ENGLISH BLENDS IN THE
HIGHEND TEEN
E-MAGAZINE
2016 EDITIONS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana PendidikanDegree
in English Language Education
By
Rosalia Ratya Amarta Student Number: 131214099
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
ENGLISH BLENDS IN THE
HIGHEND TEEN
E-MAGAZINE
2016 EDITIONS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana PendidikanDegree
in English Language Education
By
Rosalia Ratya Amarta Student Number: 131214099
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
When everything seems to be
going against you, remember
that the airplane takes off
against the wind, not with it –
Henry Ford
This thesis is dedicated to:
BapakVincentius Pairin IbuDarmastuti Rina Praptiwi Elisa Wibi Amarta
v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 14 July 2017
The Writer
Rosalia Ratya Amarta
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Rosalia Ratya Amarta
Nomor Mahasiswa : 131214099
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
ENGLISH BLENDS IN THE HIGHEND TEEN E-MAGAZINE 2016 EDITIONS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 14 Juli 2017 Yang menyatakan
vii ABSTRACT
Amarta, Rosalia Ratya. (2017). English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
This research deals with the occurrence of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions. Since language is dynamic and
constantly evolving, many new words are formed. The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence of English Blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions.
The formulated problems of this research are: (1) What are the base words of the English blends which are found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?, (2) What types of the English blends are found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?, and (3) What is the most frequent type of the English blends which is found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?
This research employed a qualitative research method and used document analysis to gain a better understanding about the phenomena of English blends in the e-magazines. The subjects of this research were twelve HighEnd Teen e-magazines, from January to December 2016. There were three instruments which were used to gather the data. They were human instrument, documents, and observation table.
The result of this research showed that in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions, there were thirty two English blends which were found. Those blends were composed by at least two base words which had different meaning. Among the three types, blends with clipping were the most productive type of the
blends. The implication of the study showed that the occurrence of blends in e-magazines can be one alternative way to teach students about one of word formation processes and it can enrich the vocabulary of English words.
viii ABSTRAK
Amarta, Rosalia Ratya. (2017). English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian ini berisi tentang pembentukan English blends di majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016. Sehubungan dengan karakteristik bahasa yang dinamis dan terus berkembang, terdapat berbagai kata baru yang terbentuk dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pembentukan English blends di majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016.
Rumusan masalah yang terdapat pada penelitian ini adalah: (1) Apa kata pembentuk dari English blends yang ditemukan di majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016?, (2) Apa tipe English blends yang ditemukan di majalah elektronikHighEnd Teenedisi tahun 2016?, dan (3) Apa tipeEnglish blends yang paling sering ditemukan di majalah elektronikHighEnd Teenedisi tahun 2016?
Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan metode kualitatif dan menggunakan analisis dokumen untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang fenomena English blends di majalah elektronik. Subjek penelitian ini adalah dua belas majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen, dari bulan Januari sampai bulan Desember 2016. Terdapat tiga instrument penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data, yaitu pelaku penelitian, dokumen, dan tabel observasi.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa di dalam majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016, terdapat tiga puluh dua English blends yang ditemukan.Blendstersebut terbentuk dari paling sedikit dua kata pembentuk yang memiliki makna yang berbeda. Di antara tiga tipe blends, blends with clipping adalah tipe blends yang paling produktif. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ditemukannya blends di majalah elektronik dapat menjadi cara alternatif untuk mengajarkan kepada para siswa tentang salah satu proses pembentukan kata serta dapat memperkaya kosakata Bahasa Inggris.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I praise and thank Lord Jesus. His shower of blessing
throughout my research strengthens and guides me to finish my thesis
successfully.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to BapakF.X. Ouda
Teda Ena, M.Pd., Ed.D., who becomes my thesis advisor, as well as my academic advisor and also my generous ‘big boss’. He has inspired me a lot
through many things and I am really grateful for every time and support which he
has given to me.
I am extremely grateful to my parents, Bapak Drs. Pairin and Ibu Darmastuti Rina Praptiwi, for their unconditional love, prayers, supports,
and sacrifices. Also I express my thanks to my sister, Elisa Wibi Amarta, for supporting me and inspiring me to keep working on my thesis.
I would like to make special reference to Maria Dian Fajar Rianti and Ensa Puspita Sari. I am really grateful to have them in my life because I feel like
having two un-biological sisters. I am extending my gratitude to my friends in
college, especially my closed and beloved classmates, Yulius Galih, Dicky
Wisnu, Marcelina Winny, Yustina Rostyaningtyas, Gustav Viko, Paulus Erwan, Brigitta Astri, Ni Wayan Yeccika, Clara Nusaca, Veronica Esti,
x
My next gratitude goes to Kantor Sekretariat WR IV and BKHI Universitas Sanata Dharma,which become the places where I did my thesis. To Liliana, Yurisdixta Menavia, Ni Wayan Yeccika, Titis Pahargyan, Gallang Riang Gempita, Ridhoel Marthin Zai, and Ria Natalia Sitompul,I thank them for cheering me up. It has been a great time to meet them all.
Last, but not least, I thank everyone who has contributed in the process of
doing my thesis. Their help and support are really meaningful to me.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
DEDICATION PAGE... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... vi
ABSTRACT... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Questions ... 4
C. Research Significance ... 5
D. Definition of Terms... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description... 8
1. Words... 8
xii
3. Word Formation... 9
4. Blends ... 10
1) Splinters in Blends ... 11
2) Classifications of Blends... 11
5. Electronic Magazine or E-Magazine ... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ... 16
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 18
B. Research Setting... 19
C. Research Subjects ... 19
D. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique ... 20
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 22
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Research Results ... 25
1. The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions... 25
2. The Types of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions... 36
xiii
B. Discussion ... 38
1. The Meaning of the Base Words and the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine2016 Editions... 39
2. The Types and the Formation of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions... 45
3. The English Blends Distribution in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions... 50
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions... 51
B. Implications... 52
C. Recommendations... 53
1. For English Language Learners ... 53
2. For English Teachers ... 53
3. For Other Researchers... 53
REFERENCES... 55
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 The Themes of the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions .. 20
Table 3.2 Blends Observation Form ... 21
Table 3.3 The Base Words of English Blends... 22
Table 3.4 Code Lists... 23
Table 3.5 The Types of Blends ... 23
Table 4.1 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (January 2016) ... 26
Table 4.2 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (February 2016) ... 27
Table 4.3 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (March 2016) ... 27
Table 4.4 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (April 2016)... 28
Table 4.5 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (May 2016) ... 29
Table 4.6 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (June 2016) ... 30
Table 4.7 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (July 2016)... 30
xv
Table 4.9 The Base Words of the English Blends
in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (September 2016)... 32 Table 4.10 The Base Words of the English Blends
in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (October 2016) ... 33 Table 4.11 The Base Words of the English Blends
in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (November 2016) ... 34 Table 4.12 The Base Words of the English Blends
in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (December 2016)... 35 Table 4.13 The Types of the English Blends
in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions ... 36 Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Type of the English Blends ... 37 Table 4.15 The First Part of the First Word
and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends... 47 Table 4.16 The Whole First Word
and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends... 48
Table 4.17 The First Part of the First Word
and the Whole Second Word Blends... 48
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A ... 59
Appendix B ... 60
Appendix C ... 61
Appendix D ... 62
Appendix E ... 63
Appendix F... 64
Appendix G ... 65
Appendix H ... 66
Appendix I... 67
Appendix J ... 68
Appendix K ... 69
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides background information related to the study and states the problems of the research. It also explains about the objectives and benefits of the research. Some key words or phrases which are specifically used in the research are introduced in this chapter to avoid misinterpretation among the readers. This chapter is subdivided into four parts, namely, research background, research questions, research significance, and definition of terms used in this research.
A. Research Background
Language, as the media for human communication, develops significantly day by day. According to Shohamy (2007), an understanding of language as “open, dynamic, energetic, constantly evolving and personal” encompasses the rich complexities in communication (as cited in Scarino & Liddicoat, 2009, p. 16). Since language is dynamic and constantly evolving, it is possible that many new words are formed. People may encounter the new words while they are doing their daily activities, such as reading book, listening to the music, watching movies, or having conversation with other people.
semantics, and sociolinguistics. The study of how a word is formed is in morphology field. According to Aronoff & Fudeman (2011), “Morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed” (p. 2). Furthermore, according to Yule (2006), word formation is “the study of the processes whereby new words come into being in a language” (as cited in Tahaineh, 2012, p. 1107). Yule states that there are some types of word formation process, such as coinage, derivation, compounding, clipping, blending, conversion, backformation, and abbreviation.
The occurrence of English new words can be seen in various activities or aspects in human life. Mass media communication can become one target to observe the existence of language development. According to Livesey (2011), mass media refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape or form to large numbers of people (p. 2). There are various kinds of mass media, such as magazine, newspaper, television, etc. In this research, the researcher has chosen one kind of mass media, which is magazine. Magazine is a communication media or a medium of information that can reach all levels of society. Magazine is usually published weekly or monthly.
1). Electronic publishing includes various publishing models, such as electronic books books), electronic newspapers newspapers), electronic magazines (e-zines), etc. People read a magazine to access any information which is suitable with their interests, class, or age group. While most newspapers contain news for the general readers, magazines more focus on a specific aspect of life, such as parenting, lifestyle, hairdressing, fashion, business, travel, etc. Beside there are a lot of information that can be found in magazines about the issues around the world, the element of the language, such as words, which are used in magazines are various and attractive. In magazines, language is used creatively to attract attention from the readers. Therefore, there are many new words that can be found in magazines.
Among the various kinds of word formation in English, the researcher is interested to conduct a research on English blends, which occur as the results of blending, in e-magazines. According to Aronoff & Fudeman (2011), “Blending is an example of creative language use. It generally does not adhere to strict constraints, as does affixation” (p. 120). Moreover, Danks (2003) states that blends often occur in magazines and newspapers, as well as in advertisements (p. 3).
printed and digital format (e-magazine). After considering some advantages of the e-magazine version, the researcher is going to use the HighEnd Teene-magazines. There are some advantages from the usage of e-magazine. According to Chennupati, Foo, & Heng, (2006), “ePublications offer the potential of enhancing information with additional dimensions in a cost-effective way and thus enabling the information to reach a wider audience of users compared to paper-based print publications (pPublications)” (p. 2). Since the researcher is analyzing the HET e-magazine in one year period, it is more practical to get the e-magazine from each month by purchasing the e-magazine. Nowadays, teenagers also prefer to buy the e-magazine than the printed format. The e-magazine can be purchased in SCOOP newsstand which contains over 100,000 editions of magazine, book, and newspaper in digital format (eBook) from different categories and this application is available on iPad, iPhone, Android, and Windows Phone.
B. Research Questions
Based on the background of the study, the researcher formulated three research questions as follows:
1. What are the base words of the English blends which are found in the
HighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions?
2. What types of the English blends are found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?
3. What is the most frequent type of the English blends which is found in the
C. Research Significance
The study focused on English blends as the result of blending in word formation. Therefore, it can give benefits for the following readers:
1. For English Language Learners
This research is useful for the college students, especially English Language Education Study Program students, who study English as a foreign language. By reading this research, it is expected that the language learners can have better understanding and additional knowledge about English blends as the result of word formation process.
2. For English Teachers
This research could be an inspiration for English teachers who often find English blends as the result of word formation process in their teaching. They could use a magazine as the teaching media to supplement the textbook.
3. For Other Researchers
D. Definition of Terms
The following terms need to be clarified so that the reader can comprehend the research easily.
1. Blends
English blends are the example of creative use. They are composed of at least two base words. According to Carroll (1996), a blend is composed by two different words with completely unequal meanings which are put together to form a new word with a new meaning (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p. 18). A blend occurs as the result of blending in word formation process. Gries (2004) defines blending as the coinage of a new lexeme by fusing parts of at least two other source words of which either one is shortened in the fusion and/or where there is some form of phonemic or graphemic overlap of the source words (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p.18). The examples of blends in English are stagflation
which is derived from stagnation and inflation, smog from smoke and fog and
motel from motor and hotel. 2. E-Magazine
An e-magazine (e-zine) is an “electronic magazine” or “online magazine”. Chennupati, Foo, & Heng (2006) state, “eZines are equivalent to eNewspapers but published by established print magazine publishers” (p. 3).
3. HighEnd Teen (HET)E-Magazine
includes PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Group), RCTI, Global TV, MNCTV, Indovision television networks, daily newspaper Seputar Indonesia,
8 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher would like to discuss the theories which support this research. This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the theoretical description which explains the relevant theories that support the research. The second part is the theoretical framework which summarizes and synthesizes all major relevant theories used by the researcher to answer the research questions.
A. Theoretical Description
The study of blends is included in morphology field. According to Baurier (2003), morphology is the study of forms of words and this term is etymologically from the Greek morphe‘form’ and –ology ‘study’ (p. 335). Lieber (2015) also defines Morphology as the study of word formation which includes the process of new words formed and the way forms of words are varied depending on how they are used in sentences (p. 2).
1. Words
9 neighboring elements is not entirely fixed. Lieber (2015) defines a word as “one or more morphemes that can stand alone in a language” (p. 3). There are two categories of words: simple and complex. Simple words consist of only one morpheme, while complex words are made up of two or more morphemes.
2. Morphemes
Words are composed of basic units, called morphemes. Morpheme is the most important component of word structure (O’Graddy & Guzman, 1997). It is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. According to Akmajian, Demers, Farmer and Harnish (2001), “morphemes are the minimal units of word building in a language; they cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or meaningful parts” (p. 17). There are two kinds of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand as an independent word or can be a word by itself. On the other hand, a bound morpheme cannot be an independent word since it has to be attached to another element. For instance, in the word ‘meaningful’, there are one free morpheme (mean) and two bound morphemes (–ing and –ful).
3. Word Formation
10 coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back formation, conversion, acronyms, derivation and inflection (as cited in Tahaineh, 2012).
4. Blends
According to Danks (2003), “A blend occurs when two (or possibly more) elements combine together, so that at the point(s) of fusion something is either lost from at least one source element, or shared by both (p. 21).”Jazzerciseis the result of the fusion between jazz and exercise. At the point of fusion, the first bit of the word exerciseis clipped. Another example is slanguage. Both of the base words share the same [lang] and they become one new word. The process of producing a blend is called blending. As one of word formation processes, blending is a derivational process in English and it is one example of creative language use since it does not adhere to strict constraints (Aronoff & Fudeman, 2011, p. 119-120).
11 According to Carroll (1996), a blend is composed by two different words with completely unequal meanings which put together to form a new word with a new meaning (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p. 18). Blends are often called portmanteau words as Lewis Carroll’s book (1882), Through the Looking Glass of Humpty Dumpty,describes as follows: “Well, ‘slithy’ means ‘lithe’ and ‘slimy’. You see it’s like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed into one word”.
1) Splinters in Blends
In 1961, the term “splinters” was originally introduced by Berman (as cited in (as cited in Fandrych, 2008, p. 112). This term has been proposed for the constituents of blends which have irregular shape. According to Adams (1973), splinters are parts of morphs and have irregular form, though in some cases there is no formal irregularity, but there is a special relationship of meaning between the splinter and some regular word in which it occurs (as cited in Fandrych, 2008, p. 112). As a part of word which forms a blend, a splinter cannot occur alone as a word, although basically it is a clipping. Lehrer (2007) gives an example in the word infotainment (information + entertainment). Infois a clipping and it can be used as an independent word. However, -tainment is a splinter and cannot stand alone (as cited in Silaski & Durovic, 2013, p. 87)
2) Classifications of Blends
12
classification of blends into structural types (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p. 19-20). Based on the structural types, there are three types of blends. The first type
is blends with phonemic overlap. In this type of blends, overlapping is the only type of shortening of the words. The overlap can be one phoneme or several phonemes. The most common pattern of overlapping is where the final part of the first word overlaps the first part of the second word. Blends with overlapping may also include all of one form and the first or last part of the other word. One example of this type is slanguage,from the word slang + language, which means language characterized by excessive use of slang or cant). Another example is backcronym, which is from the word back + acronym, means reverse acronym. Alcoholiday,which is from the word alcohol + holiday, means holidays that end up being more about parties and getting drunk with or without the meat. The word playbore is also a blend with overlapping and it is derived fromplayboy + bore. Playboremeans a boresome playboy. The last example is cartune,which is from the word cartoon + tune, means musical cartoon.
13 the whole part of the first word and the last part of the second word. The examples are foodoholic, from the word food + alcoholic, and sunbrella, from the word sun + umbrella). The third is blends which keep part of the first word plus whole of the second one. Eurasia, from the word Europe + Asia, and automagic, from the word automatic+magic, are the examples of this type. The fourth is new blends which are created by using the first parts of two words. For instances, pokemonis from the word pocket + monster, and famicom is from the word family + computer. The fifth is multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order. For example is slithy, from the word lithe + slimy. The last type is blends which are created by using the last parts of two words, such as podcasting, from the word ipod + broadcasting. Blends with clipping are often shortened at morpheme boundaries. The example is Oxbridge, which is a blend of the word Oxfordand Cambridge.In this case, it can be difficult to differentiate whether it is as a blending case or compounding case if one does not know its background. Blends that are clipped at morpheme boundaries are therefore a less obvious example of the blending process than blends that are shortened in a less straightforward manner (Enarsson, 2006).
14 Beside those three structural types of blends, Algeo (1977) also classifies blends into syntagmatic blends and associative blends. Syntagmatic blends are blends that represent combinations of words that occur next to one another in the speech chain. In most of the cases of this type, the first words ends with the same sound or sequence of sounds as the second word begins with. The examples are Chicagorilla, from the word Chicago and gorilla,and radarange, from the word radar and range. Another classification is associative blends. They are created from words that are linked in the word-maker’s mind. They can have a semantic link, as it can be seen in the word needcessityfrom needand necessity.
Another researcher, Lehrer (2007), uses the term ‘splinter’ in most of his classification of blends (p. 117). According to Lehrer (2007), the commonest type of blend is a full word followed by a splinter, as in wintertainment. The second type is blends which are begun with a splinter and followed by a full word. The example is Amerindian, from the word American and Indian. The third type is blends which consist of two splinters, such in the word hurricoone (hurricane + typhoon). The fourth type of blends involves complete overlap of one or more phonemes, often of whole syllables. For instance, the word sexploitation is from the word sex and exploitation.At last, the less common type is blends involve a discontinuous element. A word or clipping is embedded in part of another source word as an infix. The example of this type is entreporneur, from the word entrepreneurand pornography.
15 overlap (as in affluenza). The second is two initial splinters with overlap (as in modem). The third is two final splinters with overlap (as in Kongfrontation). The fourth is overlap of full words (as in thinspirations). The fifth is initial splinter + full word with overlap (as in emoticon). The sixth type is final splinter + full word with overlap (as in netiquette). The seventh is full word + final splinter with overlap (as in adultescent). The eighth is insertion of one word into the other, with overlap (as in Clinterngate). The ninth is blends with more than two constituents (as in burpulence) and the last type is graphic blends, as in Inglish(Fandrich, 2008, p.113).
From those various types of English blends, it is possible that all of those types occur in the e-magazine. The researcher expects to get the examples of each type, so that the occurrence of English blends can be more various.
5. Electronic Magazine or E-Magazine
A magazine is a publication that is issued periodically. In general, magazine contains essays, poems, stories, fiction, recipes, articles, images, etc. The articles found in magazine are easy to read, fairly brief in length, and may include illustrations or photographs. Magazine has an attractive appearance, eye-catching cover pictures and illustrations on quality paper make it more appealing and attractive to the readers. There are also many colorful and impressive advertisements that can be found in magazines.
16 used by a publisher to deliver the information through electronic means (Chennupati, Foo, & Heng, 2006). At the beginning, electronic publishing is used to complement publications’ print. However, some publisher now has increasingly employed digital platforms exclusively – to both replace print distribution for former print publications and as the sole distribution method for newly-launched publications.
Electronic publishing itself has various models of publishing. Those models are digital content, electronic books (e-books), electronic newspapers (e-newspapers), electronic magazines (e-magazines/e-zines), and electronic journals (e-journals). According to Chennupati, Foo, & Heng (2006), electronic magazines are equivalent to electronic newspapers which it means they are the online accompaniments of established magazines where new articles and the latest updates are published on the web. E-magazines are published by established print magazine publishers.
B. Theoretical Framework
17 part, then, will explore the contribution of related theories in solving the research problems.
There are three research problems addressed in this research. The first research
problem deals with the base words of English blends which are found in the e-magazines. Second is the type of English blends and the third is the most frequent
18
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher presents the rationale for the method of the data
collection and analysis. This chapter describes the method of the research and
analysis, outlines the procedure in gathering and data analysis. This chapter is
subdivided into five parts, which are research method, research setting, research
subjects, instrument and data gathering technique, and data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
The research dealt with English blends in theHighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions. The researcher employed a qualitative method in this research. According
to Patton & Cochran (2002), “Qualitative research is characterized by its aims, which
relate to understanding some aspects of social life, and its methods which (in general)
generate words, rather than numbers, as data for analysis” (p. 2). The researcher
discussed English blends mostly by using words in this study.
Furthermore, this research used document analysis to gain a better
understanding about the phenomenon of blends in magazines. According to Bowen
(2009), document analysis is used to review and evaluate documents, both printed
and electronic material (p.17). Documents that can be used for the research are
varied. They include advertisements; agendas, attendance registers, and minutes of
meetings; manuals; background papers; book and brochures; diaries and journals;
19
(Bowen, 2009). In this research, the data were collected from twelve e-magazines of
HighEnd Teen(January-December 2016). From the e-magazines, the researcher could find the occurrence of English blends. After the data were collected, the researcher
then analyzed and classified the data based on their classifications. The blends
analysis showed the base words and the types of English blends which were found in
the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions. The classification results showed the most frequent type of English blends which occurred in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions.
B. Research Setting
HighEnd Teen e-magazines were published by PT MNI Entertainment in Jakarta. The intended readers are teenagers, who are interested to get international
information about lifestyle. In 2016 editions, there were twelve magazines. They
were from January to December 2016). The researcher used the electronic version of
the magazines by purchasing the magazines on SCOOP Newsstand. SCOOP is a
digital Newsstand application which is available on the Google Play and App Store.
The research was conducted for around 3 months, from December 2016 until
February 2017.
C. Research Subjects
The researcher used twelve HighEnd Teen e-magazines, from January to December 2016. Each month, the e-magazine presents different articles based on the
20
Table 3.1 The Themes of the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions
Month of Publication Theme
July Beauty and Idul Fitri festivities
August Food issue
September Fall/Winter season
October Asia
November Education issue December End-year season
HighEnd Teen e-magazine used English language to deliver articles, news, and many other interesting topics. The average page of each e-magazine was around
148 pages. The content consisted of around 4-5 main topics of the articles. At the
beginning, there was ‘Cover Story’ which mostly talked about a certain person who
was on the cover of the magazine. Moreover, the e-magazine also provided ‘HET
Special’. This section presented the main interesting articles with certain topics which
were specially prepared for the readers.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In this qualitative research, there were three instruments which were used to
gather the data. The first instrument was human instrument and it was the primary
instrument in this research. According to Creswell (2007), one of the characteristics
21
The researcher collected the data through examining documents. Another instrument
might be used, but the researcher was the one who actually gathered the information.
The second instrument of this research was the documents. The documents
were the e-magazines of HighEnd Teen January – December 2016. After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the English words which were used in the
magazines. Any blends which occurred in the magazines were recorded and analyzed
based on their types.
To help the gathering of the data, the researcher also made the third
instrument, which was observation table. The researcher made twelve observation
tables for twelve e-magazines. After the researcher read each of the magazines and
marked the blends, the researcher recorded the words into the observation tables. The
researcher also used online dictionaries and journals to help classifying the data. The
following is the observation table which was used by the researcher. It was used for
each e-magazine.
Table 3.2 Blends Observation Form
22
E. Data Analysis Technique
After all of the data had been recorded the researcher analyzed the data. All
the data were analyzed to answer the three research questions. To answer the first
research question, the researcher analyzed the data by finding the base words of each
blend by using online dictionary and related journals of similar research. Since there
was a possibility that one blend could happen in more than one month, the researcher
also counted the frequency of each. Table 3.3 is used to show the base words of each
blend.
Table 3.3 The Base Words of English Blends
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2
In analyzing the types of blending, the researcher used the theory from Algeo
(1977). Algeo proposed three different types of blends. To answer the second and the
third research questions, the researcher used the theory from Miles, Huberman &
Saldana (2014) about three concurrent flows of activity: data condensation/reduction,
23
1. Data Condensation or Reduction
The first stage was data reduction. In this process, the researcher sorted and
organized the data. Coding was then used in sorting the data. Table 3.4 is used to
present the code lists.
Table 3.4 Code Lists
Types Code
Blends with phonemic overlap BLDa Blends with clipping BLDb Blends with phonemic overlap and clipping BLDc
2. Data Display
According to Miles and Huberman (1994), designing a display, such as
deciding which data, in which form, should be entered in the cells, is also a part of
analytic activities. The displays include many types of matrices, graphs, charts, and
networks. In this stage, displaying the data made the information accessible, so that
the researcher could analyze and draw justified conclusion. The gathered data were
organized in table 3.5.
3.5 The Types of the Blends
No English Blends Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Type of Blend
3. Conclusion Drawing
From the data display, the conclusions were drawn and verified as the last
24
HighEnd Teen e-magazines, the researcher obtained the information needed. The researcher could find out the types of English blends which were found in the
HighEnd Teen e-magazines. Furthermore, from the data which had been classified, the researcher could analyze the type of English blends which was most productive in
25
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the research. This chapter also provides
the discussion of the results which should represent its link to the objectives as
well as the theoretical framework as discussed in the previous chapters. This
chapter is divided into two sections; the first one is the presentation of the
research results and the second is the discussion.
A. Research Results
After observing the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions, the
researcher found the base words of the English blends, the types of the English
blends, and the most productive type of the English blends.
1. The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen
E-Magazine 2016 Editions
A blend consists of at least two base words. The researcher found the base
words by looking up at the dictionaries and other related sources. However, some
of the blends were new and they were not stated in the dictionary. The researcher
tried to analyze the blends and found the base words
There were four blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen
e-magazine January 2016 edition. They were advertorial, bit, teenspiration, and
Table 4.1 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (January 2016)
No Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Advertorial (p.17) 1 Advertisement Editorial
2. 64 Bit (p.19) 2 Binary Digit
3. Teenspiration(p.26) 3 Teenager Inspiration 4. Hermesistible(p.40) 1 Hermes Irresistible 5. ...,such as beauty how-media only on iPad and iPhone. (p.111)
The word teenspiration and brunchalso occurred in February 2016 edition.
There were three blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 edition. They were
teenspiration, clasp, and brunch. Table 4.2 shows the base words and the
frequency of the blends occurred in the e-magazine. The word teenspiration was
Table 4.2 The Base Words of the English Blends in theHighEnd Teen E-Magazine (February 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Teenspiration(p. 26) 3 Teenager Inspiration 2. ..., this handsome
timepiece features a bracelet strap with
teenspiration, internet, mockumentary, and netizen. The base words and the
frequency of each blend are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (March 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Bloominglealso caters
3. Teenspiration(p. 26) 2 Teenager Inspiration 4. The repetitive chorus
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 5. In 2010 Casey also
directed a
mockumentary
entitled I’m Still Here.
(p. 123)
In the following month, there was only one English blend, which was the
word staycation, in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine April 2016 edition. The blend
occurred twice in the e-magazine. Table 4.4 shows the base word of the word
staycation.
Table 4.4 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (April 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Maybe a staycation is
the right thing for you. (p. 90)
2 Stay Vacation
There were seven blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen
e-magazine May 2016 edition. Those seven blends were advertorial, artpreneur,
cosplay, splurge, creativepreneurs, internet, and brunch.Table 4.5 shows the base
Table 4.5 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (May 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. ..., she has worked on
3. ..., Yosakui plus others as well as modern performances such as band and Cosplay. (p. 26)
1 Costume Play
4. Discover which of the tinseltown beauties are
6. .., Keira found herself at the receiving end of some internet trolling. (p.122)
In June 2016, there were four blends which were found. The blends were
advertorial, internet, altheisure,and docuseries. Each blend was composed of two
Table 4.6 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (June 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. To this day, she has greeting us with a big hello this year. (p. 46)
1 Athletic Leisure
4. In preparation of the biggest comeback of her life, Gabby is also announcing her new
words of the blends and the frequency of the blends occurred in the e-magazine.
Table 4.7 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (July 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. They will hold a special
night concert and so fans can indulge in the real internet singing sensation’s live performance. (p. 12)
1 International Network
In August 2016, there were six blends which were found
in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine, such as cosplay, vlogger, sensociety, stash,
splurge, and brunch.Table 4.8 shows the list of the base words of each blend and
the frequency.
Table 4.8 The Base Words of the English Blends in theHighEnd Teen E-Magazine (August 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Feel free to express
yourself with cosplay at this event. (p. 12)
Table 4.9 shows the base words of the English blends in the HighEnd Teen
e-magazine September 2016 edition. There were five blends which were found.
Those blends were cosplay, docuseries, advertorial, sitcom, vlog,and internet.
Table 4.9 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (September 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Feel free to express
yourself with cosplay at this event. (p. 12)
sitcom star turned bona fide pop sensation was
The English blends were mostly found in October 2016 edition. The theme
was about Asia. There were eight blends. Those were cosplay, daycation,
advertorial, athleisure, internet, vlogger, vlogs, and workaholics. Their base
Table 4.10 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (October 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. There will be also
3. Liu Wen has appeared in many advertorial from sporty, athleisure, polished, a little arts from the internet
Table 4.11 shows the base words of the English blends which were found
in November 2016 edition. There were five blends. They were advertorial,
rockabilly, staycation, edutainment, and workaholic.
Table 4.11 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (November 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. To this day, she has
In the last month of 2016 edition, there were six blends which were found.
They were Oxide, filmography, youniverse, Brangelina, creativepreneur, and
internet. Table 4.12 shows the list of the base words of the English blends in
December 2016 edition.
Table 4.12 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (December 2016)
No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. It is safe for acne-prone
2. The Types of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016
Editions
After finding the English blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine from
January to December 2016, in total, there were 32 different blends which were
found. Table 4.13 shows the types of the English blends which were found in the
e-magazines. According to Algeo (1977), the types of the English blends were
blends with overlapping (BLDa), blends with clipping (BLDb), and blends with
overlapping and clipping (BLDc).
Table 4.13 The Types of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions
26. Daycation Day Vacation BLDb
(Table continues)
No English Blends Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Type of Blend 27. Workaholics Work Alcoholic BLDb 28. Edutainment Education Entertainment BLDb 29. Oxide Oxygen Acid(e) BLDc 30. Filmography Film Bibliography BLDb 31. Youniverse You Universe BLDa 32. Brangelina Brad Pitt Angelina BLDc
3. The Most Frequent Type of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen
E-Magazine 2016 Editions
The following is the number of blends which belong to blends with
phonemic overlap, blends with clipping, as well as blends with clipping and
overlapping.
Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Type of the English Blends
No. Types of Blends Number of Cases Examples 1. Blends with phonemic
overlap
2 Bloomingle Youniverse 2. Blends with clipping 23 Advertorial
Sitcom Daycation Workaholic
(Table continues)
No Types of Blends Number of Cases Examples Edutainment
development of language, either the printed or electronic format. Since language
was dynamic, many new words were formed day by day. The researcher
conducted an investigation of one of word formation processes in the
e-magazines. A blend was a result of blending in word formation process. Gries
(2004) defined blending as the process that involved the coinage of a new lexeme
by fusing parts of at least two other source words of which either one was
shortened in fusion and/or where there were some forms of phonemic or
graphemic overlap of the source words. In the HighEnd Teen e-magazines, the
researcher found the examples of English blends. From twelve different months in
year 2016, the researcher found 32 different blends as they are shown in Table
1. The Meaning of the Base Words and the English Blends
in theHighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions
According to Danks (2003), “a blend occurs when two (or possibly more)
elements “blend” together, so that at the point(s) of fusion something is either lost
from at least one source element, or shared by both.” The research results proved
that a blend consisted of at least two different base words in which one of them
was shortened or there was an overlap at the point of fusion. The meaning of the
blend was often the combination of the base words.
The first blend was advertorial. According to the Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition, advertorial meant an advertisement that was
designed to look like an article in the newspaper or magazine in which it appeared
(Hornby, 2010). It was composed of the word advertisement, which meant a
notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, event,
or publicizing a job, and the word editorial, which meant a newspaper article
expressing the editor’s opinion on a topical issue.
The word bit meant a unit of information expressed as either a 0 or 1 in
binary digit. It was a blend of binaryand digit.In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary 8th Edition (2010), binary meant using only 0 and 1 as a system of
numbers and digit meant any of the numerals from 0 to 9, especially when
forming part of a number.
Vlog(s) was a blend of video and blog. According to the Oxford Online
Dictionary or https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ (2017), vlog was a personal
short videos. The meaning itself was the combination of the meaning of videoand
blog.
The origin of the word Instamatic came from instant and automatic. The
word instant meant happening or coming immediately and automatic gave
meaning working by itself with little or no direct human control. From those two
words, the word Instamatic became a brand name for a pocket-size, fixed-focus,
and snapshot camera.
Internet was used worldwide nowadays. This term was a blend of
international/interchanged and network. From those two base words, the word
internet meant a global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
Brunch was a quite popular blend among others. It was the blend of
breakfast and lunch. It was used to express a late morning meal eaten instead of
breakfast and lunch. Another blend was rockabilly. In the Oxford Online
Dictionaries or https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ (2017), this word meant a type
of popular music, originating in the south-eastern US in the 1950s, combining
elements of rock and roll and country music. Therefore, this word was the blend
of rock and roll and hillbilly. Hillbilly was the old-fashioned term for country
music.
Collins Online Dictionary or https://www.collinsdictionary.com/ (2017)
stated that splurge was the blend of splash and surge. Splurge meant to indulge
making a splash meant to attract a great deal of attention. Surge meant a sudden
powerful forward or upward movement
In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition (2010), mock
meant to laugh at somebody or something in an unkind way, especially by
copying what they say or do, while documentary could be a film or radio or
television program giving facts about something. Those two words were coined
and it made a new word mockumentary. This word meant a television program or
film which took the form of a serious documentary in order to satirize its subject
(Oxford Online Dictionary, 2017).
Netizen was a blend of internetand citizen.This term was frequently used
to call a user of the internet, especially a habitual or keen one. The next blend was
staycation from the word stay and vacation. The meaning of staycation was a
holiday spent in one’s home country rather than abroad, or one spent at home and
involving day trips to local attractions. Basically, the meaning of this word was
the meaning combination from the word stay and vacation. Staymeant remain in
the same place and vacationmeant a holiday.
Cosplay was a blend of costume and play. Costume was a set of clothes
worn by an actor or performer for a particular role. Play was an activity engaged
in for enjoyment and recreation. As the result, cosplay meant the practice of
dressing up as a character from a film, book, or video game, especially one from
the Japanese genres of manga or anime.
In the Oxford Online Dictionaries (2017), athleisure was casual,
This word was the blend of athleticand leisure. Athleticwas relating to athletes or
athletics and leisure related to free time or convenience. Docuseries was a blend
of documentary and series. Those two words were coined and made a new word
docuseries which meant television series that followed a particular person or
group of people and their involvement in real events and situations over a period
of time.
In addition, glamping was a blend of glamorous and camping. The
meaning of glamping was a form of camping involving accommodation and
facilities more luxurious than those associated with traditional camping. If vlog
was a blend of video and blog, vlogger was a blend of video and blogger. This
term was for someone who contributed in making a vlog.
The origin of the word clasp was not stated clearly in the dictionary.
However, in Dictionary.com or http://www.dictionary.com/, which was one of the
digital dictionaries, stated that claspwas a blend of clipand hasp. Claspmeant to
grasp something tightly or to hold someone tightly. Clip meant to grip tightly,
while hasp also meant to fasten. The meaning of the word stash was a place in
which something was stored secretly. It was a blend of stow, which meant to put
in a place or receptacle, as for storage or reserve, and cache meant a hiding place
or anything so hidden.
Sitcom was made from the initial parts of the two words situation and
comedy. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition (2010) described
different amusing situations. The word daycation was a blend of day and
vacation.This blend had the meaning a day trip or one-day vacation.
Workaholicwas a blend of work and alcoholic. This word meant a person
who compulsively worked excessively hard and long hours.
Meanwhile, edutainment was a blend of education and entertainment. It meant
computer games, television programs, or other material intended to be both
educational and enjoyable.
The word oxide was a blend of oxygene (oxygen) and acide (acid). In the
Oxford Online Dictionary (2017), the meaning of oxidewas a binary compound of
oxygen with another element or group. Filmography was a collection of writings
about motion pictures, especially detailed essays dealing with specific time. It was
a blend of filmand bibliography.The word film related with motion pictures and
bibliography related with a complete or selective list of works compiled upon
some common principle, as authorship, subject, place of publication, time, etc.
In the HighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions, the researcher found some
new English blends. The meaning of the blend was not clearly stated in the
dictionary, but the meaning of the base words could be obtained from the
dictionary.
Teenspiration was a blend of teen and inspiration. It was a kind of new
English words which it was still not available in the dictionary. However, in the
Oxford Online Dictionary (2017), the word teen related to teenagers while
inspirationmeant a sudden brilliant or timely idea. The next new blend in English
hermersistible was a new blend of Hermes and irresistible. The meaning of this
word was stated in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine January edition (p. 40). This
new blend described the irresistible side of Hermes. Irresistible meant too
attractive and tempting to be resisted. Bloomingle was also not stated in the
dictionary. It was a blend of bloomand mingle.
The term artpreneur was not stated in the dictionary. However, this term
was possibly the blend of art and entrepreneur. In the Oxford Online Dictionary
(2017), art related to creative activity resulting in the production of paintings,
drawings, or sculpture. An entrepreneur was a person who set up a business or
businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit. This blend was similar
with the blend creativepreneur. It consisted of two different words, which were
creative and entrepreneur. Creative was relating to good imagination or original
ideas. Entrepreneur meant a person who organized and operated a business or
businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so. When
those two meanings were combined, the word creativepreneur meant a person
who had good imagination and original ideas in developing a business or business
and would give the best to achieve the high standard.
Sensociety was a new term for the communities under the brand
Sensodyne. This term was the blend of Sensodyne and society. Sensodyne is a
brand of toothpaste. Even though the word Sensodyne could not be found in the
dictionary, but the word societymeant an organization or club which was formed
for a particular purpose or activity. Another new blend was youniverse. It was
in the dictionary universe meant all existing matter and space considered as a
whole. In the HighEnd Teen e-magazine December edition on page 66,
“Youniverse - Wardah’s Trend to Seek ..., together with Wardah they aspire to
inspire every woman to find their beauty and bring goodness and changes to the
environment and the universe.” From those words, it could be concluded that the
meaning of Youniverse was the women’s beauty and goodness that could change
the universe to be the better one. The last blend was Brangelina. It was the
combination of two names of Hollywood celebrities, Brad Pittand Angelina Jolie.
2. The Types and the Formation of the English Blends in the HighEnd
TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions
There were some researchers, such as Algeo (1977), Lehrer (2007), and
Fandrich (2008), who distinguished the types of blends differently. However, in
this research, the researcher analyzed the types of English blends into three types
of blends according to Algeo (1977). Algeo (1977) distinguished the process of
blending based on how the words were formed. According to Algeo (1977), there
were three types of blends, which were blends with phonemic overlap, blends
with clipping, and blends with clipping and overlapping. In this research, the
researcher found the examples of those three types of blends.
a. Blends with Phonemic Overlap
The first type of blends was blends with phonemic overlap. In this type of
blends, the base words of the blend were overlapping. According to Algeo (1977),
the overlapping could be happened at one phoneme or several. From the 32 blends
which were found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazines, there were 2 blends which
represented blends with phonemic overlap. One example was the word
bloomingle, from the word bloom and mingle. Those two base words shared the
same phoneme /m/ in the last part of the word bloomand the first part of the word
mingle.The word bloomingledescribed something which was bloom and ready to
mingle. Another example was the word youniverse. The word you was
pronounced /ju:/ and universe is pronounced /ˈjuːnɪvəːs/. Since they shared the
same phonemes /ju:/ in you and in the first part of the word universe, the
phonemes overlapped. In the magazine, the word youniverse related to the
exploration of women’s beauty which could change the universe.
b. Blends with Clipping
The second type of blends proposed by Algeo (1977) was blends with
clipping. Clipping was also one of word formation processes. According to
Crystal (2003), clippings were the reductions of longer forms, usually removing
the end of the word, sometimes the beginning, or both beginning and ending
together. After one or both of the base words was shortened, they were coined
together. Blends with clipping had no overlapping.
In the HighEnd Teen e-magazines, the researcher found 23 of 32 blends
which were included in this type of blends. These blends used various pattern of
clipping in the process of forming the blends, whether they used fore clipping or
middle clipping, whether there was only one base word which was shortened or
to Algeo (1977), there were a number of different patterns with this type of
blends. First was blends were created by using the first part of the first word and
the last part of the second word. Second was blends were created by using the
whole first word and the last part of the second word. Third was blends were
created by using the first part of the first word and the whole second word. Fourth
was blends were created by using the last parts of two words. Fifth was blends
were created by using the first parts of both the words.
a) The First Part of the First Word and the Last Part of the Second Word
Blends
In this type of blends, the first base word was clipped at the back and the
second base word was clipped at the beginning. The examples were advertorial,
bit, vlog, Instamatic, brunch, rockabilly, clasp, splurge, vlogger, stash, and
edutainment.
4.15 The First Part of the First Word and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends
