1072
PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S TIKUS DAN MANUSIA
Chusna Apriyanti
Dosen STKIP PGRI Pacitan E-mail: chusna.apriyanti@gmail.com
Abstract:
The objectives of this research were to find out the meaning variations between John Steinbeck’s of Mice and Men (original version) and Premoedya Ananta Toer’s Tikus dan Manusia (translated version) and the probable reasons that motivate the occurrence of meaning variations between John Steinbeck’s of Mice and Men (original version) and Premoedya Ananta Toer’s Tikus dan Manusia (translated version). This research was descriptive quantitative research. The data were gathered through reading both of the novels and putting the clauses into the table to be analyzed. The results showed that the meaning differences between SL and TL were classified into seven levels of meaning differences: the lowest differences, very low differences, low differences, medium differences, high differences, very high differences, and the highest differences. The meaning differences were caused by eleven factors, namely the element and clause omission, the element and clause addition, the changing of word, the different sense of word, the use of informal word in SL and the formal word in TL, the deletion of marking relationship/conjunction between clauses, the use of idioms, the use of active formation in SL and passive formation in TL, the changing of back and forth formation or structure shift.
Keywords:
meaning differences, interpersonal meanings, novel
Abstrak:
Literature is permeating endlessly. It means there is no “expired date” for its development. Nowadays, the reader still can read the classic literary works that are written in Elizabethan period. Literary work is also developed globally around the world. Even though the setting of the literary work may be limited in the particular place and period, the story or content inside the literary work can be read widespread in long period of time.
Due to the factors above, literary works are possible to be translated into many languages to widen the readers’ scope. For example, Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist is translated into 40 languages around the world. In recent years, it has been admitted that translation plays an important role in human lives because it helps the people from different culture and linguistic background read the text from the different languages.
Talking about translation, Bell states that translation includes two terms; they are the process of translation and the product of translation (1991: 13). Generally, the process of translation is the act of giving the meaning (written or spoken) into another language. The most important aspect in the process of translation is transferring the meaning. It means that the process of translation is not creating a new meaning, but recreating the original meaning into another form of language. The wide differences in meaning between Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL) should be avoided because it can create the different perspectives among the readers.
Nida and Taber st at e t hat in t he translation process, the translator should focus firstly in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (1982:13). When the meaning in SL can be transferred accurately into TL, the problem is not ended there because the translator should also care of the form (style). For example, “word-for-word” translation is admitted as a
traditional way because the naturalness of the translated text is more important in translation. In this case, the translator should not only master in both of languages, but also know the other elements (contextual elements) of the two texts such as culture and situation (Butt et al, 2003: 3). Here, to keep the accurate meaning between text 1 and text 2, the translator may change the form. Sometimes, a translator cannot fulfill all the criteria for the acceptable translation because of many factors. Those factors may include, (1) the ability of the translator that includes the lack of vocabulary knowledge, (2) the complex language system of each language that differ from one to another in terms of many ways and not just in grammar subjects, (3) the type of source text. All of these factors can influence the product of translation.
Unlike translating other texts, translating literary works need much attention. There are many problems related to translating literary works. The translator should play attention to the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of the novel. In Indonesia, there are many translators of foreign literary works. For example, Sapardi Djoko Damono, Asrul Sani, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Trisno Sumardjo, and Chairil Anwar. They translated many English literary works into Indonesian language. Indonesian readers can read novels through the translated version if they have no ability in English language. One example is a novel entitled “of Mice and Men” written by John Steinbeck that was translated into Bahasa Indonesia entitled “Tikus dan Manusia” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. In this novel, there are many variations in meaning between SL and TL.
METHOD
This research was descriptive quantitative research. The data were collected from English original novel of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck and the Indonesian translated novel aktif di bahasa sumber dan kalimat pasif di bahasa sasaran, dan perubahan susunan kata atau pergeserak struktur kalimat.
Kata kunci:
entitled Tikus dan Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data in this research were gathered through reading both of the novels (the original version and the translated version) and putting the clauses into the table to be analyzed. After the data were collected, the researcher analyzed them in several steps: (1) selecting the clause in text 1 and text, (2) analyzing the data by using the table instrument, (3) recording and counting the result of the data analysis in the tables into the statistic table, (4) explaining the result of the table, (5) interpreting the motivating factors of variations, (6) drawing the conclusion.
Table 1: the parameter used for analyzing the data.
No Clauses
Functional Element Variations
0=lowest 1=very low 2=low 3=medium 4=high 5=very
high 6=highest
Degree of Variation Meaning Variation in
Interpersonal Meaning SL
= TL
SLTL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Same number of functional element between SL and TL Same number of functional element between SL and TL
2 One different number of functional element
One different number of functional element
3 Two different number of functional elements
Two different number of functional elements
4 Three different number of functional elements
Three different number of functional elements
5 Four different number of functional elements
Four different number of functional elements
6 Five different number of functional elements
Five different number of functional elements
7 Six or more different number of functional elements
Six or more different number of functional elements
FINDING AND DISCUSSION Meaning Variations
The analysis of interpersonal meaning differences is divided into six levels of differences. They are “0” or the lowest differences, “1” or very low differences, “2” or low differences, “3” or medium differences, “4” or high differences, “5” or very high differences, and “6” or the highest differences. Each criterion of these levels is described in the table of data instrument in chapter III. The result of the analysis is presented in the table below:
Table 2: Level of Meaning Differences
LEVEL OF MEANING DIFFERENCES
CHAP-TER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 372 229 46 14 1 0 18 680
2 560 212 61 19 5 4 37 898
3 566 544 168 51 18 8 64 1418
4 483 175 46 8 6 0 103 821
5 578 214 64 15 10 5 204 1090
2559 1373 385 107 40 17 426 4908 52.14
% 27.98
% 7.85
% 2.18
% 0.81
% 0.36
% 8.68
% 100
According to the data above, the analysis is divided into six scales of differences. The explanation is presented below:
“0” meaning difference
The “0” scale means that the clause has
the same functional elements both in SL
and the one in TL.. Here is an example
of “0” difference:
Chapter 1
SL George unslung his bindle
Subject (finite) predicator Complement TL George melepaskan Bawaannya
Subject (finite) predicator Complement
“1” meaning difference
The “1” scale means that the clause in SL and the one in TL have one different functional element. Here is an example:
Chapter 1
SL and I Tell you Again
adjunct Subject (finite) predicator
complement Adjunct
TL dan Aku Membilangi --- Lagi adjunct Subject (finite)
predicator
adjunct
“2” meaning difference
The “2” scale means that the clause in SL and the one in TL have two different functional elements. Here is an example of “2” scale of meaning difference:
Chapter 1
SL and then he stepped to the pool adjunct adjunct subject (finite)
predicator
“3” meaning difference
The “3” scale means that the clause in SL and the one in TL have three different functional elements. Here is an example of “3” scale of meaning difference:
adjunct subject finite comple-ment
“4” meaning difference
The “4” scale means that the clause in SL and the one in TL have four different functional elements. Here is an example of “4” meaning difference:
aku bertemu dgn seorang seniman.
--- --- ---
---A S F/P C
“5” meaning difference
The “5” scale means that the clause in SL and the one in TL have five different functional elements. Here is an example of “5” meaning difference:
aku tak tahu sebab-nya
The “6” scale means that the clause in SL and the one in TL have one or more different functional elements or no realization in SL or TL. Here is the example of “6” meaning difference:
Chapter 5
SL Ever’body likes that
TL No clause realization
The data above are drawn into the chart:
The percentage of meaning differences:
Figure 3: Percentage of Meaning Differences in Interpersonal Meaning
Probable Factors for having Meaning Differences
The motivating factors are the factors that motivate the existence of differences in SL and TL. Based on the research finding, it can be concluded that the differences between SL and TL is very low. It is supported by the number of “0” differences or the lowest differences between SL and TL (52.14%). Besides, it is also supported by the number of SL=TL degree differences as the majority degree (52.22%). Those conditions are caused by eleven factors. They are:
The omission Element Omission
Element omission means the translator omit one or more elements in translating SL into TL. Here is an example of element omission:
Chapter 5
SL Lennie sat in the hay
Subject finite/predicator Adjunct TL Lennie duduk
Subject finite/predicator
The analysis above is the example of element omission. SL consists of three elements: Lennie (as the subject), sat (as the finite/ predicator), and in the hay (as the adjunct), while TL consists of two elements: Lennie (as the subject) and duduk (as the finite/predicator). This makes the differences in meaning in SL and in the one in TL. It makes the readers of TL or the translated version not knows the place of Lennie because the translator omits the adjunct of place (in the hay).
Clause Omission
Clause omission means that the translator omits one or more clauses in translating SL into TL. Sometimes, the translator combines two or more clauses into one clause. Here is an example of clause omission:
Chapter 5
SL Maybe if I took this pup out and throwed him away
TL Barangkali kalau aku buang bangkai ini The analysis above is the example of clause omission. The translator combines two clauses in SL into one clause in TL. The TL is simpler than SL because the translator reduces one action “took”. For the TL’s readers or the readers of translated version, this clause is quite unimportant and it can be deleted from the text without reducing complex important meaning. The readers can imagine they throw something. Before that, they take the dead body. Therefore, without mentioning or translating the clause “took this pup out”, the reader still can accept the original meaning from SL.
Another example:
SL Lennie sat in the hay
and
looked at a
little dead puppy that lay in front of
him.
TL
Lennie duduk melihat bangkai anak
anjing yang ada di depannya.
There are many expressions in SL that use the conjunction in the clauses. In TL, the use of conjunction between clauses is reduced and the translator prefers to combine two actions into one action.\
The addition Element Addition
Element addition means that the translator adds one or more elements in translating SL into TL. In this case, the TL is longer than SL. Here is an example of element addition:
Chapter 5
SL Sniveled
finite/predicator
TL Ia Menelan sedan
of three elements: ia (as the subject), menelan (as the finite/predicator) and sedan (as the adjunct). This makes the meaning in SL different from the meaning in TL.
Clause addition
Clause addition means that the translator adds one or more clauses in translating SL into TL. Here is an example of clause addition:
Chapter 5 SL When she didn’t answer
TLWaktu dilihatnya bahwa perempuan itu tak juga menjawab
The analysis above is the example of clause addition. The translator translates one clause in SL into two clauses in TL. The word “dilihatnya” in TL has no synonym in SL. This process makes TL longer and more complex than SL.
The synonym Changing the Word
Changing t he word means t hat t he translator changes the exact literal meaning of SL in translating into TL. The translator sometimes changes it into the more general word or more specific word.
Chapter 2 SL I told his old lady
TL aku berkata pada emaknya
In this example, the ‘old lady” in SL is translated into “emaknya” in TL. Actually, this does not cause meaning differences in the analysis between SL and TL. However, it reduces the value of subject because “old lady” is general and “emaknya” is more specific.
Another example:
Chapter 2 SL Yes sir. Jesus, we had fun.
TL Ya, tuan. Ya rasul, alangkah senang.
In this example,”Jesus” is translated into “Rasul”.
Different sense of the word
Different sense of word means that the translator changes the synonym of TL into different lexical meaning. The words in SL are changed into more general or more specific words. Here is an example of different sense of word:
Chapter 2 SL and looked underneath it. TL dan memeriksa bawahnya.
In this example, the word “looked” is translated into memeriksa. This does not cause any meaning differences between SL and TL. However, it makes the sense of word different. The word memeriksa needs detail action of looking but the word “looked” does not need detail action.
Chapter 2
SL
George
turned on
Lennie.
TL
George
memandang
Lennie.
In this example, the word “turned on” is translated into memandang. This does not cause any meaning differences in SL and TL. However, it makes the sense of word different. The word
memandang implies that the action involves the eye, but in the word “turned on” implies that the action is more complex. The readers in TL need to turn their body beside looking of Lennie.
Chapter 2
SL You was gonna leave your big fl apper shut TL Katanya kau menutup mulut
In this example, the word “big flapper” is translated into the word “mulut”. Actually, in Indonesian, the word “flapper” is “katup”. Therefore, it sounds harsh to the reader that the translator changes it into “mulut”.
Informal vs. Formal Word
Informal vs. formal word means that the translator uses formal word in translating SL into TL even though the author of SL uses many informal words.
Chapter 1
SL Jus’ gonna stan’ there.” TL Cuma berdiri saja.”
In the example above, it is clear that the author of SL prefers to use informal word. There are many examples found in SL.
Idiom
Chapter 5
SL
Don’t try to put nothing over on me.’
TL
jangan bohongi
The other example:
Chapter 1
SL You keep me in hot water all the time. TL “Engkau cencang aku ini dengan
kesusahan.”
The author uses many idioms in the novel and the translator changes them into more general sentences.
Different Formation and Arrangement Active-passive
The differences in using voice are found in SL and TL. The author uses active voice and the translator changes it into passive voice. Here is the example of active-passive changing:
Chapter 2
SL He hooked his thumbs in his belt
TL
Disangkutkan jempolnya pada gesper
sabuk
The arrangement and formation in SL and TL is different. SL is in the active clause form and TL is in the passive clause form. Usually, Indonesian people prefer to use the passive form. This does not make any differences in meaning.
Back and Forth Formation
Back and forth formation means that the translator changes the position of elements in translating SL and TL.
Chapter 5
SL Lennie explained patiently. TL sabar Lennie menerangkan.
This example does not cause the meaning differences in SL and TL because it is only the position of element that is changed. In SL, the formation is subject+ finite/predicator + adjunct, TL is adjunct in the beginning, and it is followed by subject+ finite/predicator.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion
Based on the result of the research, here are the conclusions that can be drawn: 1) the results of this research showed that the meaning differences between SL and TL were classified
into seven levels of meaning differences: the “0” or the lowest differences (52.14%), “1” or very low differences (27.98%), “2” or low differences (7.85%), “3” or medium differences (2.18%), “4” or high differences (0.81%), “5” or very high differences (0.36%), and “6” or the highest differences (8.68); 2) the meaning differences between SL and TL are caused by eleven factors. They are: (1) the omission of elements and the omission of clauses from the expression of SL into TL; (2) the addition of elements and the addition of clauses from the expression of SL into TL; (3) the use of synonym of words from SL to TL that does not cause high differences; (4) the use of informal words in SL and formal words in TL; (5) the use of marking (connectors) between clauses in SL; (6) the use of idioms in SL that change into usual expressions in TL; (7) the different formation between SL and TL (SL use active form and TL use passive form) and the changing of back and forth formation.
Suggestions
The researcher suggests the research for the following parties: 1) translator, the translator should be careful in translating literary works especially novel. He should limit the variations between the original novel and translation novel. The great number of variations or differences can change different messages and contents of the original novel. It means that the readers of translated version novel cannot get the same information as the one in the original novel; 2) other Researchers; there are still many other fields in the translation of literary works that can be researched. The other researchers can research other features of translation.
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