KOMUNIKASI ANTARA BUDAYA
Topik: Pengenalan kepada kursus Komunikasi antara budaya.
Definisi istilah-istilah dan konsep-konsep penting
Apa itu budaya? Apa itu komunikasi? Apa itu komunikasi antara budaya?
Elemen/komponen budaya (secara ringkas) Elemen/komponen komunikasi
Elemen/komponen Komunikasi antara budaya
1. KOMUNIKASI
Definisi
i. Lustig & Koester(2003)
Communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meanings.
ii. Samovar & Porter (2004)
Human Communication is the process through which individuals-in relationships, groups, organization, and societies-respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.
iii. Seiler and Beall (2005)
Communication is the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic interaction.
Communication is a process of transmitting a message/s from a sender/s to a receiver/s through a channel/s for action to be acted.
Principles of Communication
Communication is symbolic and involves shared meaning Communication is contextual
Communication is inevitable and irreversible
Communication can be both intentional or unintentional
Elements of Communication
Source – creator of message Process of encoding
Message – stimulus produced by source
Interference – anything changes the meaning of an intended message
Channel – route by which messages flow Process of decoding
Receiver – individual who analyzes and interprets the message Feedback – response to a message that the receiver sends to the
source
Environment – psychological and physical surroundings in which communication occurs
Context – situation in which communication occurs
Types of Communication
Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Public communication
Mass-Mediated communication Nonverbal communication
2. BUDAYA
Definisi
i. Samovar & Porter (2004)
Marsella’s
cognitive/affective/sensory styles, conciousness patterns, and epistemologies)-
ii. Lustig & Koester (2003)
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.
iii. lecturer’s definition
Budaya adalah cara hidup manusia yang merangkumi…
Characteristics of culture (Samovar & Porter)
i. Culture is learned
ii. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation iii. Culture is based on symbols
iv. Culture is subject to change v. Culture is an integrated system
3. KOMUNIKASI ANTARABUDAYA
Definisi
i. Lustig & Koester (2003)
Intercultural Communication occurs when large and important cultural differences create dissimilar interpretations and expectations about how to communicate competently.
ii. Samovar & Porter (2004)
Intercultural Communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
iii.
-An exchange of ideas or information between persons from different cultural background.
-Interaction between people of different cultural background.
Apakah manfaat yang diperolehi dengan mempelajari Komunikasi antara budaya?
Hall (2002)
i. Personal Empowerment
ii. Freedom From Ignorance
iii. Productive relationships
Topik: Sejarah dan perkembangan mengenai kajian Komunikasi Antarabudaya: Pendekatan teoritikal
Perkembangan awal disiplin Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory
Anxiety/uncertainty Management Theory Semiotic Theory
Structuralisme Theory
Perkembangan Awal Disiplin
1911- Barat 1946
The roots of the study of intercult. Comm.. can be traced to the post-World War II era
1959- Hall pioneered a systematic study of culture & comm. 1966- Hall wrote (The Hidden Dimension).
1962- R. Oliver –Culture & Comm. 1966- A. Smith – Comm & Culture
1966 – Intercultural comm. as a curriculum 1970 – International Communication Association 1960-1970 is regarded as the 1st peak of I.C
Perkembangan Komunikasi di Malaysia -3 fasa utama
Topik: Budaya dan komunikasi antara budaya
Definisi budaya dan corak budaya (secara terperinci) Ciri-ciri budaya
i. Hall’s High-and Low-context Cultural Patterns ii. Hofstede’s Cultural Patterns
Identiti budaya
Defining Culture
Refer to lecture 1 & 2
The elements of culture
i. History ii. Beliefs iii. Values iv. Norms
v. Social organization vi. Language
vii. Behavior patterns viii. Artifacts
ix. Techniques/skill
Characteristics of culture
i. Culture is learned
ii. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation iii. Culture is based on symbols
iv. Culture is subject to change v. Culture is an integrated system
Defining Cultural Pattern
Lustig & Koester
Shared beliefs, values and norms that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.
Components of cultural patterns (Lustig & Koester)
i. Beliefs ii. Values iii. Norms
i. Hall’s High-and Low-context Cultural Patterns
Characteristics of High- and Low-Context Cultures
High- Context Cultures Low-Context Cultures Covert & implicit Overt & explicit
Messages internalized Messages plainly coded Much nonverbal coding Details verbalized
Reactions reserved Reactions on the surface Distinct ingroups & outgroups Flexible ingroups & outgroups Strong interpersonal bonds Fragile interpersonal bonds Commitment high Commitment low
Time open & flexible Time highly organized
ii. Hofstede’s Cultural Patterns
Theories
Cross Cultural Adaptation Theory
Young Yun Kim
Stranger & host culture
Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory
William Gudykunst
Minimizing misunderstandings by optimizing uncertainty reduction and anxiety reduction
Semiotic Theory
Concept of sign, signifier & signified Ferdinand De Saussure
Charles Sanders Peirce
Structuralism Theory
Claude Levi-Strauss
Internal aspect of the mind- unconscious mind Binary opposition
Tendency to identify as a member of some groups
C.I refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.
The formation of cultural identity
Develop through a process involving three stages i. Unexamined cultural identity
ii. Cultural identity search
iii. Cultural identity achievement
Characteristics of cultural identity
i. Cultural identities are central to a person’s sense of self ii. Cultural identities are dynamic
iii. Cultural identities are multifaceted
Topik: Halangan/kekangan terhadap Komunikasi Antarabudaya
(Lustig & Koester, Samovar & Porter)
1. Language Differences 2. Culture Differences 3. Incompatible goals 4. Seeking Similarities 5. Uncertainty Reduction 6. Withdrawal
7. Stereotyping 8. Prejudice 9. Racism 10. Power
11. Culture Shock
12.Ethnocentrism Vs Xenocentrism
Topik: Bahasa dan Komunikasi Antarabudaya
Kepentingan bahasa terhadap Komunikasi Antarabudaya Kod/Komunikasi Lisan
Kod/komunikasi bukan lisan
Verbal codes/communication
Fonologi, Morfologi, Sintaksis, Semantik dan Pragmatik
Types of nonverbal communication
i. Facial expression and body movements (kinesics) ii. Physical characteristics
iii. Touch iv. Space v. Time
vi. Paralanguage vii.Artifacts
viii. Environment
Topik: Fenomena dan isu-isu komunikasi antara budaya
Komunikasi Massa, immigrasi, penjajahan, pelancongan, pelarian dan globalisasi
Kejutan budaya, akulturasi, adaptasi budaya dan identiti budaya
Topik: Kompetensi dalam komunikasi/hubungan antara budaya
Memperbaiki komunikasi antara budaya
Panduan asas untuk berjaya dalam komunikasi antara budaya Komponen utama kompetensi dalam komunikasi antara
budaya-pengetahuan, kemahiran, motivasi dan etika
Topik: Etika dalam komunikasi anatara budaya
-Definisi
