COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BUILDING FOR LATERAL LOADING USING CSS SOFTWARE

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COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BUILDING FOR LATERAL LOADING USING CSS SOFTWARE

Wendy Kho Choon Yen

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)

2010

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BUILDING FOR LATERAL LOADING

USING CSC SOFTWARE

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2006 – 2010

Saya WENDY KHO CHOON YEN

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.

4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

5. ** Sila tandakan (  ) di kotak yang berkenaan

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/

badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

 TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: NO 38 SIN LIANG HIN GARDEN 93150 KUCHING, SARAWAK

PN AZIDA BT RASHIDI (Nama Penyelia)

Tarikh: 22 April 2010 Tarikh:

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.

** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

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The Following Final Year Project:

Title : Computer Simulation Of Building For Lateral Loading Using CSC Software

Author : Wendy Kho Choon Yen Matric number : 17535

is hereby read and certified by:

______________________ ______________

Pn Azida bt Rashidi Date

(Supervisor)

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COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BUILDING FOR LATERAL LOADING USING CSC SOFTWARE

WENDY KHO CHOON YEN

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010

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Dedicated to my beloved mother and father

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my highest acknowledgement to my thesis supervisor, Pn Azida bt Rashidi who spends time to help me patiently to solve the problems that I had encountered during my final year project progress. Thanks again for supervised and guiding me through one year to finish this thesis. Her guidance, support, advice and motivation give me the effort to complete the final year project.

My sincerely appreciation also extend to my family member who are always being supportive and understanding my difficulties in order to complete my studies in University Malaysia Sarawak.

A special thanks for my course mate and friends for their cooperation and encouragement. A lot of new things we had learn together through one year and wish you all the best and good luck in future.

Last but not least, my sincere appreciation goes to all others who contributed directly and indirectly to help enable this research to be completed successfully.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Pages

3.1 Steel Section and Support Condition 31

3.2 Vertical Load for each Floor 32

3.3 Models for Investigation of the Behaviour and Capacity of the Structure 34

3.4 Notional Horizontal Load 37

5.1 Support Reaction Result from S-FRAME and Manual Calculation 85 5.2 Axial Force on the Critical Column at Each Floor Generated By

S-FRAME and Manual Calculation 86

5.3 Summarize Analysis Result of Beam Generated by S-FRAME and

Manual Calculation 87

5.4 Design Ratio of Each Section between S-STEEL and Manual

Calculation 95

5.5 Result of Deflection in Z Direction for 3D Six Storey Structure 105 5.6 Summary Result of the Deflection, Drift, and λcr Value for 3D

Storey Structure due to Vertical Load Only 106 5.7 Result of Deflection in Z Direction for 3D Six Storey Structure 115 5.8 Summary Result of the Deflection, Drift, and λcr Value for 3D

Storey Structure due to Vertical and Horizontal Load Only 116

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Pages

2.1 Different Shape of Beam 9

2.2 Different Material of Beam 9

2.3 Different Support 10

2.4 Stress versus Strain 12

2.5 Stress-Strain Curve of an Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material 12

2.6 Normal Force vs. Deflection 13

2.7 Vertical and Horizontal Displacement 14

2.8 Structure Response for Different Load Levels 16

2.9 Type of Concentrically Braced Frames 20

2.10 Type of Eccentrically Braced Frames 21

2.11 Type of Moment Resisting Frame 22

2.12 Collapse Mechanism for Plastic Analysis 23

2.13 Collapse Mechanism for Push Over Analysis 24

3.1 Categories of the Case Study 27

3.2 Simple cantilever beam 28

3.3 Layout of Three Dimensional Six Storey Structure

(a) Floor Plan View and Front View 29

(b) Isometric View for Fix Support and Pin Spring Support 30 3.4 Layout of 3D Six Storey Brace Frame Structure

(a) Floor Plan View and Front View 35

(b) Isometric of the Brame Frame Structure with Fix support and

Brace Frame Structure with Pin Spring Support 35

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xv 3.5 Loading for the Notional Horizontal Load

(a) Isometric View of the Brace Frame Structure with Notional

Horizontal Force in X direction 37

(b) Isometric View of Brace Frame Structure with Notional

Horizontal Force in Y direction 38

3.6 Flow Chart of Analysis using S-FRAME 41

3.7 Flow Chart of Analysis using S-STEEL 42

4.1 Edit Model Type Dialog Box 46

4.2 Joint Tool Dialog Box 46

4.3 Method to Set Coordinate in Joint Tool Dialog Box 47

4.4 Method to do the Connection Member 48

4.5 Method of Grouping 48

4.6 Replicate Clipboard Tool Dialog Box 49

4.7 Isometric View of 3D Storey Structure 50

4.8 Layout of the Structure

(a) Plan Elevation for Ground Floor 51

(b) Plan Elevation for 1^st Floor to 4^th Floor 51

(c) Plan Elevation for Roof Floor 52

4.9 Method of Creating the Support 52

4.10 Release Tool Dialog Box 53

4.11 Pin Connection of the Structure 54

4.12 Material Properties Tool Dialog Box 54

4.13 Method to Select the Section Properties Tool 55

4.14 Steel Section Properties Dialog Box 55

4.15 Section Properties Dialog Box 56

4.16 Proposed Section of the Structure 57

4.17 Method to Copy Group to Area Load Member Folder 58

4.18 Panel Element Tool Dialog Box 58

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4.19 Method to Create Area Load 59

4.20 Area Load Span Direction Dialog Box 59

4.21 Span Direction of Each Slab 60

4.22 New Load Case Dialog Box 60

4.23 Edit Load Combination Dialog Box 61

4.24 Area Load Dialog Box 61

4.25 Converted Load to Member 62

4.26 Method to Enter the Wall Load 62

4.27 Method to Run Analysis 63

4.28 Procedure of Viewing S-FRAME Result 63

4.29 Details Result 64

4.30 Design Code Dialog Box 65

4.31 Method to Edit the Length factor 65

4.32 Edit Steel Grade Dialog Box 66

4.33 Edit Connection Type Dialog Box 66

4.34 Load Cases Dialog Box 67

4.35 Procedure to View S-STEEL Result 67

4.36 Method to Open the File 68

4.37 Support Tool Dialog Box 69

4.38 Pin Support of the Structure 69

4.39 Ground Spring Tool Dialog Box 70

4.40 Spring Support of the structure 70

4.41 Method to Create New Group 72

4.42 Method to Create Bracing 72

4.43 Procedure to Select the Brace Section 73

4.44 Support Tool Dialog Box 73

4.45 Isometric of the Structure with One End Pin Support 74

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4.46 Ground Spring Tool Dialog Box 74

4.47 Isometric of the Structure with One End Spring Support 75

4.48 New Load Case Dialog Box 76

4.49 Edit Load Combination Dialog Box 77

4.50 Procedure to Apply the Notional Load 78

5.1 Behaviour of Linear Analysis 81

5.2 Behaviour of Non Linear Analysis 81

5.3 Behaviour of Linear and Non Linear Analysis 82

5.4 Support Number and Total Support Reaction for Fix Support 84 5.5 Support Number and Total Support Reaction for Pin Spring Support 84

5.6 Design Result of Roof Beam (533 210 82 UB) 92

5.7 Design Result of Floor Beam (610 229 113 UB) 92

5.8 Design Result of Critical Column (305 305 97 UC) 92 5.9 Pass-Fail Status of the Proposed Steel Section 96 5.10 Isometric View for Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame

Structure due to Vertical Load Only with Fix Support 98 5.11 Front View and Left View for the Graphical Deflection Result of the

Brace Frame Structure due to Vertical Load Only with Fix Support 99 5.12 Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame Structure with Vertical

Only with Fix Support 100

5.13 Isometric View for Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame

Structure due to Vertical Load Only with Only One End of Column

in Pin Spring Support 102

5.14 Front View and Left View for the Graphical Deflection Result of the Brace Frame Structure due to Vertical Load Only with Only One

End of Column in Pin Spring Support 103

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5.15 Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame Structure with Vertical

Only with Only One End of Column in Pin Spring Support 104 5.16 Isometric View for Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame Structure

due to Vertical Load and Notional Horizontal Load with Fix Support 108 5.17 Front View and Left View for the Graphical Deflection Result of the

Brace Frame Structure due to Vertical Load and Notional

Horizontal Load with Fix Support 109

5.18 Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame Structure with Vertical

and Notional Horizontal Load with Fix Support 110 5.19 Isometric View for Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame

Structure due to Vertical Load and Notional Horizontal Load

with Only One End of Column in Pin Spring Support 112 5.20 Front View and Left View for the Graphical Deflection Result of the

Brace Frame Structure due to Vertical Load and Notional

Horizontal Load with Only One End of Column in Pin Spring Support 113 5.21 Graphical Design Result of Brace Frame Structure with Vertical

and Notional Horizontal Load with Only One End of Column in

Pin Spring Support 114

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

Qk - Dead load Gk - Live load W_k - Wind load

V_a - Design wind speed µe - Material ductility µq - Joint ductility q - Dynamic Pressure

A_e _- Effective frontal area of the structure which depend on wind direction S₁ - Topography factor

S2 - Factor of ground roughness, building size and height above ground S3 - Factor of statistical concept

Ag - Goss area of section A_u - Shear area of section d - Depth of web

Mb - Buckling resistance moment

Mcx - Major axis moment capacity of the cross-section

Mcy - Minor axis moment capacity of the cross-section

m_x, m_y- Equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral torsional buckling

M_x - Maximum major axis moment within the segment length L_y governing P_cx

My - Maximum major axis moment within the segment length Lx governing P_cy

Pc - Compressive strength for non-slender member

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xx Py - Design Strength

S - Plastic modulus

Su - Plastic modulus of the shear area t - Web thickness

λ_cr - Elastic critical load factor δ - Deflection of the structure h - Height of the element

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ABSTRACT

This research is to investigate the behaviour of the three dimensional six storey structure with the different support conditions and combination of vertical and horizontal loads in non linear analysis. In this research, the S-FRAME software is used to analyse the structure and the S-STEEL software is used to check the capacity of the structure with the proposed section member. Both of this software are under Computer Services Consultant (CSC) UK Limited. The supports used for this research are fix support and pin spring support. The purpose of the pin spring support is to simulate the deformation due to earthquake in the vertical direction only. The spring stiffness used in this project is 2000kN/m which gives the deflection of 150mm in z direction. The behaviour of the structure is classified into sway or non sway criteria of the brace frame structure. The criteria of sway and non sway can be determined from the elastic critical load factor for the frame. It is found that the highest elastic critical load factor value of the brace frame structure with fix support is 37500 while the lowest elastic critical load factor value, λ_cr of brace frame structure with one end of column in pin spring support is 0.30. It is obviously shown that the brace frame structure with fix support is classified as non sway frame while the brace frame structure with one end of column in pin spring support and others is fix support is classified as sway sensitive frame. Some of the section members in the brace frame structure with one end of column in pin spring support failed due to the combination of vertical and horizontal load. User friendly manual procedures are written in Chapter 4 to assist future CSC users.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In recent years, the requirements for structural analysis have become more challenging. The reasons for this are the design of structures for earthquake and other hazardous load on the structure. The limit states used in seismic design are well beyond linear elastic behavior and in many cases approaching collapse conditions.

Most of the southeast countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand are located in low seismic zone. However, some country such as Indonesia, Philippines, and Japan are located in high seismic zone and experience earthquake.

High magnitude shaking with long period in the country with high seismic zone may cause resonant shaking on high-rise building at country with low seismic zone which are nearest to the high seismic zone (Mazzolani and Piluso, 1995). For example, in March 2009, there is a mild earthquake in Jerantut (Pahang).

The earthquake motion is significantly amplified in high and low rise buildings because of resonant effect. Responses due to earthquake in the structures are significantly large although ground motion is negligibly small.

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In recent years, there have been some really big earthquakes happen on April 2009 in a city called L’Aquila which is in Italy. The next biggest earthquake happens on May 2008 in Sichuan which is in China. These earthquakes obviously show that there is a lot of people are killed and got homeless.

A well designed structure will be sound in resisting all loadings. The design for each section is an important aspect that will influence the behavior of a structure.

A structure having high integrity is a structure that has good performance and high stability. In addition, high-rise structures will be subjected to more additional loads as compared to low-rise building (Riddel and Dela Llerra, 1996). Seismic and wind load, for example, will have more effect on the performance and stability of high-rise buildings. Stringent nonlinear analysis for a structure is used to make the structures more stable and safer. Therefore, it is important to consider the movement in structures resulting in the vibration of the grounds and analysing it as non linear static analysis by using computer software. The purpose is to avoid structures to collapse during earthquake.

With the advancement of Information Technology (IT) now days, computer software is introduced to analyses a structure in linear analysis or non linear analysis due to the complexity of the manual calculation. Using computer software to analysis a structure can save time and increase accuracy for the result of analysis especially for multiple storey building or high rise building. For the last minute changes in load or design can be quickly and accurately adapted into the current plans without fear of multiple design flaws.

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BUILDING FOR LATERAL LOADING USING CSS SOFTWARE