S ING 1002791 Table of content

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Aisya Gusnelia, 2014

An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

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2.1 The Concept of Psycholinguistics ... 7

2.3.1.2 Place & Manner of Articulation ... 12

2.3.2 Charting Consonant Sounds ... 13

2.4 Phonological Analysis ... 15

2.5 Phonological Patterns ... 16

2.5.1 Definition of Phonological Patterns ... 16

2.5.2 Types of Phonological Patterns ... 17

2.5.2.1 Substitution ... 17

2.5.2.2 Assimilation ... 18

2.5.2.3 Syllable Structure (Reduction) ... 18

2.6 Previous Studies ... 21

2.7 Concluding Remarks... 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 24

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3.2 Research Design ... 25

3.3 Data Collection ... 25

3.3.1 Research Site and Participants. ... 25

3.3.2 Data Collection Techniques. ... 26

3.3.3 Data Transcription ... 26

3.4 Procedures of Data Analysis ... 28

3.5 Example of Data Analysis ... 29

3.6 Phonetic Symbols & Conventions ... 29

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS... 31

4.1 Participants’ Sound Production ... 31

4.1.1 The Production of Fricative Sounds. ... 31

4.1.2 The Production of Affricative Sounds. ... 33

4.1.3 The Production of Approximant (glide) sounds. ... 34

4.1.4 Regular Alternation. ... 35

4.1.4.1 Plosive Sounds. ... 36

4.1.4.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /p/ ... 36

4.1.4.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /k/ ... 39

4.1.4.2 Approximant (lateral) sounds. ... 40

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4.1.5.1 Nasal Sounds. ... 43

4.1.5.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /n/ ... 43

4.1.5.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /

ŋ

/ ... 45

4.1.5.2 Approximant (liquid) Sound. ... 49

4.1.6 Irregular Alternation. ... 51

4.2 Participants’ Phonological Patterns ... 53

4.2.1 Substitution Processes ... 56

4.2.2 Syllable Structure (Consonant Reduction) ... 60

4.2.3 Other Processes ... 62

4.3 The Comparison of Participants’ Sound Production in Spontaneous Speech & in Single-words Production ... 66

BAB V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 70

5.1 Conclusions ... 70

5.2 Suggestions ... 71

REFERENCES ... 73

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Chart of Consonant Sounds (Yule, 1998) 13

Table 2.2 Categorization of Phonological Processes (Substitution)

in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009) 19

Table 2.3 Categorization of Phonological Processes (Assimilation)

Table 2.4 Categorization of Phonological Processes (Syllable Structure)

Table 3.1 Example of Phonetic Transcription 28

Table 3.2 Example of Data Analysis 29

Table 4.1 The Production of Fricative Sounds 32

Table 4.2 Word-initial /h/ observed in Participants’ Sound Production 33

Table 4.3 The Production of Affricative Sounds 34

Table 4.4 The Production of Approximant glide sounds-phoneme /w/ & /j/ 35

Table 4.5 The Production of Plosive Sounds-phoneme /p/ 36

Table 4.6 The Production of Plosive Sounds-onset /k/ 39

Table 4.7 The Production of Plosive Sounds-coda /k/ 40

Table 4.8 The Production of Approximant lateral sound-phoneme /l/ 41

Table 4.9 The Production of Approximant lateral sound-onset /l/ 42

Table 4.10 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /n/ 43

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Table 4.12 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /

ŋ

/ 45

Table 4.13 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /

ŋ

/ 46

Table 4.14 Nasal Overlap in Participants’ Sound Production 47

Table 4.15 The Production of Approximant trilled sound-phoneme /r/ 50

Table 4.16 The Irregular Alternation 51

Table 4.17 Participants’ Phonological Patterns 54

Table 4.18 Substitution Processes observed in Participants’ Sound Production 56

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1 Phonological Processes produced by Participants

in Single-words Production 66

Figure 4.2 Phonological Processes produced by Participants

in Spontaneous Speech 66

Figure 4.3 Other Processes produced by Participants

in Spontaneous Speech 67

Figure 4.4 Other Processes produced by Participants

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix I Pronunciation Test (Single-word production)

Appendix II Participants’ error sound production

(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)

Appendix III Participants’ Phonological Patterns

(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)

Appendix IV Regular, Special Case, and Irregular Alternations

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