The Translation of English Actives into Indonesian in News Texts
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Theodora Amy Christy 112011094
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
SALATIGA
The Translation of English Actives into Indonesian in News Texts
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Theodora Amy Christy 112011094
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
SALATIGA
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2015. Theodora Amy Christy and Elisabet Titik Murtisari, M.TransStud., PhD
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without permission of at least one of the copyright of the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.
TABLE OF CONTENT
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT …...………... vi
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION…...…………...………... vii
LIST OF TABLE ……….. x
LIST OF FIGURES ……….. xi
Abstract ………...………. 1
INTRODUCTION………. 1
1. Literature Review ………... 3
1.1 Translation………. ……… 4
1.2 Language Contact and Language Shift which Include Linguistic Transfer and Grammar in Translation……….……….. 5
1.3 Grammatical Equivalence in Translation………... 8
1.4 Active and Passive Voice in Indonesian ………... 9
1.5 Active and Passive Voice in English ……… 17
THE STUDY ………... 23
1. Context of the Study ………... 23
2. Sampe ………. 24
3. Data Collection Instrument ……… 24
4. Data CollectionProcedure ……… 24
5. Data Analysis ……….. 25
1. The tendency to use active-passive shift is insignificant in terms of occurrences, but significant in terms of distribution of the shift in the whole
texts in English into Indonesian translation.……… 30
2. There are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the English active into Indonesian active translation has failed.……….. 31
3. There is an indication althouh it is not strong that English has influenced Indonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language..……… 35
CONCLUSION ……….. 37
REFERENCES ……… 39
ACKNOWLEDGMENT……… 41
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Total Number of How English Active Forms are Translated into
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Example of Active and Passive Voice in English and Indonesia …..……12 Figure 2. Example of the Structure of an Active and Passive type 1 ……….... 14 Figure3. Example of passive with mereka, a noun, and actor expressed………...…14 Figure 4. Example of Dia or -nya Expressing a Third Person Singular Agent ….…15 Figure 5. The Relationship between an Active Clause and a Passive Type Two Clause ………..………...16 Figure 6. Example of Negative Marker in Passive Type 2 ………16 Figure 7. Example of the Occurrence of the Bound Forms ‘ku’ and ‘kau’ in Passive
Type 2 ………16
Figure 8. Example of How Translators Tend to Translate English into
Indonesian ……… 22
Figure 9. Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive
……….………32
Figure 10. Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and
Passive ………32
Figure 11. Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and
Passive………34
Figure 12. Example of The Use of Reporting Framing
The Translation of English Actives into Indonesian in News Texts
Abstract
At present, English has an indispensable preeminence because of its position as a lingua franca or an international language. With the large bulk of information delivered in English, especially news, there is a pressing necessity for Indonesian to translate. However, English, as the source language in English – Indonesian transfer seems to influence the Indonesian translation particularly in its structure. Although many studies have addressed about the hegemony of English in Indonesian, there is no study that discusses deeply about the change of Indonesian passive into active forms in translation. Therefore, this study attempts to find how the English active forms are translated into Indonesian in the terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. The findings of this study show that the translators almost always translate an English active form into an Indonesian active form instead of an Indonesian passive form.
Keywords : Translation, language contact, language shift, grammatical equivalence, active and passive forms
INTRODUCTION
internationallynoticed. Therefore, a great quantity of English articles, journals, books, novels, and news have been translated into Indonesian and the other way as well.
However, English, as the source language in English – Indonesian transfer seems to influence Indonesian translation in terms interference as a result of language contact that may lead to language shift particularly in its structure. Although many studies have addressed about the hegemony of English in Indonesia, there is no study that discusses deeply about the change of Indonesian passive into active forms. Therefore, this present study was proposed to examine how English active forms are translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language.
Statement of the Problem
Many Indonesian hope to comprehend, learn, and get information delivered in
English from English into Indonesian translated texts. Unfortunately, the qualities of
translations in Indonesian are notoriously low (Taryadi, 2003, Sinaga, 2003, Kurnia,
2009, Nababan, et.al. 2012, Wijava 2013, Wijaya 2014).Problems with
mistranslations and unnatural expressions are two big concerns for many Indonesian
translators in writing qualified translated texts. Sometimes, we find that the language
in Indonesian translated texts is difficult to understand because the renderings are so
literal. This phenomenon may be caused by many translators who seem to have been
influenced by English as the source language, not only in lexicon but in structure as
well.
However, we still cannot comprehend how English has dominated Indonesian
studies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine how English active forms are translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language.
Significance of the Study
This study tried to examine the extent to which English has influenced Indonesian in translation in terms of structure. The researcher used Indonesian translation non-scientific news on DetikNews online media as the data. From this study, the researcher hope to give both theoretical and practical benefits for English into Indonesian translators in translating non-scientific news without overlooking Indonesian structure. Moreover, this study can give some insights for the translators in using passive voice when translating English into Indonesian text since it is the unique characteristic of Indonesian that makes Indonesian different with other languages. Through this study, the researcher suggested to use other online media as good data sources for the further research in order to reassure the finding of this study.
Research Question
This study tried to answer the following question:
How are the English active forms translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language?
LITERATURE REVIEW
voice in Indonesian, active and passive voice in English and ends with translating English actives into Indonesian. However, the focus will be on whether the English active structures have been partly translated into Indonesian passive or just rendered literally into Indonesian active voice.
Translation
Al-Salam (2007)states that (while acknowledging that global market has given rise to the use of English as international language) the need for translation from English into other languages and vice versa has become a pressing necessity.Nowadays, Indonesiaacknowledgesthis need for translating English into Indonesiaby finding many translators of numerous books, newspapers, and magazines, translators in court of law and in International seminars or conferences in Indonesia. With reference to Hatim and Munday (2004, p.3), “translation is a phenomenon that has a huge effect on everyday life.” This definition sees translation
both as a process and a product. Seeing translation as a process focuses on the role of the translator in taking thesource text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (thetargettext, TT). Seeing translation as a product focuses on the concrete translation which is the product produced by the translator. Machali (2000, p. 60) states that “translation as an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another”. Larson (1998, p. 3) noted
that “translation is basically a change of form where the form of the source language
In a similar tone, Nida and Taber (1982:12) propose another definition of translation. According to the two experts, “Translating consisting of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” This definition contains
some elements that should be taken into account by translators in performing their task namely reproducing the natural message, closest equivalence, meaning priority and also translation style. From the above explanation, we can infer that the core of translation lies on form and meaning.
Language Contact and Language Shift which Include Linguistic Transfer and Grammar in Translation
language contact.Jendra (2010:67) defines it as a sociolinguistic situation where two or more languages are used simultaneously or mixed one over the others.
This is also supported by the issue of linguistic interference which is a factor in any translation, and when the translator is translating from source language into target language, interference from the source language source text influences the production of the target language target text. The product of source – target translation will usually contain a non-standard version of the target language that is to a greater or lesser extent affected by the source language.
It is popularly believed that language contact can and often does lead directly to structural linguistic changes. Leading figures expressed a firm belief in severe constraints on structural interference; Meillet, for instance, believed that grammatical loans can only occur when the source and receiving systems are very similar (1921:87), and Jakobson argued that ‘a language accepts foreign structural elements only when they correspond to its own tendencies of development’ (1962 [1938]:241).
diffusion. Third, some changes occur as an indirect result of interference, typically when a borrowed morpheme sets off a chain reaction that has a snowballing effect on the receiving language's structure. Fourth, the definition does not exclude contribution from internal pattern pressures in a relevant change: multiple causation is always a possibility, whether the causes are all internal or a mixture of internal and contact factors.
Catford (1974:73) defined shifts are departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL (source language) to the TL (target language). Whereas, Hornby (1995:135) defined shift as change of position or direction, transfer (take up a new position, approach the subject in a different way during an argument) Therefore, in conclusion, shift is the changes of structures from original text or source text in order to get a natural translation. Catford divided shift into two categories, they are level shift and category shift.
According to Munday (2001), a level shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another. While, according to Catford (2000), category shift is generic term referring to shifts and most of Catford’s analysis is given over to category shifts. These are subdivided into four kinds which are structural shifts, class shift, unit shifts or rank shifts and intra-system shifts. Those kinds of shifts are used in translating the text in order to reach natural and communicative translations, which emphasize on the meaning not the form. Structural shifts are said by Catford to be the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. For example: passive sentence into active sentence.
Grammatical Equivalence in Translation
system of pronoun), tense and voice. However, we will only focus on grammatical equivalence level and voice.
Since the culture and the characteristics from English and Indonesian are different and do not come from the same language family, there are also some difficulties and some shifts in English into Indonesian translation. One of them is grammatical structure of voices. Both English and Indonesian have the classification of voice, but they do not always use this classification with the same occurrence. English active-passive voices are based on tenses, for example: is + verb 3, is used in present time. Meanwhile, in expressing time, Indonesian uses aspect (lexical unit) and adverb of time. In addition, the active voices in English are not always translated into passive voices in Indonesian, and vice versa. English active clauses are mainly translated into passive voice in Indonesian whenever the intransitive verbs are used.
Active and Passive Voice in Indonesian
Dardjowidjojo (1978) believes that passive voice has become an integrated
part and a norm in Indonesian language. This belief corroborates to a statement about
passive voice is the unique characteristic of Indonesian. He also claims that there is a
relation between the common use of passive construction in Indonesian and the way
Indonesians think and feel, even though he admits that this conclusion is speculative
and needs further research to assure the assumption.
In addition, according to Sneddon (2000: 22) passive constructions are used
more frequently in Indonesian than in English. “Often a passive is the natural
construction in Indonesian where a passive translation into English will sound very
basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO). However, many
Indonesian will speak in a passive/objective voice, making use of the Object Verb
Subject word order. This OVS word order in Indonesian will often permit the
omission of the subject and/or object (i.e. ellipses of noun/pronoun). This omission
benefits the speaker/writer in two ways: adding a sense of politeness and respect to a
statement or question and convenience when the subject is unknown, unimportant or
implied by context.
This is due to the different characteristics of the Indonesian language and
English. The Indonesian language tends to focus on the result of the action. For
example, saya akan dijemputnya which literally means I would be met by her
(Sneddon, 2000: 21). The sentence I would be met by her sounds awkward in English. Thus, instead of using this expression, the sentence will sound more natural in English
if it is constructed into “She would pick me up.” On the contrary, the active
construction is more common in English since the focus of attention is the actor that
carries out the action.
Sugono (1999:106) states if a subject of a sentence is the agent of an action
which is stated by a verb, the sentence is called active sentence. Purwo (ed) (1989:86)
also states that in active sentence, the verb is me (n) - and ber- prefixed. The meanings that are formed as the results of affixiation of prefix me- are to state: 1) to do something (perform an action), 2) to perform an action by using tools, 3) to produce,
4) to work, 5) to drink, to eat, 6) a direction, 7) to expel, 8) to become, 9) to celebrate,
10) to act like. According to Chaer 91989:70) the meanings that are formed as the
Meanwhile active sentence with prefix me- and suffix –kan that are formed as the results into words are: 1) to make something to become, 2) to make something to be
in one place, 3) to do something for someone, 4) to get something into, and 5) to do.
Chaer (1989:38) also states that the meanings are formed as the results of the addition
of prefix ber- into words are: 1) to possess, 2) to wear, 3)to drive or to ride, 4) to produce, 5) to contain.
Sugono also (1989:109) states if a subject of a sentence is not an agent, but as
the receiver of the action, the sentence is called passive sentence. The sentence is the
change of active sentence. It is done by changing the object in active sentence to
become subject in passive sentence. According to Chaer (1989:99), the meaning that
are formed as the results of the prefix ter- into words are: 1) to express ability, 2) accidentally, 3) to express something that has already happened.
In Indonesian, there are four types of passive sentences as quoted by
Dardjowidojo, in Purwo (1986: 59). Those are: 1) the passive sentences which express
intentional acts (commonly marked by the use of prefix –di), 2) the passive sentences which express unintentional acts (commonly marked by the use of prefix –ter), 3) the adversative passive sentences (commonly marked by the use of affix –ke and –an in the sentence), 4) the passive sentences formed by the use of ke-an meaning dapat di + verb.
Passive sentence with prefix di- is used to form passive verbs, for example:
pintu itu ditutup (the door is closed). Passive sentence with prefix di- and suffix –kan
are added to a verb to make passive verb. It is the change of active sentence which
added to a verb to make passive verb. It is the change of active sentence which uses
prefix me- and suffix –i, for example: nenek menolak hasil putusan sidang (active) changes into hasil putusan sidang ditolak (oleh) nenek.
Sneddon (2010:255) states that some Indonesian grammars use subject and
object constructive or subject and objective focus instead of using the terms active
and passive. The subject constructive or the said to be active voice is used when we
make the actor tobe the subject of the verb and use an active verb. On other hand, we
use objective constructive or the believed to be passive voice when we make the
object in an active clause to be the subject of the passive form of the verb. It means
that the focus attention is on the object in an active clause. The actor is expressed by
an agent phrase which follows the passive verb. A passive verb either has prefix di- or
has no prefix.
FIGURE 1
Example of Active and Passive Voice in English and Indonesia
Differences between the constructions in Indonesian and the active and
passive in European languages such as English, in both structure and function cause
English
Rama eats an apple. An apple is eaten by Rama.
Indonesian
the use of subject and object constructive in Indonesian. However, there are not only
differences, but also similarities between those two languages that make the relation
between the two constructions is often similar which the same terms are allowed to be
used to describe them. Indonesian uses the passive construction more frequent than
English does. However, where a passive translation would sound unnatural,
translators will normally use an active construction.
There are two types of passive form in Indonesia called ‘passive type 1 and
passive type 2’. The actor determines the choice of passive type.
Passive Type 1
This type is a passive clause in which the verb has prefix di- and the agent is
indicated by a phrase following the verb, sometimes marked by the preposition oleh
‘by’, such as Boneka itu dibawa oleh Tera ‘That doll is brought by Tera”. It can only
occur if the agent is the third person, except with ter-… and ke-..an verbs, in which a
passive construction is always passive type 1.
The actor is third person, which is pronoun dia or mereka, or a noun in this type of passive form. If there is no actor is expressed, we also use this type of passive
construction. The structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one
FIGURE 2
Example of the Structure of an Active and Passive type 1
Dia ‘he’ is the actor in the above example. The following illustrates passives
with the other possible actors, mereka, a noun or an actor expressed:
FIGURE 3
Example of passive with mereka, a noun, and actor expressed
Dia or –nya can express a third person singular agent. They are optionally
preceded by oleh‘by’: Active voice:
Subject (actor) + meN-verb + object (patient)
Dia memeluk saya. He hugs me.
Passive voice:
Subject (patient) +
di-verb + (oleh) + agent (actor)
Saya dipeluk oleh dia.
I was hugged by him.
Mereka •• Dia sudah diberi sebuah penghargaan oleh mereka.He has already been given an award by them.
Noun • Buku ini dibaca oleh ibuku. • This book was read by my mother. Actor
FIGURE 4
Example of Dia or-nya Expressing a Third Person Singular Agent
Oleh is optional when the agent immediately follows the verb. If the agent does not
immediately follow the verb, oleh is obligatory.
Passive Type 2
This type is a passive clause in which the verb has no prefix and the agent
precedes the verb, such as Novel itu Saya baca ‘That novel was read by me’. The agent phrase must be pronoun. In this type the agent is a pronoun or pronoun
substitute. The agent phase comes before the verb, which does not have a prefix. The
structure of this passive type 2 is thus:
Subject (patient) + agent (actor) + verb
The relationship between an active clause and a passive type two clause is
shown in the following example: Saya ditamparnya/olehnya.
Saya ditampar dia/oleh dia.
FIGURE 5
The Relationship between an Active Clause and a Passive Type Two Clause
No other component of the clause can come between the agent and the verb in
passive type two, especially in writing. In particular, components of the predicate
phrase such as negative and temporal marker, come before the agent in this type:
FIGURE 6
Example of Negative Marker in Passive Type 2
If the agent is aku ‘I’ or kamu ‘you’ the bound forms, ku- and kau- usually occur:
FIGURE 7
Example of the Occurrence of the Bound Forms ‘ku’ and ‘kau’ in Passive Type 2
Kami mengunjungi dia.
Dia kami kunjungi. Indonesian
We visit him.
He was visited by us.
English
Bola itu tidak akan kami lempar. That ball will not be thrown by us.
Cincin itu sudah kujual.
Seragam itu harus kaupakai.
Indonesian
I’ve sold that ring.
You should wear that uniform.
Active and Passive Voice in English
Quirk (1972:802-810) writes that voice is a grammatical category which
makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways without any change in
the facts reported. The active-passive relation involves two grammatical levels: the
verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase level, the difference between the two
voice categories is that the passive is marked by the auxiliary ‘be ‘and the past
participle of the main verb. Therefore, in English the basic pattern of the passive is the
use of ‘be’ and ‘verb participle’. The variations depend on the tenses or the adverb of
time. At the clause level, the change into passive involves rearrangements of two
clause elements and one addition; the active subject and the preposition by are optionally added before the agent.
Biber et al, (1998:475-482) writes that transitive verbs are usually active, but
can also occur in the passive. In most English sentences with an action verb, the
subject performs the action denoted by the verb. Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice; on
the other hand, when because the subject is being "acted upon" (most likely by the
object of the sentence or is passive), such sentences are stated to be in the passive voice. In other words, one can change the normal word order of many active
sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
The main function of the passive constructions in English is to avoid
specifying the agent and to give an impression of objectivity (Baker, 1991:106).
Larson (1984:246) argues that passive construction is also used to focus on the
words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make
the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning. In addition, Gym (2010)
from the University of Arizona Writing Center remarks that passive voice is useful in
some situations. However, when it is used incorrectly, it can dilute and make our
writing unclear. In an attempt to avoid the incorrect use of passive voice, in
transforming active into passive or vice versa we have to understand the structure of
both active and passive voice. Gym (2010) exemplifies and reminds us to consider the
following suggestions so that we will know when to use active or passive
constructions, either in writing or speaking.
1) Use active voice unless there is a good reason not to. Active voice makes your
speech or writing more vivid and clear.
Examples:
Passive (weak): The house was leveled by the tornado.
Active (vivid): The furious tornado stripped the house to its foundations.
Passive (weak): Spirits were low after the football game was lost.
Active (vivid): A final heartbreaking interception ended the game and crushed the
home team’s spirits.
Passive (unclear): The students were advised not to drink on school nights.
Active (clear): The Health Center advised students about the risks of drinking on
school nights.
2) Use Passive Voice to emphasize a process in scientific or technical writing.
Example: Next, the magnets were calibrated to align with the laser beam.
3) Use Passive Voice to place attention on the object, rather than the subject.
(Focus was on the parking garage, not the construction workers who were making it.)
4) Use Passive Voice to place old information before new information when you want
to make smooth transitions.
English active sentences, as already mentioned previously, are usually
constructed with a form of the verb ‘to be” and usually includes (or implies) the word
‘by’. The pattern of passive construction is thus: Subject + be + past participle + by
(optional).Frank (1972: 55) states voice in English grammar refers to the active voice
and passive use of a verb. He also notes that the English people use the active voice
more often than the passive voice since they prefer to make a direct statement of an
action. The passive voice is used when the greater emphasis is to be placed on the
‘event’ than on the ‘actor’, or when the ‘doer’ of an action is unimportant or
unknown.
O’Grady and Dobrovolsky (1984: 209) state English passive has two
distinctive properties. The first is a passive sentence contains some form of the
auxiliary be (was, is and so on) together with a verb in the so-called ‘past participle
form’, which is normally marked by the suffix –ed or –en. Second, the relative order
of the agent and theme in passive sentences in reverse of that found in active
sentences. It means that the passive consists of auxiliary be, past participle, agent and
theme. If we put it in order, it will be like this: be + past participle + theme + agent.
Translating English Actives into Indonesian
The change of voice in English into Indonesian translation is important in
order to achieve grammaticality and produce an explicit meaning for Indonesian
readers. It also has an aim to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, 1964: 227). For example,
word class should be changed into a passive one, tersayat (was cut) and the addition of oleh pisau(with knife) is needed if a native speaker of Indonesian means that he or she did it by accident.
There are some important aspects to consider in changing voice in English into
Indonesian translation. The first one is the focus of the sentence. For example: “she was killed” which is the passive form of “someone killed her” is used to state that the focus is on she. Besides, the person who killed her is unknown, so the agent cannot be
specified.
The second one is indispensable shift. For example: “She had something” is
translated into “Ada sesuatu yang dimiliki” in Indonesian. From that sentence, there is
a shift that occurs in translating had into Indonesian in the sentence “She had a worry” into “Dia diliputi ketakutan”. The active verb ‘had’ is translated into ‘diliputi’
after collocating with ‘a worry’. Since different languages express and communicate
different types and levels of meanings by means of different linguistic forms or
semantic structures, then the occurrence of shifts is substantially indispensable.
The last aspect is natural translation. There is an enlightenment in finding the
closest natural equivalent from one language to another that addition of information
may be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to avoid
misinterpretation (Nida, 1964: 227). There are also cases where two languages use
different classes of words and a different level of utterances to denote the same
meaning. In the translation, naturalness can hardly be fully established as naturalness
is bound not merely by linguistic forms or structures as the formal carriers of
meanings, but also essentially linked and attached to many other features such as
social values and norms, the social status of the interlocutors, and so forth. English
and Indonesian which belong to different language families are different in many
cultural entities and features.
In English into Indonesian translation, there is a possibility that an English
passive construction is translated into Indonesian active construction; namely, active
construction with the verbs which are formed by adding affixation me- and ber-.
English passive : His touch was filled with warmth.
Indonesian active : Sentuhannya mengandung kehangatan.
In English passive construction was filled is translated into Indonesian active construction mengandung. Mengandung is formed by using prefix me- into the word
kandung and it is an active construction in Indonesian. There is a shift occurs, namely, structural shift. It can be concluded that the structural shift occurs when the passive
construction is translated or changed into active construction.
However, there is also a big possibility of English active into Indonesian
active shift in English into Indonesian translation. This following blueprint is an
example of how translators tend to translate English into Indonesian. The example
FIGURE 8
Example of How Translators Tend to Translate English into Indonesian
The explanations from the diagram above are:
1. The big circle in the center of the blueprint consist of both English and Indonesian title of the news and also content of news.
*Aussie man and French woman to be rescued after being stranded on remote tropical island - Pelayar Australia Terdampar di Pulau Terpencil Kalimantan
*
1. An Australian resident and his French companion have spent the night strandedon a remote Indonesian island
after their yacht struck bad weather at sea. 2. The Indonesian search and rescue agency, Basarnas,
learned of the couple's plight on Thursday morning, after a distress signal was passed along, he said. 3. Mr Bimantara said the couple swamthe raft to a nearby island where they ended up staying overnight
with a group of villagers.
4. The duo have managed to salvage their belongings off the damaged yacht and bringthem to the island, the
2. The other six small circles are divided into two categories which are the translator of the news’s version and my version. The translator of the news translated English active construction into natural Indonesian passive construction, natural Indonesian active construction, and unnatural Indonesian passive construction. Then, I changed two examples of unnatural active English into Indonesian passive construction into natural Indonesian passive construction type 1 and 2. The changes from unnatural into natural active-passive construction are indicated by the arrows in the diagram.
THE STUDY
This part of the study contains context of the study, participants, instrument of data collection, data collection procedure, and data analysis.
Context of the study
translation structures will be in passive form. In this study, I did not have any special requirement about the translators’ background.
Sample
The data for this study were obtained from translation news in DetikNews. 78 non-scientific news uploaded in DetikNews in January 2015were collected and analyzed by the researcher.
Data Collection Instrument
In doing this present study, I myself acted as the instrument. I collected and investigated all the data. In collecting data process, I used 78non-scientific news uploaded in DetikNews in January 2015 to comprehend and measure the use of:
1. Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation
2. Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)
3. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1 4. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2
Data Collection Procedure
collect the intended data to be analyzed which focuses on the active and passive voice construction of the non-political news in DetikNews.
Data Analysis
After reading and choosing, I logged the data which are the 78 non-political news Indonesian translation texts in Microsoft Excel. The data were divided into smaller structure which are sentences and then occurences. Each occurrence was categorized into four categories which are ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’, ‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’, ‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1’, and ‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2’. The bases of these categories are:
1. The Clarity of The Message in each Occurrence
It is related to whether the message is directly understood or postponed in the sentence that make the readers hardy understand the message of the sentence. For example:
Source Text : The Australian Federal Police (AFP) has deployed three disaster victim identification officers and two civilian forensic experts to Surabaya.
There is another possibility to translate the source text into passive construction, for example :
Tiga petugas yang ahli dalam identifikasi korban bencana dan dua ahli forensik sipil telah dikirimkan oleh Kepolisian Federal Australia (AFP) ke Surabaya.
However, I considered the focus of the sentence is on "Kepolisisan Federal Australia (AFP)" not "Tiga Petugas yang ahli dalam identifikasi korban bencana dan dua ahli forensik sipil". Therefore, I considered the translated text as ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’ because the translator did not postpone the presentation of "Kepolisisan Federal Australia (AFP)"as the focus of the sentences.
2. The Consideration of The Importance of The Doer in The Sentence It is related to whether the doer is important or not. For example:
Source Text : In 2012, Charlie Hebdo published an image of the Prophet Mohammed prompting the White House to cautiously defend the editor's right to publish.
Translated Text : Pada tahun 2012, ‘Charlie Hebdo' menerbitkan gambar Nabi Muhammad yang mendorong Gedung Putih untuk membela hak koran tersebut untuk mempublikasikannya.
Pada tahun 2012, gambar Nabi Muhammad yang mendorong Gedung Putih
diterbitkan oleh ‘Charlie Hebdo' untuk membela hak koran tersebut untuk
mempublikasikannya.
However, I considered that the doer of the sentence is on "Charlie Hebdo " not "gambar Nabi Muhammad yang mendorong Gedung Putih ". Therefore I considered the translated text as ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’ because the translator recognized the importance of the doer so the translator put the doer as the subject of the sentence.
I also did not include contentious texts to be analyzed. It means if both Indonesian active and passive construction are acceptable, I calculated them as ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’.In addition, actually there are some problems in these 78 translated news related to lexical choice. However, I did not include these cases in the calculation of how English actives are translated in Indonesian. There are some examples of problems with lexical choice, for example:
1. Source Text : Mapping the number of bicycle thefts by postcode over the past five years revealed most were being pinched from Melbourne's inner suburbs.
Suggested text : Pemetaaan jumlah pencurian sepeda dengan kode pos menunjukkan bahwa selama lima tahun terakhir, sebagian besar pencurian terjadi di pinggiran Melbourne.
2. Source Text : A bushfire, that started on January 2 in Adelaide, has burnt through more than 12,500 hectares of land, destroying 27 homes and killing countless stock and wildlife.
Translated text : Kebakaran semak, yang dimulai 2 Januari lalu di Adelaide, sudah menghancurkan lebih dari 12.500 hektar lahan, merusak 27 rumah, dan menghanguskan ternak dan kehidupan liar yang tidak bisa dihitung. Suggested text : Karena kebakaran semak yang dimulai 2 Januari lalu di Adelaide telah membawa banyak kerugian. Lebih dari 12.500 hektar lahan hancur, 27 rumah rusak, dan ternak dan kehidupan liar yang tidak bisa dihitung hangus.
I also did not include mistranslation which is another problem in translation, to be analyzed as the data. For example:
Source Text : But some family members have taken it upon themselves to search for answers by hiring a private investigator and approaching authorities in China and abroad.
Mistranslated text : Tetapi beberapa anggota keluarga telah mengambil kesempatan itu untuk mencari jawaban dengan menyewa detektif swasta dan mendekati pihak berwenang di Cina serta di luar negeri.
English into Indonesian translation. In addition, this second checking step was intended to provide better formula in translating / correcting unnatural active-active English into Indonesian translation. The number of each category was later calculated in the form of a percentage and qualitatively analyzed.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this section, I will present my data findings and analysis from my examination of 78 non-scientific online news in DetikNews that have been translated from English into Indonesian. In general, the texts may be grouped into four categories in terms of their rendition of their active constructions. :
1. Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation
2. Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)
3. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1 4. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2
The table below shows the total number of these four categories in this study.
Table 1.Total Number of How English Active Forms are Translated into Indonesian Category Total Number of
the Occurrences
Percentage of the Occurrences
Occurrence in The Whole News ‘Natural Active -
Active English into Indonesian
Translation’
808 91.60 % 41
‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which
English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’
‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1’
13 1.47 % 1
‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2’
0 0 % 0
‘Number of articles which include, but still should include Active-Passive Shifts’
- - 8
882 100 % 78
From the data displayed in the table 1, we can find three important things related to how translators translated English active into Indonesian texts in DetikNews in January 2015.
1. The tendency to use active-passive shift is insignificant in terms of occurrences, but significant in terms of distribution of the shift in the whole texts in English into Indonesian translation.
shift in the whole news, we can see a strong indication of the demand to use active-passive shift. It is clearly seen if we compare 28 news of ‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’ to 41 news of ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’. In addition, there are 8 out of 9 news of ‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation’ which still should include active-passive shift. It means only 1 article or 2 out of 13 occurrences which successfully include active-passive shift. It also means the tendency to use active-passive shifts (1.47 %) is insignificant compare to the use of active-active shifts (91.60%).
2. There are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the English active into Indonesian active translation has failed
FIGURE 9
Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive
The second pattern is the translators did not put the object in an active English form as the focus attention in an Indonesian passive form. It opposes thetheory about passive construction in Bahasa Indonesia proposed by Sneddon(2010:255). From him, I learn that native speakers of Bahasa Indonesia use passive construction when making the object in an active clause to be the subject of the passive form of the verb
which means that the focus attention is on that object in an active clause. In addition, I
also paid attention on the way the actor is expressed by an agent phrase which follows
the passive verb. For example:
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 11
Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive
The researcher changed English active forms into two types of Indonesian passive
forms. The decision to whether use type 1 or 2 was based on the theory about passive construction in Bahasa Indonesia proposed by Sneddon(2010) and the proportion of Indonesian active and passive construction in translating a text.
3. There is an indication althouh it is not strong that English has influencedIndonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language.
From this study, we can understand that there is an indication that English has influenced Indonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. However, this indication is not strong and still inconclusive. We can also see that there are 91.60 % of ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’. However, we still do not know the base or background of deciding to use active into active shifts whether it is because of literal translation or the tendency to use this shift in English into Indonesian translation is getting stronger. That explains that this study is a limited research and at the same time needs future research in other genres.
native speaker of Indonesian. Limited time to do the translation may contribute on this issue as well.
Apart from this, I also found two suggestions in order to minimalize the use of active construction in Indonesian translation texts. Those two suggestion are:
1. The Use of Reporting Framing ‘menurut’
Instead of translating into active constructive, I found out that some translators used this strategy. For example:
FIGURE 12
Example of The Use of Reporting Framing ‘menurut’
• Mr Razi saidthe event helped reinforce the importance of cross-community collaboration to tackle Islamophobia. ENGLISH
VERSION
• Razi mengatakanbahwa kegiatan ini menekankan kembali
pentingnya kerjasama lintas budaya dalam mengatasi Islamophobia.
INDONESIAN VERSION
• Menurut Razi, kegiatan ini menekankan kembali pentingnya kerjasama lintas budaya dalam mengatasi Islamophobia.
2.
The use of reporting phrase ‘sambungnya’, ‘terangnya’, and ‘tambahnya’ English version : "But as an ice climber ... it's just the most amazing waterfall in the world.Indonesian version : Ia lantas menyambung, "Tapi sebagai pendaki es ... Niagara adalahair terjun yang paling menakjubkan di dunia.
Suggested version : "Tapi sebagai pendaki es ... Niagara adalahair terjun yang paling menakjubkan di dunia," sambungnya.
There are 8 occurrences of these cases in 78 analyzed news. These cases are also considered as an unnatural translation. Although they cannot be translated into Indonesian passive form, they are also parts of problems of active form translation. Therefore, these cases are considered as an emerging theme as well.
CONCLUSION
This study was proposed to investigate how the English active forms are translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language in78 non-scientific news from DetikNews in January 2015. The analyzed data reveal three findings.
The second finding shows there are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the English active into Indonesian active translation has failed. There are 61 occurrences of English active forms that should be translated into Indonesian passive forms based on the intuition or the awareness of the researcher which in line with native speakers’ notion of acceptability, the urge to put the object in an active English form as the focus attention in an Indonesian passive form, and consideration about proportion of Indonesian active and passive construction in translating a text.
The last finding indicates that there is an indication although it is still not strong and inconclusive that English has influenced Indonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language.
These three findings clearly show that the use of English construction in Indonesian translation texts is getting larger. In addition, the findings suggest DetikNews as a well-known and most reliable source of translated news in Indonesia to improve the quality of its translation by considering the grammatical norms of Indonesia. The use of Google translate and limited time also give contribution on this issue. Therefore, I recommend the translators to use reporting framing and reporting phrase with the intention to minimalize the use of active construction in Indonesian translation texts.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the AlmightyGod for always loving, helping and guiding me from the beginning of my study until the end of my thesis submission. Thank you for always being there for me, Father. I could not do anything without Your blessing.
In this good opportunity I would like to address my greatest thanks tothose who have been so helpful during my study.
1. My parents who always support and love me in every condition during my study even though you once asked me to stop continue my study because of my sickness.
2. My supervisor, Dr. Elisabet Titik Murtisari, M. Trans Stud. Thank you for the precious guidance, assistance, advice, sharing, and patience from the beginning until the end of my thesis.
3. My examiner, Esriaty Sega’ Kendenan, S.S., M.Hum. Thank you for kindly examining my thesis.
4. My best friends, Elby, Ica and Gaby who truly become the sunshine of my life.
5. My sister and brother, Theotera and Theorama. You never fail make me happy with your actions.
6. My friends, Hezky, Aline, Voni, Sasa, Brengos, Richard, Mas Rio and Mbak Gita who make me learn that hard work never betrays.
8. My kids in student council, Raja, Ratih, Maggie, Charles, Eiga, Delfin, Eko, Dina, Bryan, Evan, Fanny, Yosia, Nina, Aziz, Tely and Bara who always listen to me and never make me upset in doing our service. 9. My college friends, Sari, Sita, Riry, Anis, Ntin. My college life here
would be incomplete if I did not meet and be friend with you.
10.My doctor, Yunanto. Thank you for always defending me if my parents got angry with me, being a great friend,being ready 24 hours for me and doing your very best to heal me.
11.My big brother, Dery. Thank you for everything. Believe me, it is more than unforgettable moment.
APPENDIX
‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’
B1. The Indonesian search and rescue agency, Basarnas, learned of the couple's plight on Thursday morning, after a distress signal was passed along, he said.
Menurut Sade, Badan SAR Nasional Indonesia, Basarnas, mengetahui insiden yang menimpa keduanya pada Kamis (1/1) pagi, setelah adanya sinyal darurat.
Menurut Sade, insiden yang menimpa keduanya diketahui oleh Badan SAR Nasional Indonesia, Basarnas pada Kamis (1/1) pagi, setelah adanya sinyal darurat.
B2.Indonesian media initially reported the duo as Australian citizens but they are now understood to be a male Australian resident on a British passport and a female French national.
Media lokal Indonesia, awalnya, melaporkan dua orang itu sebagai warga negara Australia, tetapi kini sudah terkonfirmasi bahwa mereka adalah satu penduduk laki-laki Australia dengan paspor Inggris, dan seorang perempuan berkebangsaan Perancis.
Awalnya dilaporkan oleh media lokal Indonesia bahwa dua orang itu sebagai warga negara Australia, tetapi kini sudah terkonfirmasi bahwa mereka adalah satu penduduk laki-laki Australia dengan paspor Inggris, dan seorang perempuan berkebangsaan Perancis.
B3.Seafarers in the region should monitor weather forecasts and coordinate their routes with advice from Indonesian agencies, he added.
Pelaut di wilayah ini harus memantau prakiraan cuaca dan mengkoordinasikan rute mereka dengan masukan dari sejumlah lembaga Indonesia, tambahnya.
Pelaut di wilayah ini harus memantau prakiraan cuaca dan rute mereka juga harus dikoordinasikan dengan masukan dari sejumlah lembaga Indonesia, tambahnya.
B4.Weighing in at half a tonne, Elvis did not quite get to have his cake and eat it too. Dengan berat badan setengah ton, Elvis tak bisa memiliki hadiah itu sepenuhnya. Dengan berat badan setengah ton, hadiah itu tidak bisa dimiliki Elvis sepenuhnya.
B5.The birthday boy, however, enjoyed a good mouthful, before keepers took the meat away. Sang buaya yang sedang berulang tahun ini, bagaimanapun, telah menikmati sejumput daging, sebelum akhirnya penjaga mengambil daging domba itu.
Meskipun begitu sang buaya telah menikmati cukup banyak daging, sebelum akhirnya daging domba itu diambil oleh penjaga.
B6.He was sent to a breeding property, but that did not work out after he opted to eat his stable mates.
Ia sempat dikirim ke penangkaran, tapi itu tak berhasil setelah hewan-hewan di sana dimangsanya.
B7.Rangers had been monitoring the Eli Creek area following reports of a dingo displaying aggressive behaviour.
Para penjaga hutan telah memantau wilayah ‘Eli Creek &rsquo menyusul adanya laporan tentang seekor anjing liar yang menunjukkan perilaku agresif.
Wilayah ‘Eli Creek &rsquo telah dipantau oleh para penjaga hutan menyusul adanya laporan tentang seekor anjing liar yang menunjukkan perilaku agresif.
B8.In October, camping areas were closed between Poyungan Rocks and Eli Creek for public safety after dingoes attacked two women while they were jogging near Yidney Rocks.
Pada bulan Oktober, daerah perkemahan yang terletak antara ‘Poyungan Rocks &rsquo dengan ‘Eli Creek &rsquo terpaksa ditutup demi alasan keamanan, setelah sekelompok anjing liar menyerang dua perempuan ;saat mereka tengah ‘jogging &rsquo di dekat ‘Yidney Rocks &rsquo.
Pada bulan Oktober, daerah perkemahan yang terletak antara ‘Poyungan Rocks &rsquo dengan ‘Eli Creek &rsquo terpaksa ditutup demi alasan keamanan, setelah dua perempuan diserang oleh sekelompok anjing liar;saat mereka tengah ‘jogging &rsquo di dekat ‘Yidney Rocks &rsquo.
B9.The list includes Bishop Soane Patita Paini Mafi of Tonga and Archbishop Charles Maung Bo of Myanmar.
Nama-nama tersebut mencakup Uskup Soane Patita Paini Mafi dari Tonga, Polinesia dan Uskup Agung Charles Maung Bo dari Myanmar.
Termasuk dalam daftar nama tersebut adalah Uskup Soane Patita Paini Mafi dari Tonga, Polinesia dan Uskup Agung Charles Maung Bo dari Myanmar.
B10.Pope Francis read out the names of the 20 new cardinals to tens of thousands of people in St Peter's Square for his Sunday address.
Paus Francis membacakan nama 20 kardinal baru itu di hadapan puluhan ribu orang di Basilika Santo Petrus, saat melakukan khutbah minggunya.
Nama 20 kardinal baru itu dibacakan oleh Paus Francis di hadapan puluhan ribu orang di Basilika Santo Petrus, saat melakukan khutbah minggunya.
B11.Prime Minister Tony Abbott returned the statue to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, along with another stone sculpture.
Perdana Menteri Australia Tony Abbott menyerahkan kembali patung itu kepada Perdana Menteri India Narendra Modi.
Patung itu diserahkan kembali oleh Perdana Menteri Australia Tony Abbott kepada Perdana Menteri India Narendra Modi.
Data dari Kepolisian Victoria mengungkapkan, hampir 468 sepeda dicuri setiap Januari, diikuti oleh bulan Maret dengan rata-rata 464 sepeda.
Diungkapkan oleh data dari Kepolisian Victoria bahwa hampir 468 sepeda dicuri setiap Januari, diikuti oleh bulan Maret dengan rata-rata 464 sepeda.
B13.due to the size it will take us a long time to do
dan karena gedung itu sangat luas maka sepertinya butuh waktu cukup lama untuk melakukannya
dan dibutuhkan waktu cukup lama untuk melakukannya karena gedung itu sangat luas
B14.so basically you wouldn't have any people on the ground that would be impartial." sehingga sulit mendapati orang yang bisa bertindak imparsial disana," tuturnya. sehingga sulit didapati orang yang bisa bertindak imparsial disana," tuturnya.
B15."Australian agencies ... remain in ongoing direct contact with their Indonesian counterparts to offer support for the Indonesian response to the loss of flight QZ8501," a spokesperson for the Federal Government said.
"Australia terus melakukan kontak langsung dengan Indonesia untuk menawarkan bantuan kepada Indonesia menangani kecelakaan penerbangan QZ8501," ujar juru bicara Pemerintah Federal
"Kontak langsung dengan Indonesia terus dilakukan oleh Australia untuk menawarkan bantuan kepada Indonesia menangani kecelakaan penerbangan QZ8501," ujar juru bicara Pemerintah Federal
B16."A 31-year-old male, not known to the driver, took advantage of the running vehicle, hopped in and drove off.
"Kemudian tiba-tiba seorang pria berusia 31 tahun, tanpa diketahui pengemudi memanfaatkan situasi itu dengan masuk ke mobil dan melarikan kendaraan tersebut,"
"Kemudian tiba-tiba, tanpa diketahui pengemudi situasi itu dimanfaatkan oleh seorang pria berusia 31 tahun dengan masuk ke mobil dan kendaraan tersebut dilarikannya,"
B17.Police in the ACT have confirmed a staff member was responsible for retweeting a pornographic image on its official Twitter account.
Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) yang bermarkas di Canberra mengaku kalau salah satu anggotanya telah me--retweet foto-foto porno tanpa disengaja.
Diakui oleh Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) yang bermarkas di Canberra kalau salah satu anggotanya telah me--retweet foto-foto porno tanpa disengaja.
B18.ACT police were left embarrassed last week when their official Twitter account retweeted a pornographic image and favourited multiple others.
Pekan lalu menjelang tahun baru, Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) merasa malu setelah ada foto-foto porno yang di-retweet di akun Twitter resmi mereka.
B19.Chief ACT Police Officer Rudi Lammers has now revealed staff made a mistake, and the account was not hacked.
Kini, Kepala Kepolisian ACT, Rudi Lammers mengaku bahwa salah satu staffnya telah melakukan kesalahan, dan foto tersebut muncul bukan karena diretas. ;
Kini, diakui oleh Kepala Kepolisian ACT, Rudi Lammers bahwa salah satu staffnya telah melakukan kesalahan, dan foto tersebut muncul bukan karena diretas. ;
B20.Jokowi, as he is known, has already denied dozens of requests for similar reprieves. Jokowi sebelumnya juga telah menolak permohonan grasi dari belasan terpidana kasus narkoba lainnya.
Sebelumnya permohonan grasi dari belasan terpidana kasus narkoba lainnya juga telah ditolak oleh Jokowi.
B21.Vandals first targeted the tree in 2010, cutting off most of the outer bark tissue. It was again ringbarked in 2013.
Vandal pertama yang mentargetkan pohon tersebut terjadi pada tahun 2010, mereka memotong sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013.
Pohon tersebut pertama kali dirusak oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab pada tahun 2010. Sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut diambil. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013.
B22.Royal Botanic Gardens director, Professor Tim Entwisle, said staff noticed the tree starting to die in November last year.
Direktur Kebun Raya Royal Melbourne, Profesor Tim Entwisle, mengatakan stafnya mulai mendapati pohon itu sekarat pada November tahun lalu.
Direktur Kebun Raya Royal Melbourne, Profesor Tim Entwisle, mengatakan bahwa pohon itu mulai didapati sekarat oleh stafnya pada November tahun lalu.
B23.Appearing more than a little nervous on such a big occasion, Kuwait took its opportunity to steal ahead from a smart set piece in the eighth minute.
Terlihat gugup, Kuwait justru mengambil kesempatan untuk menyerang ke depan di menit ke-delapan.
Terlihat gugup, kesempatan untuk menyerang ke depan justru diambil oleh Kuwait di menit ke-delapan.
