AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CHRISTINA ANITA KUSUMA WARDANI
Student Number: 054214005ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofSarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CHRISTINA ANITA KUSUMA WARDANI
Student Number: 054214005ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
OVER,
UNDE
VERBS PREFIXED
LONGMAN D
DER, AND
UP) AS THE FIRST ELEM
IXED BY (IN-,
OUT-,
OVER-,
UNDER
DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY
ii
OVER,
UNDE
VERBS PREFIXED
LONGMAN D
DER, AND
UP) AS THE FIRST ELEM
IXED BY (IN-,
OUT-,
OVER-,
UNDER
DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY
By
iii
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Christina Anita Kusuma Wardani
Nomor Mahasiswa : 054214005
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul:
COMPOUND VERBS WITH THE PREPOSITIONS (IN,
OUT,
OVER,
UNDER, AND
UP) AS THE FIRST ELEMENT AND
VERBS PREFIXED BY (IN-,
OUT-,
OVER-,
UNDER-, AND
UP-) IN
LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 13 Mei 2009 Yang menyatakan
(Christina Anita K)
I honestly declare that the thesis I wrote does not contain any works or parts of the works of other people, except cited in that quotation and the bibilography, as scientific paper should.
Made in : Yogyakarta
Date : 13 May 2009
The writer
Christina Anita K
to my beloved parents
and my great family.
better life, for His love that gives tranquility in my life, and for His help that always keeps my spirit. I am so happy for so many chances, that He gives to me to learn so many things in this world.
I would be very delighted to thank my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A.,
who has helped me in doing this thesis. I would like also to thank Dra. B. Ria Lestari, M.S.for her suggestion as my co-advisor.
I would also thank my mother, who always supports me in finishing this thesis soon. I also thank my father, who always teaches me to do the best in my life. Moreover, I would also thank Thomas, who always helps me to handle all my problems and makes me to be a strong person. Finally, I would also thank my sister,
Deny, and my brother, Ari, who always support me. Without them, I am nothing. They are the soul of my life.
I would be glad to thank my best friends, Yovita, Ajeng, and Funny, who have supported and helped me during my study in Sanata Dharma University. I will never forget the wonderful time that we had so far. And, for all of my friends that I cannot mention here, I would like to say thanks for everything.
CHRISTINA ANITA KUSUMAWARDANI
SURAT PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... v
DEDICATION PAGE... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii
LIST OF TABLE... ix
ABSTRACT... xi
ABSTRAK... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1
A. Background of Study... 1
B. ProblemFormulation... 3
C. Objectives of the Study... 4
D. Benefits of the Study... 4
E. Definitions of Terms... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW... 7
A. Review of Related Studies... 7
B. Review of Related Theories... 10
1. Theories of Word-formation... 10
2. Theories of Compounding... 12
3. Theories of Prepositions... 15
4. Theories of Verbs ... 17
5. Theory of Suprasegmental Element... 19
6. Theories of Stress Patterns... 20
7. Theories of Prefixations... 21
C. Theoretical Framework... 22
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY... 25
A. The Object of the Study... 25
B. Approach... 26
C. Method of the Study... 27
1. Data Collection... 27
2. Data Analysis... 28
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS... 30
1. The Meanings of Compound Verbs... 31
2. Different Meanings of Compound verbs and the Prefixation... 44
3. The Stress Patterns of Compound verbs and the Prefixation... 50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION... 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY... 58
APPENDIXES... 60
Table 2: Compounds Versus Non-Compound... 21 Table 3: Prefixes ... 22 Table 4: The data collection of compound verbs and the prefixation... 27 Table 5: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from
the heads by the prepositionin... 32 Table 6: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from
the heads by the preposition out... 33 Table 7: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from
the heads by the prepositionover... 34 Table 8: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from
the heads by the prepositionunder... 35 Table 9: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from
the heads by the prepositionup ... 36 Table 10: The combined meanings of the elements by the
prepositionover... 38 Table 11: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs
by the prepositionin... 39 Table 12: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs
by the prepositionout... 40 Table 13: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs
by the prepositionover... 41 Table 14: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs
by the prepositionunder... 42 Table 15: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs
by the prepositionup... 43 Table 16: The meanings of refixes {in-,out-,over-,under-, andup-}
followed by verbs ... ... 45 Table 17: The meanings of the prefixation by the prefix {out-} ... 46
Table 21: The stress patterns of compound verbs ... 51 Table 22: The stress patterns of verbs with
the prefixation ... 53
Contemporary English. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009.
Compounds are the products of word-formation that are very productive in English. A compound is a word as the result of the combination of at least two free morphemes. This study focuses only in compound verbs formed by prepositions followed by verbs. A compound verb is a compound with verbs as the head so that it has a function as a verb. The prepositions chosen are in, out, over, under, and up. Furthermore, it is necessary to differentiate them from the verbs with the prefixation of prefixes {in, out-, over-, under-, and up-} since these prefixes are homophonous with those prepositions in compound verbs.
This study has three objectives. The first is to find the meanings of the compund verbs and its elements. Those meanings are used to find the differences between the compound verbs and its elements. The second is to differentiate the meanings of the compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation. The third is to find the stress patterns of compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation. Moreover, those stress patterns are used to show whether the stress patterns of compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation are similar or not.
The data of this study were grouped based on the compound verbs or the prefixation. The data of the compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation were taken from Longman Dictionary of Contemporary of English (2003). The first result of the analysis was about meaning of compound verbs. There were three ways to discover the meanings of compound verbs. The meanings of compound verbs were discovered by having the head as the central meanings or by combining the meanings of the elements or the unpredictable meanings. The second result of the analysis was about how to differentiate the meanings of compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation. The meanings of the verbs with the prefixation are totally different from the compound verbs, although the prefixes are homophonous with the prepositions. The third result of the analysis was about the stress patterns of compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation. The stress patterns of compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation show that the stresses fall on the second element. Furthermore, some of the compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation also have the primary and secondary stresses since the prepositions or prefixes have two syllable.
The combination of study between compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation give some contributions in English, especially, enriching vocabulary. The meanings and stress patterns of compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation give the special characteristics that make them different from one another.
Contemporary English. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009.
Kata majemuk merupakan hasil pembentukan kata yang produktif dalam bahasa Inggris. Kata majemuk merupakan hasil penggabungan minimal dua morfem bebas. Studi ini difokuskan pada kata kerja majemuk yang dibentuk dari kata depan diikuti kata kerja. Kata kerja majemuk memiliki kata kerja sebagai kepalanya sehingga mempunyai fungsi sebagai kata kerja. Kata depan yang dipilih adalah in, out, over,
under, dan up. Selain itu, perlu pembedaan antara kata kerja majemuk dengan kata depan sebagai elemen pertamanya dari kata kerja berawalan {in-, out-, over-,under-, danup-} karena awalan tersebut memiliki pengucapan yang sama dengan kata depan di dalam kata kerja majemuk.
Studi ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk menemukan arti kata kerja majemuk dan arti elemen-elemennya. Arti tersebut digunakan untuk menemukan perbedaan antara kata kerja majemuk dan elemen-elemennya. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk membedakan arti kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan. Tujuan ketiga adalah untuk mengetahui pola penekanan pengucapan yang ada pada kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan. Lebih jauh lagi, pola-pola penekanan pengucapan tersebut digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah pola-pola penekanan pengucapan pada kata majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan sama atau tidak.
Data studi ini dikelompokkan berdasarkan pada kata kerja majemuk atau kata kerja berawalan. Data kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan diambil dari
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary of English (2003). Hasil analisis pertama adalah tentang arti kata kerja majemuk. Ada tiga cara untuk menemukan arti kata kerja majemuk. Arti dari kata kerja majemuk dapat ditemukan dari kepalanya sebagai pusat arti atau penggabungan arti dari elemen-elemennya atau arti yang tidak terprediksi. Hasil analisis kedua adalah tentang bagaimana membedakan arti kata kerja majemuk dengan kata kerja berawalan. Arti kata kerja berawalan sangat berbeda dari kata kerja majemuk, walaupun awalannya memiliki pengucapan yang sama dengan kata depan tersebut. Hasil ketiga dari analisis adalah tentang pola penekanan pengucapan pada kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan. Pola penekanan pengucapan pada kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan jatuh pada elemen kedua. Selain itu, beberapa kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan memiliki penekanan pengucapan yang kuat dan lemah karena beberapa kata depan dan awalan memiliki dua suku kata.
Kombinasi studi antara kata kerja majemuk dan kata kerja berawalan memberi kontribusi di dalam bahasa Inggris, khususnya memperkaya kosakata. Arti dan pola
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
In English vocabulary, so many words are different in their meanings and word classes, such as: verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions, and adverbs. These word classes can be called as free morphemes. They are usually combined with bound morpheme in the derivational (such as prefixes, suffixes, and the others) and inflectional processes (such as additional –s for plural nouns). In addition, there is also a process which sometimes we do not notice. That is compounding process in which its products are usually called compounding words. In this process, we combine at least two words. The ways to write compounding words are explained by Katamba (1993). He states that some very established compounds are written as one word, with or without a hyphen (e.g. breakfast and ice-cream), two separate words (e.g.free trade), and sometimes in a single hyphenated word (e.g.free-trade) (1993: 293-294).
We can classify compounding words into three: compound nouns with nouns as the head, compound adjectives with adjective as the head, and compound verbs with verbs as the head. The position of the head is mostly determined by the words which are in the right. According to Katamba, that position is called endocentric (1993: 311). The present researcher is interested in discussing compound verbs which are
formed by prepositions followed by verbs, since those constructions are commonly used in compound verbs, and verbs with the prefixation since the discussion of compound verbs is necessary to understand the prefixation. Since the number of prepositions are so many, this discussion is focused on the prepositions in, out, over, under, and up. Moreover, to differentiate them from the prefixation, the prefixes which are chosen are {in-, out-, over-, under-,and up-}.
In this study, the present researcher combines the morphological study, the phonological study, and the semantic study to discuss compound verbs which are formed by the prepositions in, out, over, under, and up followed by verbs and prefixes {in-, out-, over-, under-, and up-} followed by verbs. These combinations will be interesting because they give different information so that they can complete one another.
The present researcher discusses about the meanings of its elements and the new meanings as the result of compounding process in the semantics study. How the meanings of compound verbs are discovered is shown in this discussion. Moreover, the meanings of the prefixation with prefixes {in-, out-, over-, under-, and up-} are discussed because when those prefixes are attached to the verbs, they seem alike with compound verbs. Therefore, the meanings of the prefixation are necessary to discuss in this study.
stress lies on the first elementinand as a verb when the stress lies on the wordset. In this discussion, the stress patterns for both compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation are discussed.
A morphological study is used to give the basic concepts of compounding and prefixation processes on how those processes in compound verbs differ from verbs with the prefixation. Moreover, this will show that prefixation processes with prefixes and verbs and compounding processes with prepositions and verbs as the elements will share different meanings.
Compound verbs which are formed by prepositions followed verbs will be an important study since the combination of morphological, phonological, and semantic studies can be applied in it. This study also gives us understanding on how the compound verbs differ from verbs with the prefixation since those processes are mostly alike. In addition, this compounding process can not be avoided in our daily conversation since compounding process is very common in daily language. Furthermore, this study will enrich our vocabulary and even make us to be creative to create new words. As what O’Grady et al states, compounding is highly productive in English and in related languages such as German (1989: 103).
B. Problems Formulation
1. How do the meanings of compound verbs with prepositions as the first element differ from the meanings of its elements?
2. How do the meanings of compound verbs differ from the meanings of the verbs with the prefixation?
3. What are the stress patterns of compound verbs with prepositions as the first element and the verbs with the prefixation?
C. Objectives of Study
This study has some objectives. The first is to find the meanings of the compound verbs and its elements which are prepositions and verbs. Those meanings will be used to find the differences between the compound verbs and its elements. The second is to find the different meanings of the products of the compounding processes in compound verbs and the product of the prefixation processes. The third is to find the stress patterns of compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation. Moreover, those stress patterns are used to find the differences of the compound verbs and the verbs with the prefixation.
D. Benefits of Study
The study of prepositions followed by verbs and verbs with the prefixation in
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(2003) will give some benefits. In this study, we can find the meanings of the prepositions in, out, over, under, and up
vocabulary, especially to understand the meanings. In this analysis, we can find how the meanings of compound verbs differ from verbs with the prefixation. In addition, it can be seen how stress patterns in English are important because it will influence the meanings and word classes. We can understand where the stresses of compound verbs which are formed by prepositionsin, out, over, under, andup followed by verbs and prefixes {in-, out-, over-, under-,and up-} followed by verbs fall in to get the stress patterns of them.
E. Definition of Terms
There are some terms which are used in this study. They are compounding, preposition, verb, meaning, prefixation and stress pattern. The present researcher will use some definitions from linguists to understand those terms.
The term compounding is prototypically the concatenation of words to form other words (Spencer, 1991: 309). In compounding, at least two words are combined to form a new word with a new meaning.
A verb is one of a class of lexical units which is positioned as a predicate or predicator in syntactic role and which is characteristically that the words denoting action or processes, such as:run,make,melt, and the others (Matthews, 1997: 395).
In discussing the meaning, Pei and Gaynor states that “the meaning is the sense or thought content which a word or expression is intended to convey; the mental image formed in the consciousness of the hearer of an utterance, of the reader of a written word or phrase (1969: 133).” Therefore, meaning is represented by a word so that there is a mental image that can be understood by the speaker and listener.
“The prefixation is a method of affixing contrary to suffixation (Szymanek, 1989, 63).” In the prefixation processes, it combines prefixes to the base-form. The position of the prefix is in front of the base-form.
The stress pattern in English has important role. According to Pei and Gaynor in
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the review of related studies. It discusses about five studies which have done previously. The second part is the review of related theories which support this study. The last part of this chapter is the theoretical framework to show how this study is conducted and how the theories given in the second part of this chapter are applied.
A. Review of Related Studies
Limjadi (2005) in his thesis, entitled A study of English Compound Adjectives Found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (CD Version), states that compound adjectives are syntactically equal as the other compounds so that all compound words have the same rules. These rules can be seen from the head position of English compound words. The heads of compound words are mostly in the second element and the first element is the modifier of the second word. This position is called as endocentric or right-headed as seen below:
(1)accident proneis a kind of tendency to get injured or break things easily, not a kind of accident.
(2)carsickis a kind of sickness in car traveling not a kind of car.
The above examples show that the relationship among the elements will make us easier to make a guess in understanding the meaning of the compound words.
The rules of compound words in orthography, stress pattern, and meaning are explained by Aryanto (1997). He states that the compound words are formed by elements which have relations one another, so he uses clausal paraphrases to analyze the elements. Furthermore, he states that elements of compound words can include the grammatical categories, such as: noun, verb, adjective, and preposition. These grammatical categories can be positioned as the first or second elements. The category of compound will be determined by the second element of the compound words. Moreover, compound words which have an element of preposition will not take the preposition as the head.
The variety of prepositional meanings are analyzed by Sari in her study entitled
An Analysis of the Variety of Meaning of Compound Preposition in the Novel The Sand of Time by Sidney Shelson (2001: 75-80). There are ten compound preposition found in the novel. They are into, about, toward, outside, without, around, inside,
behind,across, andbefore. Those compound prepositions have some functions which are place, direction, destination, position, dimension, orientation, motion-static, time, purpose, manner, material or means, condition, accompaniment, reference, partition, and description.
adjective as in overexcitedand overlong, and adverb as in overmuch. The meanings of the prefix {over-} are ‘too much, completely, above”.
Wibawa (2008: 50-52) in his thesis entitled The Study of Adjective with Prefix
{in-} without negating the stem discusses about the adjectives which are attached to the prefix {in-} without negating the stem. He has found 9 words which are
illuminated, impassioned, incandescent, incomparable, infamous, inflamable,
ingenious,innumerable, andinvaluable.
The studies which are conducted by Natalianingrum and Wibawa differ from this study since the present researcher focuses on the prefixes {in-,out-,over-,
under-andup-}. The discussion is on the meanings and the stress patterns of those prefixes to differentiate them from the compound verbs with prepositions in, off, out, over,
under, andupas the first element.
B.
Review of Related TheoriesThis part provides several theories which support the analysis of this study. The theories that will be used are theories of word-formation, theories of compound words, theories of preposition, theories of verb, theories of suprasegmental element, theories of stress patterns, and theories of prefixation.
1. Theories of Word-formation
whether compound words or the other part of the province of morphology and the lexicon, and which forms we treat as phrases or the other domain of syntax.
Word-formation is closely related to a base or stem to which a rule of word-formation is applied. In discussing the processes of English word-word-formation, Quirk (1973: 430-449) explains about affixation, conversion, compounding, reduplication, clipping, blending, and acronymy processes. The detail explanation can be seen as follows:
1. Affixationis a process of adding a prefix or a suffix or an infix to the base with or without change in the word-class. In affixation, two common processes are prefixation in which a prefix is added in front of the base-form (e.g author co-author) and suffixation in which a suffix is added to the base-form in the back (e.g
kindkindness).
2. Conversionis a derivational process of changing the word-class without affixation process. For examples, the verblove(as inI love him) corresponds to a noun love (as in His love brings happiness). Moreover, there are also some examples of conversions in English, such as: the changes of verbs to nouns (doubt, laugh), adjectives to nouns (comic, daily), nouns to verbs (mail, ship), adjectives to verbs (dry,calm), and the others.
4. Reduplicative is a process of repeating two or more elements which are either identical or only slightly different. The difference between the two elements may be in the initial consonant (walkie-talkie) or in the medial vowels (criss-cross).
5. Clippingis the subtraction of one or more syllables from a word. The process of shorthening may occur at the beginning of the word (phone from telephone), at the end of the word (photo from photography), and at both beginning and end of the word (flufrominfluenza).
6. Blend is the fragmentary (at least one of the elements) when compared with its corresponding uncompounded word form. For example, brunch is derived from
breakfastandlunch,motelfrommotorandhotel, andsmogfromsmokeandfog.
7. Acronymsare words formed from the initial letters (or larger parts) of words. For example, the letters represent full words, such as:C.O.D from cash on delivery and
UN from the United Nations, the letters represent elements in a compound or just parts of a word, such as: TV from television and GHQfrom General Headquarters, and the acronyms are produced as words, such as radar from radio detecting and ranging.
2. Theories of Compounding
compound adjectives, (d) compound adverbs, and (e) isolated composites that do not fit to any four major classes like compound prepositions (into), compound pronouns (somebody), or conjunctions (nevertheless, however) (1989: 44). Furthermore, the simplest possible compound consists of a head and a modifier, for instance: the word
blackboard,boardis the head andblackfunctions as the modifier (1989: 36-37). There are three possible criteria for compounding in English given by Szymanek (1989: 37-42). They are stress, orthography, and meaning. Further information about those three criteria for compounding are discussed in the following sections.
a. Stress
It is a commonplace for the two-elements in compounding having different degree of stress (Szymanek, 1989: 37). The pre-head usually receives stress more heavily than the head itself. It can be seen in the following examples:
'blackֽboard
Likewise: 1 2 1 2 1 2
postcard bookcase sound-wave The different degree of stresses are typically in compound words.
b. Orthography
“uninterruptability” by a pause or inserting other elements (like plural ending–s), for example: the words spoonful and bagful, but they can not be inserted by –s like
spoonsfulandbagsful(Szymanek, 1989: 41-42).
c. Meaning
Jespersen explains that “We have a compound if the meaning of the whole cannot be logically deduced from the meanings of elements separately (1965, IV: 137).” The meaning of compounds cannot be predicted from the elements because compounds will create new meaning (Szymanek, 1989: 42).
Akmajian (1984:720) explains that although the meaning of a complex word such as trees can be discovered from the combination of the meaning of its part, the meaning of compounds can not be discovered in that way, for example: asalt pileis a pile made up of salt, but asaltshakeris not a shaker made of salt. However, an apron string is a kind of string and a string apron is a kind of apron so that Selkirk says that “the meaning of the head of the compound seems to be the central meaning of the whole compound, at least for certain kinds of compound” ( Selkirk, 1982).
Quirk (1973:444) also explains about the meanings of compound verbs. The opposite of Akmajian’s statement, he states that we concentrate on the productive or creative types of compounding and indicate the syntactic relations of the compounding elements by paraphrase”. This statement shows that the meanings of compound verbs can be discovered from the combination of the elements as seen in the following examples:
playboy~the boy plays, ieverb+subject
call-girl~X calls the girl, ieverb+object
Akmajian (1984: 70-71) gives some types of compounds in English as shown in the following tabulation:
Table 1: Some types of compounds in English
N+N A+ N P+N V+N A+A N+A P+V
Landlord Bathroom Movie star Ape-man Lowrider High chair Blackboard sickroom Overdose Outrigger Onlooker underdog Hit-man Swearword Pickpocket scarecrow Red-hot Widespread Blue-green bittersweat Nationwide Earthbound Heartbroken Skin-deep Outrun overdo Uproot underfeed
3. Theories of Prepositions
In discussing prepositions, Quirk gives the examples of prepositions and their meanings (1973: 143-165). He explains that a preposition expresses a relation between two entities. There are two classifications for prepositions. The first classification is simple prepositions that consist of one word, such as:at,in, andfor. The second is complex prepositions consisting of more than one word and they are classified into the following categories:
(a) Adverb or prep + prep: along with, as for, away from, out of, up to, and the others.
(b) Verb/ adjective/ conjunction/ and the others + prep: owning to, due to,
because of, and the others.
(c) Prep + noun + prep: by means of, in comparison with, in front of, and the others.
Moreover, the meaning of prepositionsin, off, out, over, under, and upcan be seen as the following:
(1) Relative position:by,over,under, and the others. e.g. He was standingbyhis brother. (‘at the side of’)
(2) Passage (movement toward and then away from a place): by, over, under, and the others.
e.g. He jumped over a ditch.
(3) Direction (horizontal and vertical axis):up,down,along, and the others. e.g. I walkedupanddownthe platform.
e.g. He livesacrossthe moors. (ie‘from here’) (5) Resultative meaning:over,across, and the others.
e.g. I managed to getoverthe fence. (ieso that I was then on the other side) (6) Time (when):at,on,in, and the others.
e.g.atnight,inAugust,duringHoly Week.
(7) Negative position and direction:away from,off, and the others.
The negative character of these prepositions is shown by parenthesized, off=
not on.
e.g. Once we wereoffthe main freeway, the trip felt more like a vacation. (8) Ingredient, material:with,of,out of, and the others.
e.g. He made the frameout ofwood. (ie‘wood was the only material’)
4. Theories of Verbs
In discussing verbs, Dwijatmoko (2002) classifies verbs into three classes. The first are full verbs, such as:go,eat,plan,decide, andarrive. This class has the largest number of verbs. The second are linking verbs, likebe,become,feel,seem, and taste. The third are auxiliary verbs which can be divided into two class, modal auxiliary verbs likecan,may,must, andwilland aspectual auxiliary verbs likebeandhave.
Curme (1947: 23-29) also states that verb often enters into a close relation with an adverb, preposition, prepositional phrase, or an object, forming with it a unit, called compound. He also classified the relation of verbs in compound into three classes. First, inseparable compound in which preposition and verb form a firm rests the stress upon the verb. This compound is often related to the figurative meaning: up΄root, up΄lift, under΄nourish, over΄charge, and the others. Second, separable compound is a compound in which the verb often enters into a close relation with a more strongly stressed element, usually adverb, prepositional phrase, or an object, forming a unit, a real compound, although they write saparetely, e.g. His father ΄set
5. Theory of Suprasegmental Element
Segment is individual sounds and their pronunciations. The level of organisation which exists above the level of the segment is suprasegmental level. There are some aspects in the suprasegmental elements which is explained by Radford (1999: 45-49). All words can be divided into one or more syllables. In a
syllable, it contains a consonant or set of consonants followed by a vowel followed
by another consonant or set of consonants, e.g. cat [kæt] or springs [sprɪŋz]. The spring of more than one consonant such as [spr] and [ŋz] is called a cluster or consonant cluster. However, consonant may be missing from a syllable, such as
spray[spreɪ] (no final consonant), imps[ɪmps] (no initial consonant)or eye [aɪ] (no consonant).
Words with one syllable are called monosyllabicwhile more than one syllable are calledpolysyllabic. A syllable should have a nucleus orpeak, and it is usually a
vowel, such as in table which has two syllable [teɪ] and [bəl]. However, there are also nucleus to be a consonant calledsyllabic consonant.
word transport since it distinguishes words from [`transpɔ:t] from [trans`pɔ:t].
Moreover, the stress syllable tends to be louder and often little longer than the unstressed one. In addition, there is phrasal stress or called accent when there is an emphasis in a sentence to show the intention, such as TOM builds a house and Tom builds a HOUSE.
In discussing tone, English is not a tone language, like Mandarin Chinese which has high level tone, rising tone, falling-rising tone, and falling tone. However, we are familiar with the pitch in English which usually uses in our final prosodic phenomenon, intonation.
6. Theory of Stress Pattern
Stress in English has the important role in finding the meaning and word classes. McMahon tries to give understanding in predicting stress in English (2002: 118-120). He states “native speakers of English are intuitively aware that certain syllables in each word and one syllable in particular, will be more phonetically prominent than others”. There are two general rules in predicting stress in nouns and verbs:
(a) Noun rule: stress the penultimate syllable if heavy. If the penultimate syllable is light, stress the antepenultimate.
(b) Verb rule: stress the final syllable if heavy (the syllables which usually end with VC or V: or V:C or VCC). If the final syllable is light, stress the penultimate syllable.
o.`bey u.`surp a.`tone `ta.lly `hu.rry
The stress pattern in compound words discussed by O’Grady (1997: 153) is one of the properties of compounds. In compounds, the more prominent stress lies on the first component. On the contrary, the non-compounds will get the stress in the second element, especially in A-N as seen in the table 1:
Table 2: Compounds Versus Non-Compound
Compound word
Meaning Non-compound expression
Meaning
΄greenhouse an indoor garden green΄house a house painted green
΄blackboard a chalkboard black΄board a board which is black
΄wet suit a driver’s costume wet ΄suit a suit that is wet
7. Theory of Prefixation
the category of the base. The examples of the prefixation are explained by Quirk (1973: 431-435) as seen in the following table:
Table 3: Prefixes
Prefixes Meaning Added to: Examples
out- to do something faster, longer, and the others than...
verbs outrun
over- too much verbs participles adjectives
overeat overdressed overconfident under- too little verbs
participles
undercook underprivileged
dis- (as for un-) adjectives
verbs
abstract noun
disloyal dislike disfavour
un- to reverse
the opposite of not
verbs adjectives participles
untie unfair unexpected
C. Theoretical Framework
Natalianingrum (2007), and Wibawa (2008). Furthermore, there are also several related theories used in this study.
In related studies, Limjadi (2005), Aryanto (1997), and Sari (2001) are reviewed since they have the topic of compound words, but Limjadi focuses on compound adjective, Aryanto focuses on compound words in general, and Sari focuses on the compound prepositions. Since present researcher discusses about compound verbs which are formed by preposition followed by verb, the previous studies are different from this study. In addtion, the studies conducted by Natalianingrum (2007) and Wibawa (2008) are reviewed since both studies discuss about the prefixes. Natalianingrum discusses about the prefix {over-} in relation to the stems, the meanings, and the morphophonemic process and Wibawa about the prefix {in-} in relation to the adjectives which are attached to the prefix {in-} without negating the stems. Both studies are different from this study since the prefixes which are discussed in this study are {in-,out-,over-,under-, andup-} and the discussion is on the meanings and the stress patterns.
verbs used in this study are prepositions followed by verbs and verbs with the prefixation. Moreover, the theory of suprasegmental elements by Radford (1999) and theory of stress pattern by McMahon (2002) give understanding in the stress patterns of words, especially the verbs. Finally, the theories by Szymanek (1989) and Quirk (1973) which discuss about the prefixation are used to find the meaning of words as the result of prefixation processes. It shows that the ways of discovering the meanings in compound verbs are different from the prefixation processes.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses about the research procedures and the way of the analysis conducted by the present researcher. The discussion is on the object of the study, approach, method of the study which covers the data collection and data analysis.
A. The Object of the Study
The study discusses about compound verbs with prepositions as the first element and verbs with the prefixation. In discussing compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation, it will be analyzed three problems as stated in chapter I. Since the problems are the meanings of compound verbs, how to differentiate the meanings of compound verbs from verbs with the prefixation, and the stress patterns of compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation, the data will be on the words which are the products of compounding processes of prepositions and verbs and prefixation processes of prefixes and verbs.
The compound verbs give different stress patterns and create different meanings from the elements which form them. In addition, verbs with the prefixation have different meanings in comparison with compound verbs so that this study also discusses the different meanings of them. Therefore, the stress patterns and the meanings of compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation are the object of this
study. To find all the data, the present researcher will use Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(20003).
B. Approach
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study is divided into two parts. The first part is data collection which discusses about the way to collect the data. The second part is data anlysis which discuss about how the data are analyzed.
1. Data Collection
The data were taken from Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
(2003) since this dictionary gives the complete data about compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation. In addition, Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged is used to find the etymology of the words. Moreover, there were four required parts in finding the data. The first part was to find the prepositions and prefixes that can be attached to the verbs. The second part was to find which data are compound verbs that are formed by prepositionsin, out, over, under,andupfollowed by verbs and which data are the products of prefixation processes with the prefixes {in-, out-, over-, under-, and up-}. The third part was to identify the meanings and stress patterns of the compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation. The last was to list the data.
Table 4: The data collection of compound verbs and the prefixation
No Preposition or prefixes
Compound verbs Verbs with the prefixation
1. in / in- 18
-2. out / out- 10 22
3. over / over- 16 46
4. under / under- 7 14
5. up / up- 8 3
Total 59 85
The data for prefix {in-} showed that there was a word, which is invalidate. This word seems like a prefixation process from{in-} +validate(verb), but validate in this case has been formed byvalid (adj) + {-ate} so that this word could not be included in the data for prefix {in-}.
2. Data Analysis
The data analysis were conducted into four parts after the data were collected, the meanings of compound verbs were analyzed, the meanings of prefixations were analyzed, both meanings of compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation were differentiated, and the stress patterns of compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation were identified.
compound verbs were categorized based how the meanings of compound verbs were discovered.
In analyzing the second problem, verbs with the prefixation were analyzed in the term of the meanings. This analysis was used to find the differences of the meanings between the compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation. This analysis could show the different meanings of both processes.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is divided into three parts as the answer for the three problems. The first part discusses about the meanings of the compound verbs with prepositions
in, out, over, under,and upas the first element. The second part discusses about the meanings of verbs with the prefixation to differentiate them from compound verbs. The last part is the stress patterns of the compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation and the differences of the stress patterns of their elements.
The total of the data are 59 compound verbs as found inLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English 2003. There are so many prepositions found in the dictionary, but the numbers of the data are not significant so that the present researcher chooses
in, out, over, under,and upas the focus of this study. The number of the compound verbs that are formed by the prepositions in, out, over, under, and up as the first element can be shown from the percentages of the occurrences. The compound verbs with prepositionsinare 30.51%,outare 16.95%,overare 27.12%, underare 11.86%, and up are 13.56%. Since the prepositions in, out, over, under, and up seem alike with prefixes {in-, out-, over-, under-,andup-} when they are attached to the verbs, it was necessary to differentiate them from the meanings. The data of the products of prefixation processes with {in-, out-, over-, under-,andup-} prefixes are 0 for {in-}, 22 for {out-}, 46 for {over-}, 14 for {under-}, 3 for {up-}.
1. The Meanings of Compound Verbs
The meanings of compound verbs are discovered from two aspects so that this part is divided into two parts. The first is the predictable meanings or the meanings that are discovered from the elements. The second is the unpredictable meanings or the meanings that are totally different from the elements.
1.1. The Predictable Meanings of Compound Verbs
The meanings of compound verbs can be discovered from the elements. There are two ways to discover the meanings of compound verbs. The first is by having the head of the compound verbs as the central meanings. The second is by combining the elements which form the compound verbs.
1.1.i. The Head as the Central Meaning
The data of the compound verbs with the preposition in as the first element show that the meanings are discovered from the heads as the central for 27.78%. Some examples of those compound verbs can be seen in Table 5.
Table 5: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from the heads by the prepositionin
No The meanings of prepositionin
The meanings of verbs The meanings of compound verbs
1. - used with the name of a container.
-used to say how something is done or happens.
- during a period of time. - used to name a book, document, film, and the others where something or someone appears.
(Longman, p. 818)
fuse: if a rock or metal fuses, or if you fuse it, it becomes liquid by being heated.
(Longman, p. 658)
infuse: if one infuse tea or herbs, or if they infuse, you leave them in very hot water while their taste passes into the water.
(Longman, p.835) 2. (as above) put: to move something
to particular place or position, especially by using your hands. (Longman, p. 1333)
input: to put information into a computer.
(Longman, p. 839) 3. (as above) set: to put something
into a surface
(Longman, p. 1499)
inset:
The data of compound verbs with prepositionout as the first element show that their meanings are discovered from the heads as the central for 30% of them. Some examples of them are shown in Table 6.
Table 6: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from the heads by the prepositionout
No The meanings of prepositionout
The meanings of verbs The meanings of compound verbs
1. out: from the inside to outside of something.
(Longman, p. 1167)
face: to talk or deal with someone, when this is unpleasant or difficult for you.
(Longman, p. 559)
outface: to deal bravely with a difficult situation or opponent
(Longman, p. 1169) 2. (as above) manoeuvre: to use
cleverly planned and often dishonest methods to get the result that one want. (Longman, p. 1002)
outmanoeuvre: to gain an advantage over someone by using cleverer or more skilful plans or methods
(Longman, p. 1170) 3. (as above) rage:to feel very angry
about something and show this in the way someone behave and speak.
(Longman, p. 1351)
outrage: to make someone feel very angry and shocked.
(Longman, p. 1170)
Table 7: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from the heads by the prepositionover
No The meanings of prepositionover
The meanings of verbs The meanings of compound verbs
1. over:
-on something or covering it.
-from one side to the other side of it.
-during.
-if one choose one thing over another, one choose that thing rather than the other.
(Longman, p. 1172)
awe: if one are awed by someone or something, one feel great respect and liking for them and are often slightly afraid of them.
(Longman, p. 89)
overawe: to make someone feel respect or fear, so that they are nervous or unable to say or do anything.
(Longman, p. 1174) 2. (as above) hear:
-to know that a sound is being made, using your ears.
-to listen to what someone is saying, the music they are playing. (Longman, p. 752)
overhear: to accidentally hear what other people are saying, when they do not know that one has heard.
(Longman, p. 1176) 3. (as above) rule:
-to have the official power to control a country and the people who live there.
-to make an official decision about something, especially a legal problem.
(Longman, p. 1439)
overrule: to change an order or decision that one think is wrong, using the official power.
(Longman,p. 1177)
Table 8: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from the heads by the prepositionunder
No The meanings of prepositionunder
The meanings of verbs The meanings of compound verbs
1. under:
-used to say what is being done to something or how it is being dealt with. -affected by a particular condition, influence, or situation.
-according to a particular agreement, law, and the others.
(Longman, p. 1800)
study:
-to spend time reading, going to classses, and the others in order to learn about a subject. -to spend alot of time carefully examining or considering a plan, document, problem, and the others.
(Longman, p. 1651)
understudy: to learn a part in a play for a particular actor so that he or she can act the part if the usual actor is ill.
(Longman, p. 1804) 2. (as above) take: to accept or
choose something that is offered, suggested, or given to you.
(Longman, p. 1689)
undertake:
-to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it.
-to promise or agree to do something. (Longman, p. 1804)
Table 9: The meanings of compound verbs discovered from the heads by the prepositionup
No The meanings of prepositionup
The meanings of verbs The meanings of compound verbs
1. up:
-in or to a place that is further along something such as road or path. -used to show that the place someone goes to is more important than the place they start from. -at or toward a higher level or greater amount.
(Longman, p. 1819)
hold:
-to be strong enough to support the weight of something or someone. -to continue to be true, good, available, and the others.
(Longman, p. 773)
uphold:
-to defend or support a law, system, or principle, so that it continues to exist. -if a court upholds a decision made by another court, it states that the decision was correct.
(Longman, p. 1820) 2. (as above) load:
-to put a program into a computer, or to be put into a computer.
- to put a large quantity of something into a vehicle or container.
(Longman, p. 949)
upload: if information, a computer program and the others uploads, or if you upload it, you move it
from a small
computer to a computer network so that other people can see it or use it.
(Longman, p. 1820)
The above data show that five prepositions which are in, out, over, under, and
semantics relationship in relation to the meaning, the meaning of the compounds can be identified by the right component called endocentric.
1.1.ii. The Combined Meanings of the Elements of Compound Verbs
The meanings of compound verbs can be discovered from the elements which form them. It means that the combination meanings of prepositions and verbs can discover the meaning of compound verbs. 3.39% of the data show that the meanings of compound verbs can be discovered in that way. Therefore, compound verbs which meanings are discovered from the combined menaings of the elements are not productive. The following paragraphs will show how the combined meanings of the elements can be the meanings of compound verbs.
Table 10: The combined meanings of the elements by the prepositionover
No The meanings of prepositionover
The meanings of verbs The meanings of compound verbs
1. over:
-from one side of something to the other side of it.
-more than a particular number, amount, or level. -during.
(Longman, p. 1172)
lie: to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor, on a bed etc.
(Longman, p. 1752)
overlie: to lie over something.
(Longman, p. 1179) 3. (as above) turn: to move
something so that it is pointing or aiming in a different direction. (Longman, p. 1752)
Overturn: to change a decision or result so that it becomes the opposite of what it was before.
(Longman, p. 1179)
The above examples can show that the meaning of compound verbs can be discovered from the combined meanings of the elements. This analysis is also stated by Quirk (1973, 444). He states that “we concentrate on the productive or creative types of compounding, and indicate the syntactic relations of the compounding elements by paraphrase”.
1.2. Unpredictable Meanings of Compound Verbs
deduced from the meaning of elements separately (1965, IV: 137).” Therefore, the meanings of compound verbs are totally different from the meanings of the elements. The following paragraphs discuss the unpredictable meanings of compound verbs.
The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs with the preposition in as the first element are 72.22% of the data. Some examples of them are shown in Table 11.
Table 11: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs by the prepositionin
No The meanings of prepositionin
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of compound verbs
1. in:
-used with the name of a container.
-used to say how something is done or happens.
- during a period of time. (Longman, p. 818)
crease: to become marked with a line or lines, or to make a line appear on cloth, paper and the others by folding or crushing it. (Longman, p. 368)
increase: if you increase something, or if it increases, it becomes bigger in amount, number, or degree.
(Longman, p. 824) 2. (as above) dent:
-if you dent something, or if it dents, one hit or press it so that its surface is bent inwards. -to damage or harm something.
(Longman, p. 418)
indent: to start a line of writing further towards the middle of the page than other lines.
(Longman, p. 826)
Table 12: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs by the preposition
out
No The meanings of prepositionout
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of compound verbs
1. out: from the inside to outside of something.
(Longman, p. 1167)
line:
-to form a layer over the inner surface of something.
-to form rows along the sides of something. -and the others.
(Longman, p. 940)
outline:
-to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details. - to show the edge of something, or draw around its edge, so that its shape is clear. (Longman, p. 1169) 2. (as above) put:
- to move something to a particular place or position, especially using your hands. -to start using a plan, idea, knowledge, and the others.
(Longman, p. 1333)
output: if a computer outputs information, it produces it.
(Longman, p. 1170) 3. (as above) smart:
-to be upset because someone has hurt your feelings or offended you.
(Longman, p. 1560)
outsmart: to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or your intelligence.
(Longman, p. 1171)
Table 13: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs by the preposition
over
No The meanings of prepositionover
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of compound verbs
1. over:
-on something or covering it. -from one side of something to the other side of it.
-during.
(Longman, p. 1172)
come:
- to move towards you or arrive at the place where you are.
- to travel to or reach a place.
- if a time or an event comes, it arrives or happens.
(Longman, p. 297)
overcome:
-to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents you from achieving
something.
- to fight and win against someone or something.
(Longman, p. 1174) 2. (as above) lap:
-if water laps something or laps against something such as the shore or a boat, it moves against it or hits it in small waves. - if an animal laps water, milk etc, it drinks it by putting its tongue into it.
(Longman, p. 903)
overlap:
-if two or more things overlap, part of one thing covers part of another thing.
-if two subjects, ideas and the others overlap, they include some but not all of the same things.
- if two activities or periods of time overlap, the second one starts before the first one has finished.
(Longman, p. 1176)
Table 14: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs by the preposition
under
No The meanings of prepositionunder
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of compound verbs
1. under:
-according to a particular agreement, law, etc.
-affected by a particular condition, influence, or situation.
(Longman, p. 1800)
go:
- to travel or move to a place that is away from where you are or where you live.
- to move to a particular place in order to do something.
(Longman, p. 689)
undergo: if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience and the others, it happens to you or is done to you.
(Longman, p. 1802) 2. (as above) stand:
- to support yourself on your feet or be in an upright position.
- to be upright in a particular position, or to put something or someone somewhere in an upright position.
(Longman, p. 1612)
understand: -to know the meaning of what someone is telling
you, or the
language that they speak.
- to realize how someone feels and why they behave, the way they do. (Longman, p. 1803) 3. (as above) write:
-to produce a new book, article, poem and the others.
- to write a letter to someone.
(Longman, p. 1911)
underwrite:
- to arrange to sell shares to investors, and to agree to buy any which are not bought by them. (Longman, p. 1805)
Table 15: The unpredictable meanings of compound verbs by the preposition
up
No The meanings of prepositionup
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of compound verbs
1. up:
-in or to a place that is further along something such as road or path.
-used to show that the place someone goes to is more important than the place they start from.
-at or toward a higher level or greater amount.
(Longman, p. 1819)
date:
-to write or print the date on something. -to have a romantic relationship with someone.
(Longman, p. 397)
update:
-to add the most recent information to something. -to make something more modern in the way it looks or operates.
(Longman, p. 1820) 2. (as above) set:
-to put something into a surface.
-if a film, play, story and the others is set in a particular place or period, the action takes place there or then. -and the others. (Longman, p. 1499)
upset:
-to make someone feel unhappy or worried.
(Longman, p. 1821) 3. (as above) stage:
-to organize a public event.
-to start doing something again or being successful, after you had stopped or not been successful for some time.
(Longman, p. 1609)
upstage: to do something that takes people's attention away from someone else who is more important.
(Longman, p. 1822)
He explains that although the meaning of a complex word such as trees can be discovered from the combination of the meaning of its part, the meaning of compounds can not be discovered in that way. 64.41% of all data show that the meanings of compound verbs are discovered in that way. Moreover, this finding is also stated by Jesperesen (Szymanek, 1989: 42). He explains that “we have a compound if the meaning of the whole cannot be logically deduced from the meanings of elements separately”.
2. Different Meanings Between Compound Verbs and the Prefixation
The answers to problem number one show that the meanings of compound verbs can be discovered in three ways. One of them is by combining the meanings of prepositions and verbs as the elements of compound verbs. In discussing prepositions, we are often confused between prepositions and prefixes since they are attached to the verbs both in compounding processes and prefixation processes. Therefore, it is necessary to differentiate them.
atteched to verbs and some examples of them. The following table can show his explaination about prefixes {out-,over-,under-, andup-}.
Table 16: The meanings of prefixes {out-, over-, under-, and up-} followed by verbs
Prefixes Meanings Added to: Examples
{out-} to do something faster, longer, and the others than...
verbs outrun
{over-} too much verbs overeat
{under-} too little verbs undercook
{up-} to make something higher, better
(Longman, p. 1820)
verbs upgrade
Table 16 shows that the meanings of compound vebs are totally different from the prefixation. The second column can be used to differentiate the meanings of compound verbs and verbs with the prefixation. The total data for the prefixes {out-,
The data for prefix {out-} are 25.88%. The meanings of the prefix {out-} after it is attcahed to the verbs are “to do something faster, longer, and the others than...”. Since there is no meaning of compound verb which is discovered from the combined meanings of the elements, it is not necessery to differentiate them from the prefixation. Some examples for prefixation can be seen in Table 17.
Table 17: The meanings of the prefixation by the prefix {out-}
No The meanings of prefix {out-}
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of prefixation
1. {out-}: to do something faster, longer, and the others than...
(Quirk, 433)
grow:
- to increase in amount, size, number, or strength.
- to become bigger, taller and the others over a period of time in the process of.
(Longman, p. 717)
outgrow: to grow or increase faster than someone or something else.
(Longman, p. 1169) 2. (as above) last:
- to continue for a particular length of time.
- to continue to exist, be effective, or remain in good condition for a long time.
(Longman, p. 905)
outlast:
to continue to exist or be effective for a longer time than something else.
(Longman, p. 1169) 3. (as above) stay:
- to remain in a place rather than leave.
- to continue to be in a particular position, place, or state, without changing.
(Longman, p. 1621)
outstay:
to stay somewhere
longer than
someone else.
The data shows that 54.12% of them are the prefixation with the prefix {over-}. The meanings of the prefix {over-} after it is attached to the verbs is “too much”. This meaning shows that the prefixation with prefix {over-} and compound verbs with preposition over are totaly different since the compound verbs are “from one side to the other side and during”. Table 18 shows the examples of the prefixation with prefix {over-}.
Table 18: The meanings of the prefixation by the prefix {over-}
No The meanings of prefix {over-}
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of prefixation
1. {over-}:too much.
(Quirk, p. 433)
dose: to give someone medicine or a drug.
(Longman, p. 466)
Overdose: to take too much of a drug at one time, so that it harms you or kills someone.
(Longman, p. 1174) 2. (as above) expose:
- to allow light onto a piece of film in a camera in order to take a photograph.
-to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad.
(Longman, p. 550)
overexpose:
-to allow too much light to reach the film when taking or developing a photograph.
-to appear too many times on television, in the newspapers and the others, so that people lose interest in someone
and someone
become less
popular.
(Longman, p. 1175) 3. (as above) feed: to give food to a
person or animal. (Longman, p. 580)
overfeed: to give someone too much food.
The data for prefixation for the prefix {under-} show 16.47%. Furthermore, the data show that the meaning of this prefix is “too little”. Table 19 shows some examples on how the meanings of prefixation can be discovered.
Table 19: The meanings of the prefixation by the prefix {under-}
No The meanings of prefix {under-}
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of prefixation
1. {under-}:too little.
(Quirk, p. 433)
charge: to record the cost of something on someone's account, so that they can pay for it later.
(Longman, p. 248)
undercharge: to charge too little or less than the correct amount of money for something. (Longman, p. 1801) 2. (as above) pay: to give someone
money for something one buy or for a service.
(Longman, p. 1208)
underpay: to pay someone too little for their work. (Longman, p. 1803) 3. (as above) value: to think that
someone or something is important.
(Longman, p. 1828)
undervalue: to think that someone or something is less important or valuable than they really are.
(Longman, p. 1804)
Table 20: The meanings of the prefixation by the prefix {up-}
No The meanings of prefix {up-}
The meanings of verbs
The meanings of prefixation
1. {Up-}: to make something higher, better....
(Quirk, p. 1820)
grade: to give a particular rank and level of pay to a job.
(Longman, p. 704)
upgrade: to improve something and make it more modern, especially in order to provide a better service. (Longman, p. 1820) 2. (as above) lift:
-to move something or someone upwards into the air.
-to make someone feel more cheerful and hopeful.
(Longman, p. 933)
uplift:
-to make something higher.
-to make someone feel happier.
(Longman, p. 1820) 3. (as above) root:to grow roots.
(Longman, p. 1430)
uproot: to pull a plant and its roots out of the ground. (Longman, p. 1821)
The above examples of prefixation can show that the meanings of compound verbs and prefixation by combining the meanings of the elements are different. They have their own meanings. Moreover, it is needed to analyze them to differentiate the meanings. Therefore, the theory by Quirk (1973: 431-433) can give a clue to discover the meanings of prefixation.
homophonous, there are some compound verbs which can also be verbs with the prefixation.
3. The Stress Patterns of Compound Verbs and the Prefixation
This part is divided into two parts. The first part discusses about the stress patterns of compo
