Identification of the Active Compound Content of Red Union (Allium Cepa L) Originating from Aceh
Evi Dewiyani1, Muhammad Ridhwan2, Husna3 & Masyudi4
1,3,4
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health University of Serambi Mekkah
2Department of Biology Education Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Serambi Mekkah University
*Corresponding Author: Masyudi: masyudi@serambimekkah.ac.id
Abstract
The incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still high and is a public health problem in Indonesia. One of the efforts to eradicate it is to control the vector, namely the Aedesaegypti mosquito. Eradicating adult mosquitoes through fogging using an insecticide with the active ingredient malathion and sprinkling Abate powder for a long period of time continuously can actually result in non-target animal deaths, loss or death of natural enemies, environmental damage in the form of ecosystem imbalance and Aides population resistance. Utilization of natural materials as an alternative effort that is environmentally friendly and not harmful to other organisms needs to be done. Previous research found that shallot skin (Allium cepa L) contains flavonoid compounds which can be larvicidal, alkaloids, polyphenols, sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, steroids, triterpenoids, acetogenins and quinones. In this study researchers used shallots. This type of research was experimental, which was conducted at the MIPA laboratory at Serambi Mekkah University, the shallots were taken from onion farmers in South Aceh District. The results showed that leeks were extracted using ethanol solvent through FTIR analysis with visible wave absorption indicating the presence of functional groups OH, CH alkanes, C=C cycloalkanes, and CO indicating the presence of flavonoid compounds. GCMS analysis revealed that the shallots from Aceh contain Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecadienoic acid and Octadecatrienoic acid.
Keywords: Red union (Allium cepa L.); larvicides; Aedesaegypti.
1. Introduction
Aedesaegypti is a mosquito genus that plays a very important role as a vector for various diseases, including Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Yellow Fever and Chikungunya.
This mosquito species has an important role related to the health of the residential environment, especially urban areas (WHO, 2004). According to Ginanjar (2008), Aedesaegypti is a tropical and subtropical mosquito species found on earth, usually between latitudes 35ºN and 35ºS. Both types of Aedes mosquitoes are found in all corners of Indonesia, except for places with an altitude of more than 1000 m above sea level.
(2008) Abate powder is a synthetic insecticide with the active ingredient temephos to kill mosquito larvae where they develop. The continuous use of synthetic insecticides for a long time can actually result in non-target animal deaths, loss or death of natural enemies, environmental damage in the form of ecosystem imbalance and Aedes population resistance (Sari, 2012).
Another alternative that is more environmentally friendly is needed to eradicate this Aides Aegyptimosquito.of plants as an alternative effort that is environmentally friendly and not harmful to other organisms needs to be done (Sari, 2012)Utilization . So far leeks have not been used optimally compared to the onion seeds, the harvest period between the bulbs and leaves at the same time makes leeks sometimes neglected and only a small portion is utilized. Shallot skin (Allium cepa L.) contains flavonoid compounds which can be larvicidal, alkaloids, polyphenols, sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, steroids, triterpenoids, acetogenins and quinones (Soebagio et al., 2007) and it also contains saponins, tannins, glycosides, and anthraquinones (Manullang, 2010). It is estimated that this content is also present in the leaves and can act as a natural larvicide.
The specific objective of this research is to obtain optimal conditions for shallot leaf extract using the Response Surface Methodology method, a Box-bhenken design with a variety of extraction methods, solvent types and extraction time, followed by testing on larvae and performing optimal conditions for testing the effectiveness of the extract.
shallots as larvicide for Aedesaegypti mosquitoes with variations in extract concentration, contact time and water PH.
Efforts to eradicate dengue fever outbreaks by using synthetic insecticides for a long time continuously can result in non-target animal deaths, loss or death of natural enemies, environmental damage in the form of ecosystem imbalance and Aedes population resistance. Shallot leaves contain various larvicidal compounds that can be utilized. So far leeks have not been a priority for farmers, because when harvesting they focus more on the onion seeds so that leeks often become waste. This research is expected to produce solutions to public health problems and additional benefits for shallot farmers.
2. Method
This research is a laboratory experimental study, the first stage is the extraction process of leeks using the maceration method. The extract obtained was then analyzed for its active compound content by Phytochemical test, FTIR analysis and GC-MS analysis.
3. Results and Discussion
General Description of the Research Site
Leeks were taken from Gunong Pulo village, North Kluet, South Aceh District at coordinates 03o07'13.7” North Latitude and 97o20'28.2” East Longitude. A photo of the sampling location as shown in the following figure:
Figure 4.1. Sampling location of onion plants
Results of plant identification
The results of plant determinationvwhich wasvcarried out in the LaboratoryvHerbarium of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Syiah Kuala University Banda Aceh showed that the onion plants from Gunong Pulo village, South Aceh used as samples belonged to the genus with the species allium Cepa L.
determination. This is important to ensure the correct identity of the plants used as research samples.
Preparation of leeks and simplicia samples
After identifying shallots, samples were collected, dried, and dried simplicia powder made. The dry powder is then soaked in ethanol solvent for 1 x 24 hours, then filtered and the solvent is separated from the filtrate. In general, the process of storing capa leaf extract can be seen in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. Shallot leaf sample extraction
are then dried at room temperature as described in description 1. Next, the third is finely grinding the leaves. dry onion into powder, and the 4th is soaking using ethanol solvent, the 5th is filtering and the sixth is solvent separation with extract using rotary evaporate and figure 2 description 7 is the resulting leek extract.
Characteristics of Simplicia
The results of the leek simplicia characteristic testcan be seen in Table 4.1. was found that the water content and ash content of leek simplicia complied with the requirements for water content, namely not more than 10%. In simplicia with a moisture content that exceeds 10%, microorganisms and fungi can easily grow so that it will affect research results (Ministry of Health RI, 2000).
Table 4.1 The results of the leek simplicia characteristic test
No. Characteristics of simplicia Percentage
1. Moisture content 4.20%
2. Total ash content 5.5%
The ash content of leek simplicia is 5.5%, also in accordance with the requirements of total ash content for simplicia, namely no more than 11%. Determinationvash contentvof simplicia aimsvto determinevresidual characteristicsvashcontent.non-organic after ashing (Kemenkes RI, 2000).
From the results of testing the water content and ash content of the Aceh leeks used in this study, they were in accordance with the established provisions. High water content causes microorganisms to grow, while high ash content will also affect the results of the phytochemical identification carried out. These results determine whether or not this research can be continued.
Characteristics of the extract
The results of the characteristic test of leek extract can be seen in Table 4.2. It was found that the three types of extracts produced had a good water content, which was below 10%. This condition is needed so that the composition of the extract does not change because fungi and microorganisms can grow in moist extracts that contain high water content and affect the composition of the compounds.
Table 4.2 The results of the leek extract characteristic test No. Characteristics Percentage
1. Moisture content 2.1%
2. Total ash content 1.35%
Table 4.2 shows the total ash content of the three types of extracts in accordance with the standard provisions for total ash for extracts, which is below 11%. This ensures that the leek extract used in this study meets the specified requirements.
4.5 Phytochemical Test
The results of the phytochemical test results of the ethanol extract of leeks contained steroid compounds with the formation green color after being dripped with the Lieberman- Burcahrd reagent, as shown in the table below.
Table 4.3 Resultsvof the phytochemical test leaf extract
No. Compound content of leeks extract
1. Flavonoids +
2. Saponins +
3. Tannins +
4. Streroids +
5. Triterpenoids +
6. Alkaloids +
Description: (+) contains active compounds, (-) does not contain active compounds
Table 4.3 shows Extractvethanol in onion, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and alkaloids. Examination of flavonoids was carried out by extracting as much as 0.5 g mixed with 2 ml of ethanol, shaken, heated and shaken again then filtered. The sample was then added 0.2 g Mg and 3 drops of concentrated HCl to each filtrate. The formation of red, orange or green color on the ethanol layer indicates the presence of flavonoids.
Saponin compounds are known by extracting as much as 0.5 grams added to 2 ml of 25% NaOH, then boiling with 20 mL of water in a water bath. The filtrate was shaken and left for 15 minutes. The formation of stable foam means that it is positive for the presence of saponins. While tannins can be checked by extracting as much as 500 mg added to 1 ml of distilled water, boiled for 15 minutes and then cooled. Drop 1% ferric chloride. The formation of a greenish brown color indicates the presence of tannins (Endriani et al 2016).
For the examination of steroids and triterpenoids, 0.5 gram of extract was added plus 3 drops of concentrated sulfate ( Liebermann-Burchard) and 10 drops of anhydrous acetic acid. A blue or green color change indicates the presence of steroids. Formation of orange or purple color indicates the presence of triterpenes.
Alkaloids were examined by means of shallot leaf extract as much as 0.5 grams added to 1 mL of 2N hydrochloric acid and 9 mL of water, heated over a water bath for 2 minutes, cooled and filtered. Transfer 3 drops of the filtrate into 3 test tubes each on the watch glass then add 2 drops of Meyer's reagent, dragendorff and bouchardat. If there are alkaloids with Meyer, a white or yellow precipitate will form, with dragendorf an orange- yellow precipitate will form and bouchardat will form brown to black colors.
4.6 GCMS
The results of the GC-MS analysis can be seen in the following table:
Based on the results of the GC-MS analysis, it is known that shallots from Aceh contain the highestHexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecadienoic acid and Octadecatrienoic acid. These three compounds, based on previous research references, are able to kill bacteria and larvae.
4. Conclusion
Shallot leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids. These compounds are needed for various purposes of healing diseases. the results of the GC-MS analysis show that the shallots from Aceh contain the highest contentHexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecadienoic acid and Octadecatrienoic acid.
These three compounds, based on previous research references, are able to kill bacteria and larvae.
References
Adhli, HM, Dwi, SL, Rahayu, W., 2015. Larvicidal effect of ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleriamacrocarpa) leaves on Aedesaeypti larvae, Riau: Faculty of Medicine, University of Riau.
Djunaedi, D., 2016. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) epidemiology, immunopathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management, Malang: UMM Press.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia., 2013. Control of dengue hemorrhagic fever for DBD program managers at puskesmas, Jakarta: Directorate General of Disease Control and Environmental Health.
Manullang, L., 2010. Simplicity characterization of phytochemical screening and toxicity test of shallot (Allium cepa) skin extract using the brine shrimp (bst) test method, Medan: University of North Sumatra Press.
Margaretha, US, Rudi, H., and Luthfi, H., 2011. Anti-termite properties of shallot skin extract (Allium cepa), Medan: Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra.
Mohd, PMT Eet al., 2015. Aedes Mosquitoes: Disease and Control, Jakarta: Language and Library Council.
Rahmayanti, Safrida, KP, and Farah, F., 2016. Potential Test of Onion Skin (Allium cepa) as a LarvicidalAgainst the Death of Aedesaegypti Mosquito Larvae. JESBIO Journal, Vol. V No. 1 page 18, Banda Aceh:
Riskesdas Academy of Health Analysts, 2018 "Main Results of Riskesdas Infectious Diseases 2018," Has. UtamaRiskesdas Non-Communicable Diseases, p. 8, 2018.
Rukmana, R., 1994. Shallots, post-harvest cultivation and processing, Yogyakarta:
Kanisius Publishers.
Sari, ADY, 2012. Effectiveness of yam seed extract (Pachyirrhizuserosusurb) as larvicidal mosquito Aedesaegypti instar III, Yogyakarta: Faculty of Science and Technology UIN SunanKalijaga.fromhttp://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/7337/ on 16 June 2018.
Sasmilati, U., Arum, DP, Dan La, OAS, 2017. Effectiveness of garlic solution (Allium sativum) as a larvicide on the death of Aedesaegypti in Kendari city. Student Scientific Journal of Public Health, Vol. 2/No.6/ May 2017, ISSN 250-731X.
Sayono, 2018. Effect of modified ovitrap on the number of trapped mosquitoes, Semarang:
Diponegoro University. Accessed from
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/18741/1/sayono.pdf on 16 June 2018 Sembel, D., 2009. Medical entomology, Yogyakarta: ANDI.
Soebagio, B.,Rusdiana, T., and Khairuddin, 2007. Making gel with aqupec HV-505 from shallot root extract (Allium cepa) as an antioxidant, Bandung: Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University.
Sudjari, 2010. Effect of soursop (Annonamuricata L.) seed extract as aedessplarvicide, Malang: Brawijaya University. http://id.scribd.com/doc/249571923/Efek-Ekstrak- Biji-Sirsak-Annona-Muricata-L-As-Larvasida-Aedes-Sp. Accessed on June 16, 2018.
Sumarni, N. and Hidayat, A., 2005. Shallot cultivation, Bandung: Vegetable Plant Research Institute.
Sutanto, I., Ismid, IS, Sjarifuddin, P., and Sungkar, S., 2008. Fourth edition of medical parasitology, Jakarta: Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia.
Wibowo, S., 1991. Cultivation of garlic, shallots, onions, Jakarta: PT. Self-help Spreader.
Wijoyo, PM, 2008. Healthy with medicinal plants, Jakarta: Bee Media Indonesia
World Health Organization, 2004. Dengue hemorrhagic fever, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control, Jakarta: EGC.
