (kakpi), Nurhafizah (pijong), Rizki Meiyani (kiko), Zahrina Putri (nengnong) and others that cannot be mentioned all. Thank you for the support, information, encouragement,
and beautiful day spent together.
The last but not least is her one and only love Justin Bieber. Thank you
for being her idol and her inspiration.
Medan, Juni 2014
The writer,
i ABSTRACT
Hisarmauli Desi Natalina Situmorang. 2014. Anaphoric Reference in Justin
Bieber’s Album “Believe Acoustic”. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
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D. The Technique of Analyzing Data... 25
CHAPTER IV: DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS A. Data… ... 27
B. Data Analysis ... 28
1. The Types of Anaphoric Reference Used in Justin Bieber’s “Believe Acoustic” ... 29
2. The Dominant Kind of Anaphoric Reference Used in Justin Bieber’s “Believe Acoustic” ... 33
3. The Implication of The Dominant Kind of Anaphoric Reference Function Used in Justin Bieber’s “Believe Acoustic” ... 34
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions… ... 35
B. Data Analysis ... 35
REFERENCES ... 36
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LIST OF TABLES
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LIST OF APPENDICES
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language is not only being used to communicate with other human,
language has several functions in daily life. Language is used to exchange information among people (Halliday, 1994). For example, in our daily life people
use language when they give or demand some information by other people. Language can also be used to express feelings, will, and desires to others.
Language that used to express feelings or desire must be have an emotion
on it. We can easily find that kind language in song lyric. In song lyric, the composer can feel free to show or to express their true feelings to the hearer
through the lyric. The composer sometimes use one single word to explain a whole song. In other words, a composer use one word as a representative other lyrics in the song to make it simple. In this case, the use of Anaphoric reference as
part of Reference especially zero anaphora is an indication of making the lyric more simple but in other way it is also give a full meaning.
It is simply to say that anaphoric is made to something within the text that has been previously identified in the preceding clauses as Halliday (2004:552) states that anaphoric is the ways of tracking the participant „backwards‟ to the
history of the unfolding text, that is, to a referent that has already been introduced and is thus parts of the text‟s systems of meaning. In anaphora, pronoun appear
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Linguistics is concerned with identifying the meaningful elements of specific languages (Kreidler, 1998:3). Linguists want to understand how language
works. Just what common knowledge do two people possess when they share a language – English, Indonesian, Korean or whatever – that makes it possible for
them to give and get information, to express their feelings and their intentions to one another, and to be understood with a fair degree of success. Linguistics also deals with the meaning expressed by modulations of a speaker‟s voice and the
process by which hearers and readers relate new information to the information they already have.
Pragmatic is a subfield of linguistics which studies about meaning. It generally studies the understanding of language on meaning and the context affects the interpretation. It is concerned with the communication between speaker
or writer and the listener or reader. Levinson (1983:9) states, “Pragmatic is the study between language and the context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of language”.
There are some previously studies were conducted on anaphoric or anaphora. Kawahara and Kurohashi‟s (2008) model achieved almost 50% as
F-measure against newspaper articles. However, as a result of the writer experiment against web documents, it achieved only about 20% as F-measure. This may be
because anaphoric relations in web documents were not so clear as those in newspaper articles and more difficult to recognize.
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analysis was less than half the pronouns and demonstratives have NP antecedents in the preceding text; 22% have sentential antecedents and the remainder have no
identifiable linguistic antecedents. As part of the corpus analysis the writer present the results of inter-annotator agreement tests. These were carried out for the
annotation of anaphor types and their antecedents, and for the segmentation of the dialogues into dialogue acts.
Chan (2000) also conducted study about anaphoric in social context and
found that anaphoric production involves both structural and functional factors, it is proposed that functional demands, which include social needs and pragmatic
requirements, are the crucial determinants that decide the surface manifestations of anaphoric substitutes. Morphologically those anaphoric forms that imply social connotations can be divided into two categories-simple forms (including nouns,
pronouns, and zero form) and compound forms (deriving from the structures of „noun+pronoun‟ and „pronoun+noun‟).
Although studies on anaphora have been conducted, it appears that in Justin Bieber‟s Believe Acoustic song lyric have not been explored in depth.
Therefore, the present study attempts to explore anaphoric reference in Justin Bieber‟s song lyric, specifically in Justin Bieber‟s album Believe Acoustic.
One of phenomenal singer whose begin his career on youtube, Justin Drew
Bieber also known as Justin Bieber. This Canadian boy was born on March 1st, 1994 (Age 19), Ontario, Canada. He is not only the singer but also a song writer.
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phenomenal song called Baby. This music video itself gets about 900 million viewers on youtube.
This study will analyze one of Justin Bieber album entitled “Believe Acoustic”. Believe Acoustic is his 7th album and the second acoustic album that
Justin Bieber has been released, the first one was My World Acoustic. This album consists of 11 songs which eight of them are taken by previous album “Believe” and added with three new songs, they are I Would, Nothing Like Us, and Yellow
Raincoat. The lyrics in this album are lovely, and it makes the writer interested to
make an analysis about Anaphoric Reference.
The writer is interested analyzing the songs‟ lyric in this album because kids these day especially in Indonesia whose only listen to the song because they like the singer, they just like to sing along and they do not want to know what is
the song about. Especially for Justin Bieber‟s fans, Beliebers, some of them are only listening to his song because they love him not because how wonderful the
lyrics and music are.
B. The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of this study, the research problems were formulated as the following:
1. What types of Anaphoric Reference are used in Justin Bieber‟s Album “Believe Acoustic”?
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3. What is the implication of the dominant type of anaphoric reference used in Justin Bieber‟s album “Believe Acoustic”?
C. The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems stated above, the objectives of the study are as the following:
1. To find out the types of Anaphoric Reference are used in Justin Bieber‟s Album “Believe Acoustic”
2. To find out what types of Anaphoric Reference are used dominantly in Justin Bieber‟s Album “Believe Acoustic”
3. To describe the implication of the dominant type of anaphoric reference that used in Justin Bieber‟s album “Believe Acoustic”.
D. The Scope of the Study
This study investigates reference used in song lyric. More specifically, this study only focuses on the analysis anaphora, cataphora, and zero anaphora and what types of reference that is dominant in Justin Bieber‟s album „Believe Acoustic‟. In this case, the dominant is only between the 3 types: anaphora,
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E. The Significant of Study
This research was expected to give contributions to:
1. The students of English Department who are interested in finding out the anaphoric reference.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the using of anaphoric reference in Justin Bieber’s album
“Believe Acoustic”, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:
1. Anaphora, cataphora, and zero anaphora were found at ten subjects used in Justin Bieber’s album “Believe Acoustic”. Total number of anaphoric
reference is 64 lines. It consists anaphora (15.7%), cataphora (9.3%), and zero anaphora (75%).
2. The most dominant type of anaphoric reference in Justin Bieber’s album “Believe Acoustic” is zero anaphora (75%).
3. Zero anaphora is the dominant type of anaphoric reference in the album, it has an implication that Justin Bieber as the song writer did not want to show his feeling obviously. As the composer, Justin try to create a lovely
mysterious lyric but has a deep meaning as well.
B. Suggestion
Related to the conclusion, it is well to suggest:
1. The students of English Department who are interested in finding out the
anaphoric reference.
2. Other researchers who are interested in conducting further researches related to anaphoric reference.
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REFERENCE
Breheny, R. 2002. Pragmatic Analysis of Anaphoric Pronouns: Do Things Look Better in 2-D?. RCEAL, University of Cambridge.
Chan. H. 2000. “Anaphoric in Social Context”. Journal of Pragmatic. 18: 299-321
Eckret, M & Strube, M. 2000. “Dialogue Acts, Synchronizing Units, and Anaphora Resolution”. Journal of Semantic 17: 14-17.
Geach, P. 1962. Reference and Generality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Haegeman, L. 1991. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Huddleston, R & Pullum, G. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: University Press.
Kreidler, C. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. New York: Routledge.
Ritchie, Graeme D. 1979. “Theoritical Linguistic”. Temporal Clauses in English, 6: 87-115.
Sasano, R, Kawahara, D & Kurohashi, S. 2008. “A Fully-Lexicalized Probabilistic Model for Japanese Zero Anaphora Resolution”. Computational Linguistics, 27: 521-544.
