Introduction to
Introduction to
Linguistics
Linguistics
Morphology
Morphology
Morphemes, Conditioning &
Morphemes, Conditioning &
Review
Review
Language is a CODE for thoughts.
Language is a CODE for thoughts.
speaker
listener
thoughts
sound
meaning
encode
A
A
f
f
lea
lea
and
and
a
a
fly
fly
in
in
a
a
flue
flue
Were
Were
imprisoned
imprisoned
,
,
so what could they
so what could they
do
do
?
?
Said the
Said the
flea: ‘
flea: ‘
Let us fly
Let us fly
’.
’.
Said the fly: ‘Let us
Said the fly: ‘Let us
flee’
flee’
.
.
So they
Word Classes
Word Classes
Content Words
Content Words
→
→
noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
→ “
→ “
open class” vocabulary
open class” vocabulary
Function Words
Function Words
→
→
pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc
pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc
→ “
→ “
closed class” vocabulary
closed class” vocabulary
Word Relation & Morpheme
Word Relation & Morpheme
Words can be related to other words
Words can be related to other words
, e.g.
, e.g.
happy – unhappy.
happy – unhappy.
→
→
fundamental elements:
fundamental elements:
morpheme
morpheme
→
→
rules of combination:
rules of combination:
Word Formation
Word Formation
Rules
Rules
Morpheme
Morpheme
: the smallest unit that carries
: the smallest unit that carries
information about meaning or function
MORPHEMES
MORPHEMES
1. be identifiable from one word to
1. be identifiable from one word to
another
another
and
and
2. contribute in some way to the
2. contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.
meaning of the whole word.
e.g.
MORPHEME
MORPHEME
MONOMORPHEMIC
MONOMORPHEMIC
Simple words
Simple words
single morpheme
single morpheme
e.g :
e.g :
train
train
track
track
POLYMORPHEMIC
POLYMORPHEMIC
Complex words
Complex words
more than one morpheme
more than one morpheme
e.g :
e.g :
builder
builder
build + er
build + er
(‘to construct’)
How many morphemes are there
How many morphemes are there
in each of the following words?
in each of the following words?
happy
happy
happier
happier
unhappy
unhappy
unhappier
unhappier
unhappine
unhappine
ss
ss
unhappier
happy
unhappy
-er
un-cranberry morpheme
cranberry morpheme
E.g.
E.g.
morphemes
morphemes
cran-, huckle- and gorm-
cran-, huckle- and gorm-
in cranberry, huckleberry and
in cranberry, huckleberry and
gormless
gormless
Berry
Berry
in
in
strawberry, blackberry and
strawberry, blackberry and
Recognition of Morphemes
Recognition of Morphemes
The dinosaur sniffed arrogantly and
The dinosaur sniffed arrogantly and
plodded forwards.
plodded forwards.
The dinosaur grunted loudly and
The dinosaur grunted loudly and
Bound & Free Morphemes
Bound & Free Morphemes
doors
door
s
free morpheme
bound morpheme
Can be a word by
itself
What does –s mean?
What does –s mean?
There are two doors in the room.
There are two doors in the room.
There are no red doors.
There are no red doors.
I have zero dollars.
I have zero dollars.
It’s negative one degrees outside.
It’s negative one degrees outside.
The current is 0.4 amperes.
The current is 0.4 amperes.
Inflectional & Derivational
Inflectional & Derivational
Morphemes
Morphemes
Inflectional morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
→
→
provides further information about an existing lexical
provides further information about an existing lexical
item
item
e.g :
e.g :
car
car
cars
cars
jump
jump
jumped
jumped
Derivational morpheme
Derivational morpheme
clouds
Affixes
Affixes
morphemes added to free forms to
morphemes added to free forms to
make other free forms
make other free forms
four kinds of affixes:
four kinds of affixes:
1. prefixes
1. prefixes
→ unable
→ unable
2. suffixes
2. suffixes
→ refusal
→ refusal
3. infixes
3. infixes
→ in-bloody-credible
→ in-bloody-credible
4. circumfixes
4. circumfixes
→ enlighten
→ enlighten
Study the words below
Study the words below
adjectiv
adjectiv
e
e
verb
verb
dark
darken
black
blacken
red
redden
white
whiten
verb
verb
noun
noun
sing
singer
dance
dancer
write
writer
Zero Morphemes
Zero Morphemes
Consider the
Consider the
following words:
following words:
The relationship
The relationship
between yellow
between yellow
(adj) - yellow (v) is
(adj) - yellow (v) is
exactly the same
exactly the same
as white – whiten
as white – whiten
→
→
zero morpheme
zero morpheme
adjectiv
adjectiv
e
e
verb
verb
yellow
yellow
yellow
yellow
brown
brown
brown
brown
clear
clear
clear
clear
comb
Allomorphs
Allomorphs
Phonological conditioning
Phonological conditioning
→
→
its form is dependent on the adjacent
its form is dependent on the adjacent
phonemes
phonemes
Lexical conditioning
Lexical conditioning
→
→
its form seems to be a purely accidental
its form seems to be a purely accidental
one, linked to a particular vocabulary item
The variant forms of morpheme
e.g:
a, an
Compounds
Compounds
the combination of two free forms
the combination of two free forms
In English, the HEAD of a compound is
In English, the HEAD of a compound is
usually the right-hand member
usually the right-hand member
The HEAD supplies the category and basic
The HEAD supplies the category and basic
meaning for the whole compounds
meaning for the whole compounds
Compounds can be used with affixation to
Compounds can be used with affixation to
produce larger words
produce larger words
e.g.
e.g.
blackbird, sleepwalker, bookcase, happy hour,
blackbird, sleepwalker, bookcase, happy hour,
etc
-
-
blackberry
blackberry
- blueberry
- blueberry
- strawberry
- strawberry
- cranberry
- cranberry
- huckleberry
- huckleberry
Homophonous Morphemes &
Homophonous Morphemes &
Reduplication
Reduplication
Homophonous Morphemes
Homophonous Morphemes
two morphemes having the same
two morphemes having the same
pronunciation (form) with different
pronunciation (form) with different
meanings
meanings
e.g.
e.g.
un-tie-able
un-tie-able
Reduplication
Reduplication
the copying of a part of a word
the copying of a part of a word
e.g. the language of the people of Madura
Other Ways of Forming Words
Other Ways of Forming Words
Blends
Blends
→
→
smoke + fog = smog
smoke + fog = smog
motor + hotel = motel
motor + hotel = motel
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia
bang, buzz
bang, buzz
Words from names
Words from names
→
→
jumbo, sandwich
jumbo, sandwich
Truncation (Clipped words)
Truncation (Clipped words)
→
