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k r o w e h t n i a t n o c t o n s e o d , n e tt ir w e v a h I h c i h w , s i s e h t s i h t t a h t e r a l c e d y lt s e n o h I
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t s e t a e r g y m s s e r p x e o t e k il d l u o w I , ll a f o t s ri
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s i s e h t s i h t h s i n if y ll a n if
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g n it ir w s i s e h t y
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s i s e h t y m e v o r p m i o t
Iexpres smy enormousgrattiudeto my beloved famliy ,especially Ajung a
r d n e h a M t u t e K . A .
A and Ibu Suryat iMahendra for t heri l ove ,suppo tr ,praye ,r a
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h g u a t e v a h o h w e m m a r g o r P y d u t S e g a u g n a
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a al loft hesecretairatstaffs , ilbrarystaf fandal loft heemployee s .
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P Vincen tNugroho ,S.Pd .and Jatmiko Yuwono ,S.Pd .fo rthei rpaitenc , e tr
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n ir u d e g d e l w o n k g n ir a h s r o
x e
t a v it o m t a h t t r o p p u
s d me in ifnishing my thesis . Iwould ilke to thank Mas ”
p a c e K
“ , Selly ,Adam ,Dhtia ,Rean ,Ivon ,Ast ir ,Yosua, Beny ,Waku,l Riska , ,
a i L , i d i
W Aldhy , Adti , Tunggul , Paskails , and the other s fo r shairng the .s
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I t o Djendelo Kofife fo rbecoming my n
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“ my lfie . Iwould
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il Pak Kevin ,Pak Ampu ,Bimo ,Mas Hendra ,and Pak Imo tfo rthe oppo truntiy l earni ngnewexpe irencesi nDjendelo . Iwould alsot hanktheBairsta
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n u g A , a y t e s a r
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e k a t
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M I
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o it n e
m here one by one .I t hank t hem fo rbeing my firend sand supporitng my .
e fi l d n a y d u t
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n i e m e d i s e b g n i d n a t s r o f i n ir A a il i s i S o t l u f e t a r g m a I , t s a e l t o n t u b t s a L
. e m it t s e d r a h y
m It hankherf ort hequaltiy itmewhen discussing everything and .
s i s e h t s i h t o s l
a It hank her so much fo rsupporitng me i n my d fiifcul t itmeand d
n i m e r s y a w l
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g n i d n a t s r e d n u d n a , tr o p p u s
MayGodalway sblesst hemal.l
i x
TABLEOFCONTENTS Page
E G A P E L T I
T ... .... i P
A PROVALPAGES ... ii S
R E N I M A X E F O D R A O B F O E G A
P ... iii O
T T O
M ... vi Y
T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O S T N E M E T A T
S ... v I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E
P ... iv T
C A R T S B
A ... iiv K
A R T S B
A ... iiv i S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... ix S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi S
E C I D N E P P A F O T S I
L ... iix i
H
C APTER II NTRODUCTION... .. 1 .
A Backgroundoft heStudy ... 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton ... 3 .
C Objecitveoft heStudy ... 4 .
D Benefti soft heStudy ... 4 .
E Deifniitono fTerms ... 5
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R I I R E T P A H
C ... 7
.
A Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires ... 7 .
1 Sociocutlural-Histo irca lApproach ... 7 2. Tradiitona lWomen’ sRole sinZimbabwe... 8 a. eP -r Colonia lZimbabweanWomen’ sRoles... .. 9
o C .
b lonia lZimbaweanWomen’ sRoles ... 01 .
3 Shona’ sPatirarchySystemandWomen ... 11 4. SociailzaitonandCutlure ... 13
.
ii x .
bCutlure. ... . ... 31 .
5 WesternColoniailsm... . 4 1 .
B Theo iritca lFramework. ... 5 1
Y G O L O D O H T E M I I I R E T P A H
C ... 18 .
A Objec toft heStudy ... 18 .
B Approachoft heStudy ... 02 .
C Methodoft heStudy ... 02
R E T P A H
C IVANALYSIS ... 22 .
A TheTradiitona lWomen’ sRole sa sPorrtayedi nNervou sCondiitons…… . 22 .
1 AGoodWfie... 3 2 .
2 AGoodMother... 42 r
e n n i w d a e r B A .
3 ... 52 .
B TheCause so fTambu’ sRebelilon sagains tTradiitona lRole so fWomen… 7. 2 .
1 Patirarcha lSystem ... 72 .
2 WesternColoniailsm... 03 .
C TheWay so fTambu’ sRebelilon sagains tTradiitona lRole so fWomen… 3.. 3 .
1 GetitnganEducaiton ... 43 .
2 Tambu’sAbsencef romHe rParents’ SecondWedding ... 36 .
3 Joiningt heSacredHear t ... 38
S N O I T S E G G U S D N A S N O I S U L C N O C V R E T P A H
C ... 14 .
A Conclusions ... 14 .
B Suggesitons... .. 44
S E C N E R E F E
R ... .. 74 S
E C I D N E P P
ii i x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L
x i d n e p p
A Page
x i d n e p p
A A .P lotSummaryo fTstis iDangarembga’ sNervou sCondiitons .... 0.. 5 x
i d n e p p
A B .Tstis iDangarembga’ sBiography ... 55 x
i d n e p p
A C .TheCove ro fNervou sCondiitons ... 75 x
i d n e p p
A D .B ire fHistoryo fZimbabwe ... 85 x
i d n e p p
A E .LessonPlan ... 26 .
F x i d n e p p
A Mate iralf o rTeachers... . 1 7 .
G x i d n e p p
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T ifvepatrs .Thef ris tpatri st hebackground oft he f o e l a n o it a r e h t d n a l e v o n e h t g n i s o o h c r o f s n o s a e r e h t s e s s u c s i d t r a p s i h T . y d u t s
. n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t s i t r a p d n o c e s e h T . c i p o t e h
t Thi spar tpresent sthe
.l e v o n e h t n i d n u o f s m e l b o r
p Thet hrid pa tri stheobjecitve sof t hestudy ,which s
i tr a p h tr u o f e h T . y d u t s e h t f o m i a e h t s n i a l p x
e thebenefti soft hestudy .In t hi s s
e d i v o r p r e ti r w e h t ,t r a
p the informaiton on t hebenefti sfo rthe readers ,Engilsh f
e d e h t s i tr a p t s a l e h T . s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u f d n a , s r e h c a e
t iniiton oft erms .Thi spar t s
n i a l p x
e thespeciifct erm susedi nt hi sstudy .Speciifct ermsi n t hi sstudy need t o .
g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o t d e n if e d e b
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
a r o n a s i e r u t a r e ti
L land w irtten atr ,which expresse ssomeone’ sidea o r .
n o i g il e r r o , y h p o s o li h p , e r u tl u c o t d e t a l e r y ll a u s u s i tI . d n i
m Thegenres ro type s
y r a v s k r o w y r a r e ti l f
o int heway so fexpressingt hewrtiers’i dea .sRohrberge rand 1
7 9 1 ( s d o o
W ,p.19 )state that t here are fou rmodern l tierary genres .The genre s e
r
a sho trs to ires ,novels ,poems, andplays. ,
y d u t s s i h t n
I the genre chosen by the wrtie ri snovels. A nove lusually f
o y ti l a e r e h t s t n e s e r
p lfie ,which mco esf rom ti sauthor’ sexpe irences. Thus ,nove l s
r e d a e
r can discove r lfie lesson sfrom the vairou s condiiton s and stiuaiton s .l
e v o n e h t n i d e t n e s e r
p In The American Nove land tI sTradiiton ,Chase (1957 ) e
n if e
.l i a t e d e v i s n e h e r p m o c n i d n a y l e s o l c y ti l a e r s r e d n e r l e v o n e h
T tIt ake sa
o r
g upo fpeopleands etst hemgoingaboutt hebusines sofl fie. Wecome . e v it o m d n a t n e m a r e p m e t f o y ti x e l p m o c l a e r ri e h t n i e l p o e p e s e h t e e s o
t
, s s a l c l a i c o s ri e h t o t ,r e h t o h c a e o t , e r u t a n o t n o it a l e r e l b a c il p x e n i e r a y e h T
t s a p n w o r i e h t o
t (p .12). s
A co iety can bet hebackground fornoveilstst o wrtiet hei rstory .Therelfeciton e
v i g l li w y t e i c o s e h t d n a e fi l n a m u h f
o the illusrtaiton t o the noveilst st o make s
a h y t e i c o s y r e v E . y r o t s n w o r i e h
t dfiferen tdisitncitvef eatures .Novelr eader scan a
d n a n r a e
l cqurienewknowledgef rom thosespecialf eatures o rcharacteirsitcs in y
e h T . y t e i c o s
a canl earnt heprevaiilngcutlure ,norms, orr eilgionst ha texisti na ,
y t e i c o s a t u o b a n o it p ir c s e d a e v i g o t r e d r o n I . y t e i c o s n i a tr e
c a noveils tcanusean
l a u d i v i d n
i a a s model .Langland (1984 )states t ,“he lfexible detali sofi ndividua l ”
y t e i c o s r o f s m g i d a r a p l a r e v e s e h t e r o c s r e d n u p l e h s l e v o n n i s e it e i c o
s (p .6) .
n o s e s u c o f r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I Nervou sCondiiton sast henovelt o be s
e s i a r l e v o n s i h T . d e s s u c s i
d thei ssueo faRhodesian womanandhows hecan ilve .
y t e i c o s e h t n i e fi l r e
h Nervou sCondiiton si sa nove lw irtten by a Zimbabwean n
a m o
w ,Tstis iDangarembga .She wrote thi snove lin 1989 .The setitng o fthi s a
i s e d o h R . 0 6 9 1 , a i s e d o h R n i s i y r o t
s aw sone of the B iritsh’ scolonies .When n
i a t b o a i s e d o h
R edt hei ndependencei n 1980,i tchanged tisnamei ntoZimbabwe . .
y r o t s s i h t f o d n u o r g k c a b n i a m e h t s i n o it i d n o c l a i n o l o c s ’ e w b a b m i
Z Thi snove l
e h t y l n o t o n s e s s u c s i
d cutlureand thelfiesociety i n t hecolonia lcounrty ,bu talso e
h
t effo tr sfrom a woman named Tambu who srtuggle sto reach he rdreams ro e
ri s e
d s .Tambu ilve sin the Shona society where the patirarcha lsystem i sstli l T
. d e v r e s e r
Iti si nteresitngt oseet heeffo trs fromawomantor eachhe rdreams .From e
b n a c t ir i p s g n i d l e i y n u r e h , s e c n e ir e p x e s ’ u b m a
T so much inspiirng . The
. n o it i d n o c s i h t n i e v i v r u s o t u b m a T s e g a r u o c n e n o s r e p r e tt e b a e b o t s s e n g n il li w
n o it a c u d e t a h t s k n i h t u b m a
T ist hebes tway ou tfrom povetry .Actually ,because f
o thecoloniailsm andpat irarcha lsociety ,shecanno tobtaintheeducaitoneasliy . ,
s e d i s e B . e fi l r e h n i s e l c a t s b o y n a m e c a f o t s a h u b m a
T i f she violates the
l a n o it i d a
rt roles ,he rparent swli lsurelydisagreewtihhe.r Fristly ,herf athe rdoe s n
i a t b o o t u b m a T t n a w t o
n educaitoni naschool .Het hinkst ha tawomandoe sno t d
n o c e S . e fi w e s u o h a e b l li w e h s , r e t a l , e s u a c e b n o it a c u d e d e e
n ly ,he rmothe ralso
d n a e m o h t a y a t s o t u b m a T s t n a
w to help heri n t he ifelds .Tambu’ smothe rha s a
d n a b s u h r e h h ti w n o i n i p o e m a s e h
t nd she doe sno twan tto lose any chlidren e
r o m y n
a .She ha slos the rson , Nhamo . However , Tambu stli lrespect she r l
a n o it i d a
rt cutlure atlhough she want sto change her lfie fo rthe bette rone b y .
o d n e m s a n o it a c u d e g n i n i a tt a n i y ti n u tr o p p o l a u q e g n i n i a t b
o
. y r o t s s i h t f o r o t a r r a n e h t d n a r e t c a r a h c t s i n o g a t o r p e h t s i u b m a
T She
y r o t s e h t h g u o r h t s e c n e ir e p x e r e h s e t a r r a
n . Therefore ,thi sstudy focuse son the n
a e w b a b m i Z n i s e l o r s ’ n e m o w l a n o it i d a
rt d how Tambu rebel sagains t ti .The e
ir t r e ti r
w sto explore the topic because Tambu’ s effo tr sto se the rfree from r
e h g n ir b l li w y tr e v o
p t a o stiuaitoninopposing thewomen’sr olesinhers ociety .
.
B ProblemFormula iton
n o s e s u c o f y d u t s s i h
T three problems in orde rto make a systemaitca l ,
s i s y l a n
.
1 Wha tare the Zimbabwean rtadiitona lrole so fwomen shown in Tstis i s
’ a g b m e r a g n a
D Nervou sCondiitons? .
2 Wha tare Tambu’ sreason sin rebelilng agains tthe rtadiitona lrole so f ?
l e v o n e h t n i d e y a rt r o p n e m o w .
3 Howdoe sTambur ebe lagainstt he rtadiitonalr ole so fwomen porrtayedi n ?
l e v o n e h t
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy
e r a y d u t s e h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h
T drawn from the problem formulaiton d
e s o p o r
p .Fris,t t h is study aimst o identfiy t he rtadiitona lrole so fwomen i n the o
s cietyt ha ti sshowni nt henovel .Then,t hi sstudyaimst oexplore thereason sand t
s n i a g a g n il l e b e r n i u b m a T f o s y a w e h
t the rtadiitona lwomen’sr oles .
.
D Benefti soft heStudy
i y d u t s s i h
T sexpectedt oen ircht her eaders’ knowledgeof theZimbabwe’ s e h t e g a r u o c n e n a c y d u t s s i h t t a h t s e p o h r e ti r w e h T . n e m o w f o s e l o r l a n o it i d a rt
e t a l e r s k r o w y r a r e ti l r e h t o d a e r o t s r e d a e
r d to role so fwomen .Fo rthe Engilsh . l e v o n s i h t m o r f s l a ir e t a m g n i h c a e t p o l e v e d o t l u f e s u e b n a c y d u t s s i h t ,s r e h c a e t
t h s il g n E e h
T eacher scanuset hi snovelt o helpt hei rstudent sexploremate iral so r t
u o b a e g d e l w o n
k the rtadiitona lwomen’sr ole .sInaddiiton,t hewrtie rexpectst hi s g
n i y d u t s n i s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u f e h t e ri p s n i n a c y d u t
s Nervou sCondiitons .Future
y l a n a n a c s r e h c r a e s e
r zet hi snovelf romothe raspectsi nAfircabeside srtadiitona l s
a h c u s ,s e l o r s ’ n e m o
n o it a r e n e
g . tIencourage sTambut or ebelagainstthebehaviorand atttiudesi nt he r
o f y t e i c o
7
I I R E T P A H C
E
R
U
T
A
R
E
T
I
L
D
E
T
A
L
E
R
F
O
W
E
I
V
E
R
i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T st soft wo patrs .The fristi sreview o frelated t heo ires .
n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t r e w s n a o t d e s u s e ir o e h t e h t s n i a l p x e t r a p s i h
T s .Thi spar t
t s i s n o
c s fo theexplanaitons oft het heo iresr elatedt o t hi sstudy .They aretheo ire s
m o w n a e w b a b m i Z f o w e i v e r e h t d n a s e h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c f
o en’sr oles .Thesecond
s i tr a
p thetheoreitca lframework .I tgive sasummary oft het heo ire sused in t hi s
. y d u t s
.
A Reviewo fRelatedTheories r o e h t e h t s t n e s e r p t r a p s i h
T ies ,which areusedt oconductt hi sstudy .They
s ’ n e m o w n a e w b a b m i Z f o w e i v e r e h t d n a h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c f o s e ir o e h t e h t e r a
. s e l o
r The c iritca lapproach i sused to revea lthe rtadiitona lwomen’ srole sin
e l o r s ’ n e m o w n a e w b a b m i Z f o w e i v e r e h t , n e h T . e w b a b m i
Z si sused to give
r e h tr u
f informaitonabou trtadiitona lwomen’sr olesi nZimbabwe.
.
1 Sociocutlural-Historica lApproach
e v if e r a e r e h t , ) 1 7 9 1 ( s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o R o t g n i d r o c c
A ciritca l
e r a y e h T . s k r o w y r a r e ti l o t s e h c a o r p p
a the formails tapproach, t hebiographica l
l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h t , h c a o r p p
a -histo irca lapproach ,the mythopoeic approach ,and
a l a c i g o l o h c y s p e h
Then , in orde r to explore the speciifc rtadiitona lrole s o f women in
, e w b a b m i
Z Cheater (1986) wrties the role s o f women in Pre-Colonia l and
e m it l a i n o l o
C asf ollows:
.
a P -reColonia lZimbabweanWomen’ sRoles h
c a e B o t g n i d r o c c
A , “the relaiton s o f produciton in pre-colonia l
a b m i
Z bweseems t ha twomen wereexcluded from access t o l and i n t hei rown
d e ri u q e r e s r u o c f o h c i h w ( k c o t s e v il n i t s e v n i d i d d n a d l u o c y e h t h g u o h tl a , t h g ir
d e ll i k s n w o r i e h t f o s d e e c o r p e h t , ) e z a r g o t h c i h w n o d n a
l labo r in non
-s ti u s r u p l a r u tl u c ir g
a ” (a sctied in Cheater ,1986 ,p.66) .Beach and Mackenzie
e t a t
s a“ tlhough women wereeconomicallyacitvei nag ircutlura la swel la scraf t
e h t l o rt n o c t o n d i d y e h t , s e r o t s n i a r g r e v o l o rt n o c e m o s d a h d n a , n o it c u d o r p
f o s n a e
m producitoni nag ircutlureandmetallurgy ,buti nsteadprovidedmucho f
n o it a p u c c o e s e h t r o f d e ri u q e r r o b a l e h
t s”( a sctiedi nCheater ,1986 ,p.66) .
e s i c r e x e d i d n e m o w a n o h S , r e v e w o
H fromt heauthortiy i n otherr oles :a s
u a d r i e h t r e v o y ll a i c e p s e , s r e h t o
m ghters ; a s producer s o r service-worker s
( s ll i k s l a i c e p s g n i s s e s s o
p fo rexample ,i n po ttery o rheailng) ,overt heproceed s
m o h w r o f s r e t h g u a d d e ir r a m f o s r e h t o m s a ; k r o w n w o r i e h t f
o room had been
y tr e p o r p s a t u B . y tr e p o r p r e v o , d i a
p -owners ,womenexpe irencedmoredfi ifcutly
y ti r o h t u a r i e h t g n i s a e r c n i n i n e m n a h
t through accumulaitngpropetry .Ho lleman
d n
i icates ,wtih r espectt ot hecolonia lpeirod ,“moreo tfen t han nott heessenita l
d o o l b r e h t o d n a n e r d li h c r e h f o s d e e
n -relaitve swli lforce hert o dispose o fhe r
e r o f e b k c o t
s they have had itmet o i ncrease”(a sctied i n Cheater ,1986 ,p.66) .
c o t s e v il r i e h t m o r f s d e e n h c u
s k :ce trainlyt odaymother swli lgot oexrtaordinary
o t s h t g n e
l keep t hei rchlidreni nschoo,l l ong atfert hei rhusband shavegivenup
. h s a c y r a s s e c e n e h t d n if o t g n i y rt
.
b Colonia lZimbabweanWomen’ sRoles y
n a
M externa l factors from rtadiitona l society in lfuence indigenou s
. d o ir e p l a i n o l o c e h t g n ir u d n e m o
w According to Holleman, e“ ducaiton ,
n o it a z i n a b r u , s n w o t e h t o t n o it a r g i
m
,
and reilgiou s conversion al l affectedr e g r a l ,s e il i m a f r i e h t n i s e l o r s ' n e m o
w kin groupings ,and t heeconomy .Poilcy
o h r o l e h c a b y lt n a n i m o d e r p f o n o i s i v o r p e h t n i . g . e
( usingonmine sandi nt owns )
d e n i b m o c e r e
w wtihfamliyatttiudes( e.g .concerning t her elaitvebeneftist o be
) s lr i g o t d e s o p p o s a s y o b g n it a c u d e m o r f d e n i a
g to decrease female exposure
d n
a femaleforce so fchange”( a sctied i n Cheater ,1986 ,p.71).Womenalso had
o h d n a l n i s m e l b o r
p lding. Cheate r(1986 )states ,“women’s l andholding swere
e n
o -thrid t hesizeoft hemen…theholding tisel fwa sregistered i n t he nameo f
e r e w y li m a f e h t f o s r e b m e m e t a n i d r o b u s f o s g n i d l o h k c o t s e v il e h t … d n a b s u h e h t
t r e d n u g n il l a f s a d e d r a g e r ) e r a l li t s d n a
( hej u irsdiciton of t hehouseholdhead”
1 7 . p p
( -72) .Women’ s irght sto land in thi ssociety are stli l ilmtied and the
. n e m r o v a f s w a l e l b a c il p p a
Cheater( 1986 )statest ha tt eh ser i awisht ol ooka tnewf orm so fprope try ,
d l o h e e r f g n i d u l c n
i land ,which was in pre-colonia l itmesf oreign t o Zimbabwe' s
e r u tl u c l a n o it i d a
rt ;and a tnew l aws .Cheate raddst hat t hose form so fpropetry
g n i n r e v o g s w a l e h t d n
a c s e o t d e t c e p x e n e e b e v a h , e r o f e r e h t ,t h g i
m peclassiifcaitona s“customary” , rfo
, e l p m a x
e Ch irsitan marirages ;bu tthe naitve people stli lconsidered thi sa s
) 2 7 . p ( ” y r a m o t s u c
“ . In addiiton ,Hunte r(1973 )states ,“bu tsince the era o f
e m o w , m s il a i n o l o
c nhavebeenplacedonlowerr ung soft heproverbiall adder by
s i h t s e z i s a h p m e h c i h w , n o it a z il a b o l g w o n d n a , m s il a ti p a c f o s e c r o f t n a n i m o d e h t
d n a s e l o r f o n o it a z il a t n e m tr a p m o c d n a y ti r o ir e p u s , r e w o p r o f d e e n
fi d h ti w s e it il i b i s n o p s e
r feren tvalue sattachedt ot hem” (p.94 .)
Fo raddiitona linformaiton ,there i sinformaiton tha tthe wrtie robtain s
t u o b a s w e N C B B d n a a g b m e r a g n a D i s ti s T n e e w t e b w e i v r e t n i n a m o r
f role o f
5 0 0 2 , 6 2 h c r a M n o n e m o
w (http://new .sbbc.co.uk/2/h/iaf irca/4370007s.tm .)
s a g b m e r a g n a
D t s ate thatt her oleo fAf ircan womenha sno tchangedmuch :only
d e g n a h c s i t a h t t x e t n o c e h
t . Women role sare stli lbea rchlidren, make and
ri e h t n r a e , s e m o h e g a n a
m ilving ,contirbutet ot her unningofs ociety .Int hepos t
, e g a n o it a m r o f n i n r e d o
m women are coping wtih new problem so fisolaiton ,
g n i s a e r c n i e h t d n a s m e t s y s t r o p p u s d n a s k r o w t e n l a n o it i d a rt f o n o it a r g e t n i s i d
. e fi l f o e c a
p Dangarembga also state s tha t women are no t o tfen given
h t k r o w g n i d n a t s t u o r o f n o it i n g o c e
r eydoi nt hei r ifelds .Thi skindofr ecogniiton
n i m o d e l a m y b d e s u a c y lt n e u q e r f s
i aitoni nt he ifelds ,bu talsot hejealousyfrom
n e m o w r e h t
o andl acko funtiyamongwomen.
.
3 Shona’ sPatriarchal sSy t emandWomen
Shona i sa tirbe in Zimbabwe .Bourdillon (1987) states tha tthe Shona p
i h s n i
d e s s e rt
s ove rkinship t hrough f emale .sWhenaShonaman o rwomanwishest o
t c e p s e r w o h
s to each other ,heo rsheuse s rtadiitona lclannamesi nhertied f rom
t a r ( r e h t a f s ’ n o s r e p t a h
t he rsimlia rto Engilsh names) .These name sclealry
d n a e n il e l a m e h t h g u o r h t d e t a l e r e r a o h w n i k l a e n il ir t a p f o s p u o r g h s i u g n it s i d
e s n o
c quenltyhavet hes ameclanname( pp 1 . -2 2 2 .)
Walby (1990 )men itons pat irarchy sa a system o fsocia lsrtucture sand
a r
p citce s in which men dominate , oppress, and exploi t women (p . 20).
g n i d r o c c
A to Tierney (1999) ,patirarchy i sthe creaiton and relfeciton o fan
d lr o w e h t f o w e i v e n il u c s a m y l e v i s u l c x
e . Pat irarchy also intend sto render
a s e c n e ir e p x e s ’ n e m o
w nd women’ s perspecitve intangible . Patirarchy then
f o y h c r a r e i h a g n i h s il b a t s e , r e h t o e h t r e v o r i a p h c a e f o e d i s e n o s r o v a f
n e v i g s i e l a m e h t h ti w d e t a i c o s s a s i t a h w h c i h w n i s n o it a c if i s s a l
c morep irortiy
n a h
t whatr epresentst hef emale .Thus, pat irarchyestabilshe smale dominancei n
t n u o c c a c i s a b s
ti oft he wo lrd and ti sstandard o fknowledgeand j udgment ,a s
ll e
w asi n ti sconcretei nsttiuitonandpracitce .Actually ,women’ sexpeirence sa s
a n i g r a
m ilzed wtihin patirarchy can encourage more determined aritculaiton o f
r i e h
t point s o f view. Women’ sexpeirence s are ve oking a se t o ffeminis t
.) 9 4 0 1 . p ( w e i v l a h c r a ir t a p t n a n i m o d e h t e g n e ll a h c o t e s ir a t a h t s e s r u o c s i d
Montagu (1953 )think sthat women in the pat irarchal system face rtati s
e r a t a h
t att irbuted t o t heNegro att hepresen t itme. Those rtati swereburdened
n e m o
w fo r many generaitons . Women are considered a s the second-clas s
. y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p f o s n e z it i
c Montagu also consider stha twomen ,w ho w ere
, d e g e ll
I . e l b a t s n u d n a l a n o it o m
e n a cirsis ,people could alway srely upon women to
e m o c e b o t r o n e k a e
w helpless .Women wereweakand sicklycreatures .Women
tt il d a
h lej udgmen tandl es ssense .Womencould no tbeenrtusted wtih handilng
A . y e n o m f
o sf ort hewo lrdoutside,t herewomen couldbeemployed onlyatt he
mos tmenia landr ouitneoft asks( p .21 .)
.
4 Sociailza itonandCutlure s n i a l p x e ) 7 9 9 1 ( y e s d n i
L thet ermo fcutlureandt hewayi tpassedont ot he
3 5 . p p ( t x e
n -54 )asf ollows:
.
a Sociailza iton l a i c o
S izaiton can be deifned a s the lfielong proces s through which
e m o c e b d n a , l a it n e t o p n a m u h r i e h t p o l e v e d , e r u tl u c r i e h t n r a e l s l a u d i v i d n i
f o s r e b m e m g n i n o it c n u
f the society . A s a ciritca l proces s in socia l lfie ,
s e ri u q e r n o it a z il a i c o
s socia l interaciton . Sociailzaiton recognize s society’ s
e l a m t u o b a r o i v a h e b d n a s f e il e b e h t s d l o m h c i h w e r u tl u
c -femaleandmascu ilne
-e n i n i m e
f . Cutlurein lfuences human’ sdevelopmen tandcharacterf orming.
.
b Cutlure
A cutlure involve stota lway o flfie o fa given society . tI include sboth
.s t c e p s a l a ir e t a m n o n d n a s t c e p s a l a ir e t a
m Theexamples o fmateira laspect sare
li u
b ding sandbook .sTheexample so fnonmateira laspect sarereilgionandr oles .
Cu tlure de ifne swhich behavio rpattern sare considered approp irate .Indeed ,
e r u tl u
t x e n e h t o t s t n e m e l e l a r u tl u c l a it n e s s e g n it ti m s n a rt n o it a r e n e g h c a e h ti w , s g n i e b
s i y li m a f e h t f o n o it u ti t s n i e h t , e l p m a x e r o F . n o it a z il a i c o s h g u o r h t n o it a r e n e g
s d o o h d li h c r o f e l b i s n o p s e
r ociailzaiton which i sconitnued wtih insttiuiton o f
s n o it u ti t s n i r e h t O . n o it a c u d
e tha t also have responsiblitiy to conitnue the
e r a n o it a z il a i c o
s reilgion , government , economy , and evolving leisure and
h ti w n o it u ti t s n i l a n o it a e r c e
r mediaf ocu .s
.
5 WesternColonia ilsm
According to Neli l(1966) ,there are ifve catego ire sto classfiy western n
o i s s e r g g
a (p.12):
.
a Po ilitca laggressionhasr esutledi nt hedisappearanceo fancientt heo ire sand
s m o d g n i
k – the Mogul so fDelh ibefore the B iritsh ,the many raja so f
d n
I onesiabeforet heDutch.
.
b Economic aggression ha sdesrtoyed old and carefully balanced system so r
d e tl u s e r s a h d n a , n o it a z i n a g r
o in t hewholesale disappearance o f rtadiitona l
.s n o it a z il i v i c t n e i c n a l u fi t u a e b d n a d e n r o d a h c i h w , s tf a r c d n a s tr a f o s ll i k s
.
c oS cia laggression ha s rtespassed on t he most i nitmatearea so fpersona and
r e d r o t n e i c n a e h t g n it t e s p u , e fi l y li m a
f o fthe relaitonship between sexes ,
. n e r d li h c d n a s t n e r a p n e e w t e b
.
d Intellectua laggression ha sparalyzedt hecreaturepower so fgrea tnaiton sby
g n i s o p m i d n a , n o it a c u d e f o s m e t s y s n e il a o t n o it a r e n e g g n i s ir e h t g n it c e j b u s
d n if t o n n a c e l p o e p n a c ir f A d n a n r e t s a e h c i h w n i t h g u o h t f o s e ir o g e t a c
.
e Themission saret hedriectt hreatt o t hoser eilgiousi nsttiuiton son which lla
n e i c n
a tcutlure saref ounded, andbywhicht heyareheldt ogether—themos t
s i h t e c n i s , n o i s s e r g g a f o s m r o f l l a f o s u o r e g n a
d stirke sat t hevery hear to f
y r o t s i h a h ti w e l p o e p s a e c n e t s i x e r i e h t s r e g n a d n e d n a s n o it a n e h
t and a
. y n it s e d
s d d a l li e
N thatt hemission swouldno thavebeenverydangerou sfit heyhadno t
s n o it a n g n ir e u q n o c e h t f o r e w o p l a c i s y h p e h t h ti w e c n a il l a t s e s o l c e h t n i e m o c
p
( p . 21 -13) .Coloniailsm mos timpo tran tarea o fdominaiton i sthe menta l
e s r e v i n
u o fthe colonized .They conrto lcutlure ,the way of people perceive
m e h
t selve sandt herir elaitonshipwtiht hewo lrd .
.
B Theoreitca lFramework s e s u c o f y d u t s s i h
T ont herebelilon againstt he rtadiitonalr ole so fwomen .
F tris ,in orde rto analyze the novel ,the wrtie rneed sto use an approp irate
p
a proach to ltierary c iritcism . There are ifve approache s proposed by
, e s a c s i h t n i ; s d o o W d n a r e g r e b r h o
R thesociocutlural-histo irca lapproach i st he
e n o e t a ir p o r p p
a .Thi sapproach focuse son the society ,cutlure, and history o f
g n i e b n a m u
h ,s ucha sthe rtadiitonalr ole so fwomeni nZimbabweans ociety.
n o s w e i v e r , d n o c e
S Zimbabwean women’ s role s in pre-colonia l and
l a i n o l o
c are also used . These review s help the wrtie r to understand the
e h t n i s e l o r s ’ n e m o w l a n o it i d a rt e h t f o d n u o r g k c a
b novel .Thewrtie rusest hese
s w e i v e
r because the fris tproblem i n t hi sstudy i sabout t he rtadiitona lrole so f
i , n e h
T nordert o ifnd et h cause sandt heway so fTambur ebels againstt he
s e l o r l a n o it i d a
rt o fwomen ,some review srelated to Zimbabwean society are
u o s l
a sed .Thef ristr eview i sShona’ spatirarchal system andwomen .Thereare
p e m o
s urpose so fusingt hatr eview. Thef risti st ohelpt hewrtie rtounderstand
y o l p m e y t e i c o s a n o h S t a h
t sthepatirarchalsystems .Shonapeoplearet hemajo r
n i e b ir
t Nervou sCondiitons .The second i sto understand the deifniiton o f
.s tr e p x e e h t m o r f y h c r a ir t a
p Walby’ sexplanaitononpatirarchalsystemhelpst he
r e ti r
w to understand wha tpatirarchy is .Here ,patirarchy i sone o ft he factors
. n e m o w f o s e l o r l a n o it i d a rt e h t e c n e u lf n i t a h
t The th rid i sto know tha tthe
l a h c r a ir t a
p system in lfuences on women’ s ilves .Montagu states tha twomen
d n o c e s s a t n e m t a e rt o g r e d n
u -clas sciitzen sfrom itme to itme in patirarchy
. y t e i c o
s Tambu and othe rwomen expe irence ti in the novel .They expeirence
. e l p o e p e ti h w f o m s i c a r d n a y h c r a ir t a p f o n o i s s e r p p o r e d n e g
s i w e i v e r d n o c e s e h
T abou tt che u tlure and ti ssociailzaiton .Thi sreview
w o h d n a e u l a v e r u tl u c n i d e d u l c n i s g n i h t t a h w s n i a l p x
e thoset hing saret augh t
. s n o it a r e n e g t x e n o
t Tradiitona lrole so fwomen in Shona society are par to f
T . e r u tl u
c ambu ,a sporrtayed thenovel ,shouldemployt hi spar to fcu tlure. She
t i s y o l p m
e inaccordancewtiht heexampleo fhe rmother.
, d ri h
T review o f the western coloniailsm explain s the impact s o f
. n o it a z i n o l o
c Int hi snovel ,theB iritshcolonizes Rhodesia .Therearet endencies
W m o r
f estern ,including B iritsh, to colonize a new area when they ifnd tha t
s l a it n e t o p d o o g s a h e c a l
l e v o n s i h t g n i z y l a n
a .Thi sreview h s elp to understand t heform so fcoloniailsm
.l e v o n e h t n i r u c c o t a h t s t c e f f e s ti d n
8 1
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
s i n o it c e s t s ri f e h T . s n o it c e s e e r h t f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T theobjec toft he
s n i a l p x e h c i h w , y d u t
s thephysica ldesc irp itonandt hesigni ifcance fo workoft he
n o it c e s s i h T . l e v o
n menitons b ire lfyabouttheworkingeneral .Theseconds eciton
s
i theapproachoft hestudy ,whichcontainstheanalysisoft hestudy .Thi sseciton
s e s s u c s i
d thedesc irpitonoftheapproachandt her easonofchoosingt heapproach .
s i n o it c e s d ri h t e h
T themethodoft hes tudy .Thiss ecitonexplainst hep irmaryand
s p e t s e h t d n a a t a d y r a d n o c e
s i nconducti ngthes tudy .
.
A Objec toft heStudy
d e lt it n e l e v o n e h t s i y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b o e h
T Nervou sCondiitons by a
r o h t u a n a e w b a b m i
Z Tstis iDangarembga .T hisfris tpubilcaiton oft hi snove lwas
8 9 1 n
i 8 yb The Women’ sPress .Thesecond ediiton o fNervou sCondiiton swa s e
k r a l C a i b e y A y b d e h s il b u
p in 2004 .Thisnove lconsist so f208 page sand i s ti
o t n i d e d i v i
d nt e chapters wtih exrta page s fo r author’ s simple biography ,
P l a e S n e e w t e b w e i v r e t n i l a i c e p s d n a , s t n e m m o
c ress , USA and Tstis i
. a g b m e r a g n a D
l e v o n s i h
T porrtaysayoungShonagri lnamedTambuwho ilvesi nasmal l
a i s e d o h R n i e g a ll i
v (now Zimbabwe) .Thestorybegin swtih thedeath o fNhamo ,
r e h t o r b s ’ u b m a
T .Nhamo i ssentt o ilve wtih hi suncle ,Babamukuru, i n t he ctiy
y b n u r l o o h c s a r o
o m a h
N obtain a prosperou sfutures o tha tlate ron hewli lbeable t o suppor thi s
.s t n e r a
p Unfo trunately ,Nhamo suffer sfrom i llnessand dies .Tambu ,who want s
o
t acqurie educaiton ,she goe sto the missionary school atfe rthe death o fhe r
r e h t o r
b . She i s allowed by Babamukuru to attend t heschoo last herei sno othe r
. y li m a f r e h n i n o
s
h g u o h t n e v
E Tambu’ s desrie to acqurie educaiton i s suppo tred by
, u r u k u m a b a
B he rfathe rs ltli thinkst that i si useless rfo agilrt o attend a school .
r e
H motheri ss itllafraidofl osinganothe rch lid ashappenedt oNhamo .Late ron ,
in t hectiy ,Tambu meet she rcousin Nyasha .Nyashai sagri lwho ha sgrown up
o n s e o d e h s d n a d n a l g n E n i y lt s o
m trecognize t he Zimbabwean cutlure .Nyasha
s e z il a e
r tt ha therearemanyd fiference sbetweenEuropeanandAf ircancutlure.I n
t , l e v o n s i h
t he story abou tNyasha’ seffo tr to b e a woman in Afirca i sshown
. w e i v f o t n i o p s ’ u b m a T h g u o r h t
s n o it i d n o C s u o v r e
N tell s abou t the rtadiitona l women’ s role s in e
d i s e b , e w b a b m i
Z s the cutlure and the history .From Tambu’ snarraiton ,Tstis i
y e v n o c o t d e ir t a g b m e r a g n a
D thewomen’ s expeirences in Rhodesiaa t tha t itme .
s e l u r l a i n o l o c e h t o t d n u o b e r a n e m o
W and patirarcha l rtadiiton . These are
u b m a
T ’ sreasons to se th er free from the old rtadiitons. When Tambu’ sparent s
e v il o t r e h t n a
w w mtihthe anddot heexisitng rtadiitonalr ole ,ss hekeep srtyingt o
a e r d r e h l li fl u
f m .Tambu doe sno twan tto mis sthe oppo truntiy that ha sbeen
n e v i
.
B Approachoft heStudy
s e s u y d u t s s i h
T the sociocutlural-histo irca l approach . This approach
e h t m o r f s k r o w y r a r e ti l s e r o l p x
e society ,cutlure
,
and history .People expeirences u o ir a
v condiitonstha tcan i n lfuencet hei r ilves .Thosecondiiton scan becaused
y t e i c o s e h t y
b around them .There are dfiferen tway sin responding to those
s n o it i d n o
c .In the society, people can both accept and reject the rules ,cu tlure ,
c t e , s f e il e
b .In t hi sstudy, t hewrtierf ocuse son t he rtadiitona lrole so fwomen a s
e y a rt r o
p di nt henove.l
s n o s a e r r e H . n e m o w f o s e l o r l a n o it i d a rt e s e h t t p e c c a y ll u f t o n n a c u b m a T
e v a h o
t abetterl fiemakehe rbreak t hewomen’sr olesi n he r rtadiiton .By using
i h
t sapproach ,the wrtie rcan learn Tambu’ s decision to rejec tthe rtadiitona l
e h t d n a t s r e d n u n a c r e ti r w e h t , n o it i d d a n I . y t e i c o s a n o h S e h t n i s e l o r s ’ n e m o w
n o s a e
r s why Tambu refuse s the role s o f women in he r society and keep s
o t g n il g g u rt
s reachhe rdreams .
.
C Methodo ftheStudy
m e h
T ethodfort hiss tudywas ilbraryr esearch.Thedatausedf ort hes tudy
e r e
w co llectedfrombooks ,aritcles ,andjournals .Thi sstudyusedanove lenitlted
s n o it i d n o C s u o v r e
N ast hep irmarydata .Thesecondarydatawerebooks ,aritcle ,s d
n
a journal s that discussed Zimbabwean histo ires , socieites , cutlures, and
a t a d y r a d n o c e s e h T . s e l o r s ’ n e m o
w couldsrtonglysuppor tthewrtieri nanalyzing
d a e r r e ti r w e h t ,t s ri F . s i s y l a n a e h t t c u d n o c o t s p e t s l a r e v e s d e s u y d u t s s i h T
e v e s l e v o n e h
t ra l itmes t o bulid a bette runderstanding o fthenovel .Second, t he
r e ti r
w searched thet opict o bediscussed .Thewrtie rdecided an i nteresitng t opic
r a e p p a t a h
t s in the novel and formulated three problems related to the topic
n e s o h
c . Thrid ,the wrtie r employed the theo ire s to solve the problems . The
u e r e w t a h t s e ir o e h
t sed t o suppo tr t he analysi swere t aken from book ,s j ournals ,
d n
a othe rsource sfrom ce train websties .Fou trh ,the wrtie rused the theo ire sto
m e l b o r p e h t e v l o
s s .Fi tfh, t hewrtie rconcluded thestudy from t hedataco llected
e h t h g u o r h
2 2
V I R E T P A H C
S I S Y L A N A
e s s u c s i d h c i h w , s i s y l a n a e h t f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T s the research
s m e l b o r
p stated i Cn hapte rI .There aret hree pa trs i n t hi schapter .The fris tpar t
f o s e l o r l a n o it i d a rt e h t s e s s u c s i
d women where Tambu ilves .The second par t
discusse sthe causes fo Tambu’ srebelilon agains tthe rtadiitona lrole sin the
. y t e i c o
s Then ,the th rid par tdiscusse show Tambu rebel sagains tthe rtadiitona l
. y t e i c o s e h t n i s e l o r
.
A TheTradi itona lWomen’ sRole sa sportrayedi nNervou sCondiiton s f
o g n it t e s e h
T thi snoveli si n Zimbabwein 1968 .Thi scounrty i sl ocated
n
i southe astAfircaandi tw asoneo ftheB iritsh colonies .Shona, oneoft hel oca l
, e w b a b m i Z n i s e b ir
t in lfuence sthe rtadiitona lwomen’ srole sin thi snovel .The
a n o h
S people apply the pat irarcha l system in which men have the p irmary
n i y ti r o h t u
a the socia lrole sand they have the con rtol ove rthe women .In thi s
, m e t s y
s awomanwli lalway sbeas ubordinate.
a t n o
M gu (1953) states hi sopinion abou twomen who ilve in patirarcha l
. y t e i c o
s Hes tates tha twomeni nt hewo lrdwere rteatedamanne ril keNegro .
e r e w t i , n e m o
W alleged ,hads malle rbrainst hanmen ,andl es s
d l u o c u o y s i s ir c a n i ; e l b a t s n u d n a l a n o it o m e e r o m e r e w y e h t ; e c n e g il l e t n i
; s s e l p l e h e s i w r e h t o e m o c e b r o n o o w s o t m e h t n o p u y l e r s y a w l
a theywere
y e h t ; e s n e s s s e l d n a t n e m g d u j e lt ti l d a h y e h t ; s e r u t a e r c y l k c i s d n a k a e w
d lr o w e h t r o f s a d n a ; y e n o m f o g n il d n a h h ti w d e t s u rt n e e b t o n d l u o c
e n it u o r d n a l a i n e m t s o m e h t t a y l n o d e y o l p m e e b d l u o c y e h t e r e h t , e d i s t u o
c e p s r e p s i h
T itve also exist sin Tambu’ ssociety since Shona i sNegro .In the
, l e v o
n “women’ sneed sare no tconsidered a sthe p irortiy” (p .12) .In Tambu’ s
r e h n a h t l o o h c s o t , o m a h N , r e h t o r b s ’ u b m a T d n e s o t s r e f e r p r e h t a f r e h , y li m a f
n e t n i s a h o s l a o h
w itont obeeducate d .
The patirarcha lsystem create sthe role stha twomen should undergo.
r e h t o m s ’ u b m a
T say sin the novel tha twomen have heavy burden busines s(p .
n o s d u H . ) 6
1 -Weems (2004) states tha twomen could pefrorm tirple role so f
r e n n i w d a e r b d n a , r e n tr a p , r e h t o
m ( .p 67) .There are three rtadiitona lrole so f
n e m o
w inShonarevealedt hrought henovel, namely:
.
1 AGoodWfie
m o w , t s ri
F an should bea good wfie .Thet erm “good” mean sa wfie t ha t
f e fi w a s a s e it u d e h t o d d n a , e s u o h e h t n a e l c , d n a b s u h r e h r o f d o o f k o o c n a
c o rhe r
. y li m a f d n a d n a b s u
h WhenTambu wantst ogot oschoolt oacqurieeducaiton ,he r
, r e h t a
f Jeremiah ,says “ , Canyou cookbook sandf eedt hemt oyou rhusband?Stay
o t n r a e L . r e h t o m r u o y h ti w e m o h t
a cook and clean .Grow vegetables” (p .15) .
h a i m e r e J m o r
F ’ sstatement , tican beseen t ha thewant sTambut obeagoodwfie
. r e t a
l Jeremiah concernsTambu’ sbehavio rand personaltiy .He want sTambu t o
n a b s u h e r u t u f r e h y e b
o dbycomplyingwtih herf atherfrist .Here ,agoodwfiei sa
a b s u h r e h e v r e s n a c o h w n a m o
w ndwell ,cookf ood i nstead ofabook .A sa resutl ,
.r e h t o m r e h m o r f o d d l u o h s n a m o w a t a h w n r a e l o t u b m a T s k s a h a i m e r e J
s a h o s l a u r u k u m a b a
B samet hough tabou tTambu .Sheshoulddevelopi nto
d s i d n i m s ’ u r u k u m a b a B n i n a m o w t n e c e d a , y ll a u t c A . n a m o w t n e c e d
r e h d n a d n a b s u h r e h n a h t y h tr o w s s e l s i y e n o m e h t t a h t s k n i h t u r u g i a M
r e f e r p e h S . n e r d li h
c s to be a mothe rrather than to make money. She wli lonly
e r a c e k a t d n a k r o
w o fhe rfamliy wtihou tconcerning he rmoney used by he r
. d n a b s u
h She feel ssecure when shecan take care o fhe rhusband and chlidren .
h s r e h t o m a , r e v o e r o
M ould prepare he rdaughter’ smarirage .A mothe rha san
o t n i r e t h g u a d r e h g n i d i u g n i k s a t t n a tr o p m
i a decen twoman .Being an educated
e k il , n a m o
w Maiguru, i sjus tan addiitona lcrtieiron to become amothe ro rwfie .
li fl u f u r u g i a
M ls women’s rtadiitona lroles to t he pat irarchy system atlhough she
i
ms sestheoppo trun tiyt omakemoney .
.
3 ABreadwinner
, d ri h
T a ow man become sabreadwinne rfo rherfamliy .Thi srolei sno ta
a m o w a r o f k s a t y r a m ir
p n ,but i n t hi snovel ,mos to fthewomenwork t o suppor t
y li m a f ri e h
t .Tambu’sf amliyi snotf o trunate ifnancially .Al lwomeni nherfamliy
ll if l u f o t k r o
w thefamliyneeds .Tambu’ smother ,M 'aShingayi ,doe severythingt o
y li m a f e h t ll if l u
f need sand makemoremoneyf o rNhamo’ sschool .Shedoe sno t
k r o w y l n
o in the ifelds ,bu tshe also sell sbolied eggs and vegetable sto the
n i s r e g n e s s a
p a b usterminu s(p .15) .Tambu and rh oe t w sisters ,Rambana iand
e
N tsai ,help t hei rparent swork in t he ifelds i n t hei ryoung age becauseof t hei r
w o
l famliy ifnancial .
d n a n w o d g n il l u p f o s k s a t e l b a tr o f m o c n u … t s u g u A d n a l ir p A g n ir u D
h c ti o t d e s u e W . s e v a e l ri e h t f o s b o c e h t g n i p p ir t s d n a e z i a m e h t g n i k c a t s
a d h c a e f o d n e e h t t a y l s u o i c i
v ydu irngt hemaizeharves tandr uns rtaigh t t i d n u o f s u f o e n o N . … y a w a g n i h c ti e h t h s a w o t s d l e if e h t m o r f r e v ir e h t o t
s i h t n I . e n o d e b o t d a h t a h t s g n i h t e s o h t f o e n o t s u j s a w t I . k s a t t n a s a e l p a
d n a g n i g g i d s a w t i , e m it e h t d n if t o n d i d y e h t t a h t s r a e
y n i a r e h t h g u o r h t ll a , d e t a n i m r e g d a h p o r c e h t r e tf a , g n it n a l p e h t r e tf A
s d n a h r u o g n i s u , d e d e e w e w , y d r u t s d n a l l a t e r e w s t n a l p e h t li t n u n o s a e s
.) 6 . p ( s e o h r u o d n a
k s a t d r a h d e c n e ir e p x e e v a h l e v o n s i h t n i s lr i g g n u o
Y s ta thei realry age .They
e v a h o t r e d r o n i d r a h k r o w d l u o h
s agood harvest l ater .They also haveno tused
n e h w s l o o t n r e d o
m they are culitvaitng in the ifelds .When the harves t it me
s u b y r e v e b l li w y e h t ,s n i g e
b y .Women keep working i n t he ifeld sast hey grow
d l o d n a r e d l
o e .rTambu’ sgrandmother,f o rexample,i sani nexorableculitvato ro f
. ) 7 1 . p ( t n e m o m t s a l y r e v r e h l it n u s t s e v r a h e h t s p a e r d n a , s d e e s e h t s w o s , d n a l
. ) 8 . p ( b o j s ’ n e m s i h c i h w , l a a r k e h t o t e lt t a c e h t s d r e h o s l a u b m a
T Besides ,
m o r f r e t a w e k a t o t s a h u b m a
T the irverf o rcookingandwashingdishes( p .11) .
y l n o t o
N uneducated women ,bu talso educated women work fo rthe
. y li m a
f Theeducated oneusually doe sno twork i n t he ifelds .Shecan work i n a
s i u r u g i a M . y r a l a s r e tt e b a s e v i g h c i h w n i e c a l
p oneo ft he examples .Shework s
r o
f themissionary( p .103) .However ,womencanno tuset hemoneyast heywish .
.) 3 0 1 . p ( y e n o m e h t f o s s e n l u f e s u e h t e n i m r e t e d o t y ti r o h t u a e h t e v a h n e M
b o c a
J s (1989 ) state s tha t men are the head s o f the household s in
e w b a b m i
Z . A am rired woman wa sprevented from the land owning ,and i fshe
s a
w divorced fo rwhateve rthe reason ,she los tthe irgh tto stay on the land
. ) 8 . p , 5 9 9 1 , tr a p r a P n i d e ti c s a ( e m a n s ’ d n a b s u h r e h n i d e r e t s i g e r s a w t i e s u a c e b
Thehusband as t he decision makeri n thefamliy wli lconrto lal lof t he i ncome s
s d l e if e h t m o r
f work .Maiguru ,a sone o feducated wives ,also expe irence s ti .
u g a t n o
M (1953 )alsoj usitifestha twomencould no tbet rustedi nhand ilngmoney
n I .) 1 2 . p
n
i the subordinate posiiton .Men a sthe head so fhousehold and customary law
r o t a n i m o
d s can conrtol t hel aw t o protectt herii nterest s(Maboreke1987 ;Shenje
s ’ u b m a T . ) 9 . p , 5 9 9 1 , tr a p r a P n i d e ti c s a 2 9 9 1 t r a w e t S ; 2 9 9
1 famliy ow h ilvesi n
l a r u
r alsof acest hi scondiiton .Babamukuruand Jeremiaharet heexamples .They
e h t e n i m r e t e
d usefulness fo the money that i searned from each famliy membe r
d n
a t whe omenwli lhavet ocomplywtihthemen’ sdecisions .
.
B TheCause so fTambu’s Rebelilons agains tTradiitona lRole so fWomen
s n o it i d n o C s u o v r e
N i s a nove l abou ta woman who tire s to achieve .
n e m o w f o s e l o r l a n o it i d a rt e h t m o r f n o it a p i c n a m
e Tambu, a sthe protagonist,
s l e e
f theoppressionf romhers ociety .Thef actorst hati n lfuencet heoppressionare
e h
t patirarchy system and western coloniailsm .Then, how these factor scause
s n o il l e b e r s ’ u b m a
T agains trtadiitonalr ole so fwomenwli lbediscussedbelow.
.
1 PatriarchalSystem
s a h y h c r a ir t a
P existed since the p -recolonia l and stli l existed in the
s d n e c s e d e r u tl u c e h t f o t r a p s i h T . e m it l a i n o l o
c from generaiton to generaiton .
: y t e i c o s n e v i g a f o e fi l f o y a w e h t s e v l o v n i e r u tl u c a t a h t s e t a t s ) 7 9 9 1 ( y e s d n i
L
s a l l e w s a , s k o o b d n a s g n i d li u b s a h c u s ,s t c e p s a l a ir e t a m h t o b s e d u l c n i tI
a l a ir e t a m n o
n spect ,ss uchasr eilgionandr oles….I ndeed ,cutlure , s g n i e b n a m u h s a d e ri u q c a d n a d e p o l e v e d e v a h e w t a h t ll a s e s s a p m o c n e
t x e n e h t o t s t n e m e l e l a r u tl u c l a it n e s s e g n it ti m s n a rt n o it a r e n e g h c a e h ti w
.) 3 5 . p ( n o it a z il a i c o s h g u o r h t n o it a r e n e g
n o it a z il a i c o s s i h
T wli lbeconducted by cetrainorganizaiton such asf amliy .From
e h t d n a , t n e m n r e v o g , n o i g il e r , n o it a c u d e f o n o it u ti t s n i , y li m a
n o y r r a c l li
w the sociailzaiton process .Later ,people wli lunderstand the male s
d l u o h s s e l a m e f d n
a b e a s gende r role s (p . 54) . The Shona cutlure i s also
, y li m a f r e h m o r f n e m o w f o s e l o r e h t s w o n k u b m a T , l e v o n e h t n I . y r a ti d e r e h
y ll a i c e p s
e fromhe rmother .
t s i n o g a t o r p e h t s a u b m a
T characte rin t he nove li sa Shona woman .She
n e m o w f o s e l o r l a n o it i d a rt e h t s y o l p m
e andf eelst heoppressionf romhe rcu tlure .
e r e h d a l e v o n s i h t n i e b ir t l a c o l e h t s a a n o h
S s thepatirarchysystemthati n lfuences
y t e i c o s e h t n i s e l o r r e d n e
g .Burdillon( 1987 )state stha tthepatirarcha lsystema sa
y ti r o h t u a e h t h c i h w , m e t s y s y li m a
f i sinhertiedf romt hef athe.r Fatheri st hehead
T . y li m a f e h t f
o hen, t hef amliy o fhi sclan i e sr spectedand obeyed yb thewomen
. n e r d li h c d n
a Men conrto land rule the society in thi ssystem .Thi sideology
s r e d i s n o
c tha tmen are supeiror t o women .Tierney (199 9)states tha tpat irarchy
. e l b i s i v n i e v it c e p s r e p d n a s e c n e ir e p x e s ’ n e m o w s r e d n e
r Patirarchy estabilshe s
d n a e g d e l w o n k f o d r a d n a t s d n a d lr o w e h t f o s t n u o c c a c i s a b s ti n i e c n a n i m o d e l a m
. ) 9 4 0 1 . p ( t n e m g d u
j Men’ sneed saret hehighestp irortiyi n society.I n t henovel ,
a n o h S f o t r a p e h t e r a y e h t s a , m e t s y s l a h c r a ir t a p e h t s y o l p m e o s l a y li m a f s ’ u b m a T
e l c n u r e h y b d e l s i o h w n a l c e k u a g i S f o r e b m e m a s i u b m a T . e b ir
t , Babamukuru .
d n a r e k a m n o i s i c e d e h t s i e
H hehast hehighes tauthortiyi nt heclan.Babamukuru
s
i ht eoldes tbrothe ro fTambu’sf ather ,Jeremiah. When heorder ssomething ,al l
t s u m s r e b m e m y li m a
f follow .He maintain sthe patirarcha lsystem and assume s
d n o c e s e r a n e m o w t a h
t -clas sciitzens .Thi shappensto hi sdaughte rand Tambu’ s
I . a h s a y N , n i s u o
c n oneoccasion,i thappensa tdinneritme .Nyashat irest ot ellt he
a f l e s r e h t u o b a h t u
