Palm kernel cake (PKC): a potential high energy feed for farm animals

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Palm Kernel Cake (PKC): A Potential High Energy Feed for

Farm Animals

Mohammad Amizi A1*_{, Mohammed Alimul Islam}2_{, Connie Fay Komilus}2_{& Assis}

Kamu2

1_{Integrated Agrotechnology and Resource Management (IATReM) Research}

Center UITM (Perlis)

*Email: [email protected]

2_{School of Sustainable Agriculture, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 90000}

Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia

Abstract

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an outlook of PKC as a potential feed source that may meet the requirements as an alternative feed ingredient for farm animals and fishes.

Key words: energy conversion and cost effective, farm animals, palm kernel cake (PKC), protein concentration

Introducton

The ol palm ndustry n Malaysa has expanded rapdly from 60,000 ha n 1964 and reached 5 mllon hectares n 2011 and ncreased 3% from 4.85 mllon hectares recorded n prevous year (MPOB, 2011). Therefore the palm kernel cake also ncreased 6.5% from 2.22 mllon tons n 2006 to 2.39 mllon tons n 2011 (MPOB 2011). Most of Palm kernel cake was exported to European Unon Coun-tres and Chna, whch represents 93% of the total producton of palm kernel cake n Malaysa. Most of the EU countres consumed the palm kernel cake as potental lvestock feed for dary cattle ndustry. The exports of palm kernel cake were n-creased 910,000 metrc tons to 2.39 mllon metrc tons n 2011 to the European Unon Countres and Chna (MPOB 2010).

Lterature Study

The palm kernel cake s the bomass resdue whch obtaned from the crush-ng of palm kernels to extract the kernel ol .The palm kernel was crushcrush-ng wth 2 methods dependng on the sze of the plant throughput whch s shown n the fgure 1 (Yusoff, 2000). The mechancal method was usng the tradtonal method whch needs hgher power consumpton and has hgh mantenance cost due to wear and tear of the screw expeller. Normally the palm kernel wth low capacty s sutable wth ths method. The other method for crushng the palm kernel s the solvent ex-tracton method. Ths method was used only wth hgh capacty of palm kernel. The ol resdue n the palm kernel cake s about 1% compared to the mechancal method where the ol resdue left n the screw expeller more than 6%.

The nutrton value n (Palm Kernel Cake) PKC contans 16-18% of crude proten, 13-16% crude fbber, 4-6% fat and the metabolsable energy estmated at10.3MJ/kg. The avalable nutrent contan of Palm Kernel Cake s a sutable and

valuable source of feed for rumnants (Yeong et al., 1981). The growth performance

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Fgure 1

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+(1764,6,218$/7(,1 $/0 (41(/ $.( &216$,152)&47'(3426(,1&47'( ),%%(4 )$6 $1' 6+( 0(6$%2/,5$%/( (1(4*; (56,0$6(' $6 .* +( $8$,/$%/( 1764,(16 &216$,12) $/0(41(/$.(,5$57,6$%/($1'8$/7$%/(5274&(2))((')24470,1$165#(21*(6 $/ +( *4296+3(4)240$1&(2)8$4,275%4(('2)&$66/(9,6+2)3$/0.(41(/&$.( $1'6+(&20%,1$6,219,6+26+(44$6,21,1*4(',(165&2164,%76(6+($8(4$*('$,/;*$,19(,*+64$1*(5 .* +($' '$; $1'6+(427*+60$56(4 &$66/( &2164,%76($8(4$*('$,/; *$,1 9(,*+6" $66+(4$6(.* +($' '$;$650$//+2/'(4)(('/2602'(/(/$1(6$/

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

Sources: Yusof , M.S.A (2000)

Dscusson

The palm kernel cake can be consdered as relable supply compared to the other by product. The other advantageous of palm kernel cake are lower cost com-pared to Soya bean Meal. Prce comparson between soybean cake and PKC showed

that soybean cake cost 550.0 US$/MT whle PKC s 150 US$/MT (Ayob et al.,

2011). Ths dfference ndcated that PKC s a reasonably good economc feed for better growth and fattenng rate to farm anmals (cattle, sheep, goat, pg, chcken and ducks) and fshes (cat fsh and other). The PKC s free from aflatoxns and safe for anmal . In addtons the PKC are also free from pestcde, chemcals, heavy met-als and doxns (Codjo, 1995). The PKC s dffcult to become moldy due to hgh dry matter content encourages the growth mcroorgansms. PKC also very palatable and contan hgh vtamn E whch acts as natural ant-oxdants helps n the synthess of female reproductve hormones. The value added characterstc qualty s the PKC are free from Aflatoxns, and other toxns ofE.Coli, S.aureus and Salmonellaspp., that could be harmful for anmal grow and productvty.

Concluson

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Table 1. PKC n Anmal and Aquaculture Feed

Beef Cattle and

Buffaloes Dary Cattle Sheep and Goats Poultry Incluson

levels n Feed

80% n feed 30-50% n feed 30% Up to 20%

Advantage May gve Lve Weght Gan

Dsadvantage - - Long-term

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