INVESTIGATION AS SEEN IN JOHN GRISHAM’S
NOVEL
"THE SU M M O N S ”
A Graduating Thesis
P erp u stakaan S T A IN S ala tig a
IlllIlIlIlHil
0 5 T D 3 0 0 6 4 9 8 .0 1
Submitted to the board of Examiner in Partial Fulfillment of The requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.l)
In the English and Education Department
113 01 026
E N G L ISH D E P A R T M E N T O F E D U C A T IO N FA C U L T Y ST A T E ISL A M IC S T U D IE S IN ST IT U T E (ST A IN )
DEPARTEM EN AGAMA
SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAM A ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion No. 03 Telp. 323433, 323706 Kode Pos 50721 Salatiga
DEKLARASI
Bisntillahirrahmanirrahim
Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab peneliti menyatakan bahwa
skripsi ini tidak berisi materi yang pernah ditulis oleh orang lain atau pernah
diterbitkan. Demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran-pikiran orang
lain, kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan bahan
rujukan.
Apabila dikemudian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran
orang lain diluar referensi yang peneliti cantumkan, maka peneliti sanggup
mempertanggungjawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini dihadapan sidang
munaqosah skripsi.
Salatiga, 20 Agustus 2005
Peneliti
Uswatun Hasanah
NIM: 113 01 026
(STAIN) SALATIGA
J l Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721
Salatiga, August 11th, 2005
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
C a s e : U s w a t u n H a s a n a h ’s T h e s is
Dear
The Head o f State Islamic
Studies Institute o f Salatiga.
A ssa la m u ’alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Uswatun hasanah’s thesis entitled
“A STUDY ON THE PROCEDURES OF INVESTIGATION AS SEEN IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL “TH E SU M M O N S” We have decided and we
would like to propose that if it can be accepted by educational faculty, I hope it
will be examined as soon as possible.
W assalam u’alaikum Wr. Wb.
C ou nselor
A ssista n t C ou nselor
Dra. Woro R etn a n in g sih , M.Pd
H anung T riyoko, SS. M.Hum
NIP. 150 262 6 4 6
NIP. 150 2 9 5 146
DEPARTMEN OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE
(STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
A STUDY ON THE PROCEDURES OF INVESTIGATION AS
SEEN IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL
“THE SUM M ONS”
USWATUN HASANAH NIM. 113 01 026
Has been brought to the board of examiners in August 30th, 2005/
Rajab 25th, 1426 H, and hereby considered to completely fulfill the
requirement of Sarjana degree in the English Department of
Educational Faculty.
A u g u st 30 th, 2 0 0 5 M
S alatig a,
---R ajab 25 th, 1426 H
Board of examiners
Dra. Woro R etn a n in g sih , M.Pd
H anung T riyoko,SS.M .H um
(Person w h o respects the w a y (fo d c rea te d them w id g e t
honor fro m others.
P a tien t is the 6est w a y to emSody the success.
V se y o u r dim e before wiseCy or eCse yo u may regret it
D E D I C A T I O N
•
My God Aimigthy.
•
My beloved father ( H. Sonwasi Ridwan, BA), my beloved mother
( Hj. Thohiroh), who always pray, support, motivate, give valuable
advice, give their love, their devotion, and their affection for me.
I always love you tor good.
•
My beloved old brother and sister ( Mas Mimi and Mbak Ul), and
my beloved young sister (Aini), who always support and give
encouragement.
•
My best Friends ( Mbak Amin, Aniez, Mardiyah, Oesna, Dewix,
Firoh, Ai' and Wahid), thank for your motivation, this thesis
cannot be completely finished without you ali.
The writer thanks to god, Allah SWT, the almighty and the mercy that gives
her a grace in finishing this thesis. So many wonderful people whom always help
and support her so much to compose this thesis possible. Words alone cannot
express her appreciation. She truly grateful for their encouragement and kindness.
She would like to thank them all:
1. Drs. Badwan, M.Ag. As a chairman o f State Islamic Studies Institute of
Salatiga (STAIN).
2. Drs. Sa’adi, M.Ag. As a chief o f English Department who always guides
and encourages in my study.
3. Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd. As my consultant, her advocacy makes me
enjoy in finishing this graduating thesis.
4. Mr. Hanung Triyoko, SS. M.Hum. As my assistance consultant, who spent
the time to correct my thesis patiently and gave me advice and guidance.
5. Mr. Hammam, S.Pd, Mr. Ruwandi, S.Pd and All the lecturers o f the State
Islamic Studies Institute, especially of English Department For their
lecturing which are very useful for composing this thesis.
6. My beloved Father and mother, and my old brother and sister, and my
young sister, and all o f my family who gave her prayer, motivation,
devotion, love, and miss.
7. I would like to express a special thank to my best friends and Underground
group: Mbak Amin, Mar, Aniez, Oesna, Wahid, Dewix, and Yudhi, special
to Ai’ and Firoh, who always helped me as well as support to finish this
thesis, and God bless you.
8. All of friends at English Department TBI ’01, thank’s for happiness, joy,
laugh, and nice friendship experienced together.
9. Special thank also goes to Mr. Samsul and his family, who helped me in
checking grammar in this thesis.
10. Special thanks also goes to Mbak Uddah and her family, Mbak Asih, Mbak
Nur Hidayati and Wiwik who lent me some books o f literature as my thesis
references.
11. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one toward their help and support to
the writer in analyzing this study.
1 love you all my friends, thank’s for staying and accompanying me for
four years in STAIN. I will never forget you all.
Finally, the writer is aware this thesis is so simple that there may be
mistakes on it. Therefore, she would like to ask for readers to critic or to give
suggestions to her in order that this thesis becomes improved.
God blessed them for all their kindness.
>
Salatiga, August 11th , 2005 Writer
Uswatun Hasanah *
i
TITLE... i
DECLARATION... ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR... iii
PAGE OF CERTIFICATION... iv
M OTTO... v
D ED IC A TIO N ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vii
TABLE OF CO NTEN TS... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background o f the S tu d y ... 1
B. Statement o f the Problem ... 3
C. Purpose o f the Study... 3
D. Significance and Benefit o f the Study... 4
E. Scope o f the S tu d y ... 5
F. Literature R eview ... 5
G. Method o f Investigation... 6
H. Paper O rganization... 9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Literature... ;... 11
B. The Kind o f Literature... 12
C . T h e C o n trib u tio n o f L iterature 13
D. The N o v e l... 14
E. The Kind o f N o v e l... 15
F. The Elements o f N ovel... 17
1. P lo t... 17
2. Character and Characterization... 19
3. Setting... 20
4. Point o f V iew ... 21
5. Subject M atter... 21
CHAPTER III THE ANALYSIS OF “THE SUM M ONS" A. A Summary o f The Novel... 23
B. The Internal Analysis o f The N ovel... 32
1 . P lo t... 33
2. Character and Characterization... 25
a. Major Character... 35
b. Minor C haracter... 37
3. Setting... 43
4. Point o f V iew ... 45
5. Subject M atter... 45
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Prosedures o f Investigation in the Police Department... 46
B. Prosedures o f Investigation in The N ovel... 49
Investigation in Police Department and The
Procedures o f Investigation in the N ovel... 52
D. Moral Value o f the N ovel... 53
E. Criticism ... 54
CHAPTER V CLOSURE
A. Conclusion... 55
B. Suggestion... 57
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
APPENDIXES
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
In life, people need an entertainment, since it is one way to omit their
depression. People can get entertainment from magazine, newspaper,
television, and literary work. Literary works are read by so many people
since they entertain and give information to the people, such as enriching
experience. By reading literary work, people can be more introspective and
know themselves. Literary works involve several genres like drama, short
story, poetry and novel. When reading literary work, people find enjoyment
and satisfaction, especially improving curiosity and enriching knowledge
in literature. The fun and enjoyment from studying literary works can be
gained through the students understand the literary works comprehensively.
But some students regard that appreciating and comprehending
literature, especially novels are boring, uninteresting, difficult, it’s only
wastes their times and it is only the author’s imagination. This is happened
because when the students take literature class, they do not like the course
because it is difficult to understand, so they get bored and see literature
course as uninteresting and unpleasant subject. On the other thing is that it
By introducing some important short stories and novels with foreign
culture and background, the students can enrich their knowledge from
western culture, and they are able to study foreign culture with thei-
foreign language. The fun and enjoyment of courses can be gained if the
students understand the short stories o f the novel assigned.
Novel is any long work of prose fictions which claims to be
considered as a work o f art. The first conventions in novel is language.1 The
language o f the novel is clear, and to classify this, the author may use a
passage to describe a character, which is stated in his ideas, dialogues,
actions, thoughts and appearances as well. He may create powerful emotion
impact in the reader’s mind. Through the power o f the written word, it can
make the readers feel, hear and see like in reality. Sometimes it can bring
the readers’ into tightly stretched conditions, sadness, loneliness, happiness,
disappointed, and angry. It means that emotion o f the readers arouse, so the
author’s expressions had been succeed in representing the story. So it
becomes a complete material which is interested to study.
The writer is interested in the novel as her literary work because she
wants to make the readers realize that there are many problems in life and
there are always good ways to overcome it. The writer in this thesis
emphasizes on how the main character follows certain procedures of
investigation to solve his problem as seen in this novel. She beliefs that the
readers will not get difficulties to comprehend this novel because everyone
3
ever has experience in their life as seen in this novel, so experience gotten
from it is not difficult for the readers. The readers only need to know how
to understand the story and how the story will be useful for them by
reading it.
In this thesis, the writer wants to study a novel entitled The Summons
by John Grisham. She chooses it because John Grisham is a famous author
who has produced some novels and the content o f the story The Summons,
mostly tell about the main character’s procedures of investigation. Based on
the reason above, the writer tries to analyze the main character’s procedures
of investigation in disclosing mystery of the mysterious money as seen in
John Grisham’s novel The Summons.
B. Statement of the Problem
Based on the background above the writer formulates the problem as
follows:
1. What is the plot of the story?
2. What are the procedures o f investigation as seen in John Grisham’s
novel The Summons'?
C. Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is directly related to the problem o f the
study, that are as follows:
1. To find the plot of the story as it is applied by John Grisham in his
novel The Summons.
2. To find the procedures o f investigation as seen in John Grisham’s
novel The Summons.
3. To find how the procedures o f investigation influence the plot o f the
story.
D. Significance and Benefit of the Study
The study has significance especially to the students of English
department, that are as follows:
1. This study is hoped to the students at least they will think the existence
o f this novel, so that they will be interested to read novels and it will add
the student’s initiative in understanding the conflict in novel.
2. It can be used as media to increase their activities and as a description in
knowing the activity and problem o f human’s life in facing the odd
which are found in this novel.
3. This study is expected as reference o f the students in developing their art
of appreciating literary works which as certainly through an education
The benefit expected from this study are as follows :
1. Theoretical Benefit
Hopefully, the result o f this research will give some benefits to the
readers to understand how the procedures of investigation is applied by
policeman and private investigators to find clues to solve mysteries of
certain crimes.
2. Practical Benefit
The writer would give some contributions to the development of
literary study, particularly to help another researchers who want to
examine John Grisham’s work.
E. Scope of the Study
There are many topics that can be discussed in this novel, for example
criminal and mysteries, but in this study the scope o f the study is focussed
only on the main character’s procedures of investigation in disclosing the
mystery of mysterious money as seen in John Grisham’s novel The
Summons.
F. Literature Review
Because it is library research, the writer concerns to analyze the
procedures o f investigation in John Grisham’s novel The Summons, through
descriptive analysis. That involves John Grisham’s whole career in the
world o f literature, his predecessors, his character and all o f his novel plots.
Some popular books which are written by John Grisham are: A Time to
Kill, The Firm, The Pelican Brief, The Client, The Chamber, The
Rainmaker, A Painted House, The Gingerbread Man, The Brethren, and
Another study that dealing with John Grisham’s novel is done by
Anita Novianti (2004) in the tittles o f her thesis; “Curiosity About Adult Life House In John Grisham’s A Painted House : A Developmental Psychological Perspective”.2 She analyzes the desire o f adult people in their life seen from psychological perspective.
In this thesis, the writer wants to analyze the procedures of
investigation in John Grisham’s novel The Summons. The writer
investigates the procedures of investigation on John Grisham by comparing
it with the police department’s procedure o f investigation in overcoming
the crimes.
G. Method of Investigation
a. Type of Research
This type of research is qualitative research based on the library
research that relates to literature. Here, the writer reads articles or
references relating to the subjects discussed in this thesis. The articles
include articles of the law and crime, the articles o f the police
procedure of investigation. Particularly the books of the literature that
support research or analysis of novel.
b. Data sources
The writer takes data resources from :
1. John Grisham’s novel The Summons.
7
2. The library o f STAIN Salatiga about a book o f the theory of
literature, the acknowledge o f the literary work appreciation,
written by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren.
3. The writer reads the books o f linguistics to increase and add to
the theory o f literature used to analyze o f novel by using books
that written by William Kenney.
4. www.Google.com.” City of Sacramento Police Department
(Citizen Complaint Procedure)
c. Research Paradigm
Discovery is available to the defense despite its potential for
perjury and the intimidation or elimination of witnesses. According to
Paul B. Weston the standards for police department in procedures of
investigation as follows:3
In this research paradigm explains that the police investigators
must expect discovery and learn to cope with its problems. It should be
expected that the defendant’s statements and any police reports,
photographs, or sketches that record the criminal act the defendant is
charged with will subject to discovery. This is also true o f physic
evidence, reports of identification and o f laboratory technicians, lists of
witnesses, and witnesses’s statements.
And the standard o f the novel in procedures o f investigation are
based on the standards o f police department in procedure of
investigation are:
This paradigm based on the police department in the procedures of
investigation, but it is also related with the novel. The writer wants to
compare between the standards o f procedures of investigation in the
police department and the procedures o f investigation in the novel have
9
d. Data Analysis
The writer uses dynamic structuralism method to analyze the data.
It means the writer o f this thesis pays attention to three things as
follows:
1. The writer has to explain the literary work as a structure based on
some principle in comparing between the procedures o f investigation
in the police department and the procedures o f investigation in the
novel.
2. The writer has to explain the relationship between the author, reality
of literary work and the reader.
3. Data analysis is expected to answer the problems in this research.
H. Paper Organization
The writer will organize this paper in order to make easier to
understand. This research paper is divided into five chapter.
Chapter I is Introduction. This chapter deals with the background o f the
study, statement of the study, purpose o f the study, significance and benefit
of the study, scope of the study, literature review, method o f investigation
and paper organization.
Chapter II is review of related literature deals with the literature, the kind of
literature, the contributions o f literature, the novel, the kind o f the novel,
Chapter III is the analysis o f The Summons contains the novel in a brief
and it is element explored o f the novel.
Chapter IV is finding and discussion contains the police department
procedures of investigation, the procedures o f investigation in John
Grisham’s novel The Summons, comparing both o f them, moral values of
the novel and criticism of moral value.
Chapter V is closure. It deals with conclusion and suggestion.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The discussion o f this chapter chiefly concern with the literature, the
novel, and the elements of the novel.
A. Literature ,
Literature is a kind o f extension and application o f certain properties
of language. Teeuw says that literary work is “the word o f the world”.1 It
means that there is a relationship between literature and language o f the
basic o f the fact that the literary work is a work art. Good work o f
literature is able to give a feeling o f satisfaction and happiness to the
readers. The beautiful imaginary expression o f literary work makes the
work more vividly and more alive than real life, then unconsciously one is
immersed in it because of pleasure and delight.
Good work o f literature constitutes the interpretation o f life. A good
work o f literature is appreciated because of its succession leading the
readers to know the new aspect o f everyday life. In this respect, literature
has a close integrated relation the nature. The author tries to give values on
everyday life with new perspective and attitude forward one’s daily life.
1 Teeuw in Staf Pengajar UGM, IKIP Negeri, IKIP Muhammadiyah, Staf Peneliti Balai Penelitian Bahasa Yogyakarta. 1994. Teori Penelitian Sastra. Masyarakat Poetika Indonesia. IKIP Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta: Unpublished. P.73
Literature is that part o f preserved writings that is distinguished for
beauty o f form and expression.2 On the other hand, literature is one o f the
great creative and universal means o f communicating the emotional,
spiritual, or intellectual concerns o f mankind.3
B. The Kind o f Literature
Literature is simply a way that can give experience the world around
the readers through the writer’s imagination. It includes writer materials.
Literature can be divided into two different groups. In one group we can
place those writing that mainly present information. In other, we can place
those that entertain.4
Informative literature deals with fact explanation, real people lives,
history, the main purpose o f this literature is to offer knowledge to the
readers. The imaginative literature aims to arouse thought and feeling.
The informative literature such as science and history consist o f fact.
It means that all the author’s writing is actually happen, it can be happened a
long time ago or in the present time. It is exact and can be changed if there
is the new and reasonable one. But the imaginative literature, the author
gives a truth, some people agrees on as being so, in his literary work. It is no
exact, it means that not all o f the people agree with the author’s opinion.
2 The Americana People Enyclopedia. 1963. New York: Grolier Incorporated.
13
C. The Contribution of Literature
According to Zumrotun Mahmudah in her thesis, Literature has some
contributions to the reader’s life, they are as follows:5
1. The great work literature gives the readers o f the truth o f life. From
literature the reader can obtain the deep knowledge and understanding
about human being, the world on the life.
2. Literary work gives the readers the feeling o f amusement and satisfaction.
3. The great o f literary work is immortal. It is different from other kinds of
writing, newspaper and magazines that will be out dated when they are
read a week after, because they just give a daily happening. A great work
o f literature that was written in long time ago, such as Mahabarata, is still
worth reading today because it contains messages that are o f real truth.
4. The literary work is not restricted in certain nationally even though a
work literature is written on the basis of certain situation end o f certain
period o f time, it still shows the general truth so that the people from
different nationally can appreciate it. It shows that the literature helps the
readers in understanding people of another culture.
5. Literature constitutes a work of art. Art in general and literature in
specific constitutes a masterpiece o f culture created and needed by human
being. The physical needs can be completed through science, technology,
and economic while spiritual needs are fulfilled through religion and art.
6. Reading a literary work can also help the readers be cultured being who
and novel. In this study, the writer wants to make and analysis a novel that
is The Summons which is written by John Grisham.
The novel is written, not oral fictional prose narratives of substantial
length and complexity.6 Novel is a picture of real life and manners, and of
the time in which it is written.7
A short novel called is novella or novellet.8 It does no matter if one
discussed the novellete and the novel under the some heading, because the
principles applied to the novel will work also for the novella.
The novel is a work o f literature than consist o f 80.000 to 150.000
words. As the novel is longer than is short story, it can accommodate further
development of character and can have more incidents, scene, or episodes,
more setting and can take place in longer span or time. There are the
characteristic which distinguish novel from short story, not merely their
length.
0 Encyclopedia Americana. International Edition. 1972. New York: Grolier Incorporated. 7 Rene Wellek and Austin Warren. \956.Theory of Literature. 3rd Edition. New York: A Harvest Book. Harcourt, Brace & World. Inc. P. 216
15
In some respect a novel is like short story, expect that is longer, both
are prose fiction, both deals with truth, both deal with problem and conflict.
Both aims are to entertain and inform them. Plot, character, setting, theme,
and situation are elements o f both the novel and short story. The basic
different between a novel and short story is length and complexity. A novel
is a long story written in prose, but because it is long, it differs from short
story in other ways too.
E. The Kind of Novel
Mochtar Lubis says that there are six kinds o f novels.9 They are:
1. Adventure Novel
Adventure novel tells about an existing or dangerous journey and talks
about experience and full with many events. The most dominant role is a
man, because the content o f this story involves man’s problem. If the
woman is mentioned in this novel, may be just a little o f it.
2. Detective Novel
Detective novel is story full o f mysteries and secrets. This novel tells
about the crime and the criminals that relevant with people. The Author
always t-ies to create the good technique by reading suspense, questions
to hinder the follow up o f the story, in order that the readers are more
interested in the story o f the novel.
3. Sociological Novel
Sociological novel emphasizes the influence o f social and economic
condition on characters and events.
l
4. Political Novel
The problems are not reflecting from people’s point o f view in the
society, the reaction of each group to the problem that arise and the
characters just used as proponent o f the plot.
5. Psychological Novel
This novel emphasizes the description of the psychological
development of characters. In psychological novel which becomes
author’s attention are the psychological changes o f characters.
6. Collective Novel
It is collection several o f novel, here, collective novel focused on the
anthropology and sociology. It is emphasizes on society as totality.
Since the writer analyzes about detective novel, she will more
emphasize about it. Detective novel is complicated novel, because the
author must explain more detail the content of the novel, like in this novel,
the author writes the procedures of investigation like in procedures of
investigation in the police department, and uses various images to reveal his
Usually character in detective novel is fla t character, which the
character is not charged and tend to static. The author uses omniscient point
o f view, because he as a narrator who knows everything and the plot in
detective novel is usually linear plot, which the author tends to think
progressive to reveal the mystery.
F. The Elements of Novel
As a structure of its own, novel also consists of so many elements..
The Elements supporting the novel are in the following :
1. Plot
Plot is the logical interaction of the various thematic elements of a
text which lead to a change o f the original situation as presented at the
outset of the narrative.10 According to James L Potter plot is organized
sequence o f events and actions that will tell what is happening in the
story. It means that what happen in narrative, but more complete. It’s
function is more or less like a map used in journey.11
The organization of the plot usually begins with the moving o f the
story from beginning through a series o f events to a climax or turning
point and then a logical end. The inciting force will lead the readers up
to a climax and then falls off to reveal what happens in the end. In a
closed plot the author resolves or concludes the story for the readers but
10 Mario Klarer. 1999. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York: Routledgc. P.12
" James L. Potter. 1967. Elements of Literature. United State: The Odysses Press, Inc. P.25
in poem s plot, the story frequently ends at the climax and the readers
must think the resolution or outcome o f the story by themselves. The
plot o f a good story must have beginning, middle, and ending. It
usually showed by the pattern below according to Loban in
• • 19
Aminuddin:
4. Climax
In the exposition, the author introduces the story’s characters,
setting and situation to the readers. The narrative hook is the point at
which the author catches our attention. It is the beginning o f the rising
action o f plot. The readers become aware o f the character’s problems.
The rising action adds complications to the problems and increase our
interest in the story.
The rising action leads up to the climax. The climax is the point o f
our highest interest and greatest emotional involvement in the story. It
is the point in the story when the readers know for the certain how the
problems are going to be resolved. The fa llin g action reveals the
outcome o f the climax, and resolution brings the story to satisfying and
logical conclusion. 12 13
12 William Kenney, op. cit. 11
19
2. Character and Characterization
Characters are the person presented in the dramatic or narrative
work, and the process by which an author creates a character is called
Characterization.'4 Character in fiction can be distinguished into
“round character” and “ flat character”. Round character is character
which is complex in temperament and motivation and it is represented
with subtle particularity and capable of surprising the reader. Flat
character usually a minor one in a novel is constricted around a single
idea or quality. His personality can often be expressed in a single
sentence.
Different from round character, the flat character is seldom
represented by the author and the characteristic o f this character is
stated in one sentence.
Characters are people in narratives and characterization is the
author’s presentation of character. Klarer states that, character must be
appear to be acting in their action must result from special reason
which must be revealed or, at least implied in the story.14 15 Thus, the
feature o f the characters are dearly stated and the readers immediately
can estimate the character’s characterization about they do and say
from their environment and from what comments upon the characters
explaining their motives, appearance and thought.
14 Mary Rohrburger, Samuel H Woods, and Bernard Dukare. 1968. An Introduction To Literature. N ew York: Random House. P.23
3. Setting
Setting is used to enrich the meaning o f the story. It also refers to
the time and place, where and when the action occurs, it also refers to
the condition or environment.'6 The setting often creates an atmosphere
or mood that colors the entire story, an atmosphere may be exotic or
honey, colorful or black, forbidding or comforting, intimate or grand
placid or exciting and so on.
In many stories the setting simply provides a background for the
plot and characters. However, in some stories the choice o f setting can
actually influence the plot and characters. For instance, a story takes
place in New York is likely to be about event and people quite different
from those we meet in story set an ancient battle field. In other hand
many story include more than one setting. A change o f setting usually
signals an important development in the story, and often helps to bring
about other changes. Such as the action and characters.
A character perception o f the setting can also change as the
characters acquire more information about it. A place that seems
friendly, for instance, can turn out to be dangerous or place that had
seemed alien can turn out to be or to be familiar. 16
21
4. Point of View
Point o f view is the relationship between the narrator, or storyteller,
and the story or angle o f narration who is supposed to be telling the
story.17 James divides into three parts:
1. The first person, the narrator uses “I” and the other first person
pronoun. The important thing about first person narrator is that he
or she cannot directly know what is going on in anyone.
2. The third persons, the narrator focuses on a particular character and
tells about events as they relate this character. The narrator will
report the actions and word o f all character but will reveal the
thought and feeling o f only the focal character.
3. In the omniscient, the narrator knows about everything that is
happening and knows what all character’s think and feel.
5. Subject Matter
Subject matter o f the novel is the novel that over all impact to the
reader. We know a novel not only understanding its idea, but also
becoming acquainted with its speaker, hearing its sound, responding to
this images sensing its emotion, and appreciating this. Understanding
how the various part o f the novel work does not reduce the novel, to a
group o f ideas, and our images. Subject matter in a novel can form as
phrase. It is the conclusion o f the reader. * 18
" James L. Potter. Op.CiS.
In conclusion, subject matter is general topic deals with story.
Subject matter is stated only few words, for example: suffering, love,
war, adventure, and sacrifying. But in this novel The Summons which is
written by John Grisham, the subject matters are mysteries and
CHAPTER III
THE ANALYSIS OF “TH E SU M M O N S”
In this chapter, the writer will discuss about the summary o f the novel
and the internal analysis o f the novel.
A. A Summary of the Novel
The story tells about the main character’s procedures o f investigation
to disclose the mystery o f mysterious money which was found by Ray
Atlee. By finding it, Ray must travel from town to town and meet much
foreign people.
Ray Atlee was lav/ professor in University o f Virginia. Fourth-three
years old, newly single, and still enduring the aftershock o f a surprise
divorce. His father, Reuben V. Atlee, old man, a sick, and lonely in Maple
Run, his house in Clanton Mississippi. He was called as Judge Atlee.
Forrest, Ray’s young brother, who redefined the notion o f a family’s black
sheep.
The Summons arrived four days before. A summons for Ray and his
young brother, Forrest. It contained that Ray and Forrest were expected to
attend in Judge Atlee’s office, on Sunday, May 7, at 05.00 A.M. to discuss
the administration o f Judge Atlee’s estate. Ray read once more the summons
and decided to attend the meeting. Ray left Charlottesville on Saturday after
finished his business.
It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7, 2000. Time for
the family meeting. Ray came to his father’s office and saw The Judge was
sleeping on the chair. He waited for the moment, after so long, he back to
The Judge’s office. But his father did not wake, Ray got close, found the
morphine pack and checked the Judge. Obviously, Judge Atlee was dead,
Ray was shocked and confused, what he was doing. But Ray would wait his
young brother to take care The Judge. Then, Ray checked the round of
office and found The Last Will o f his father. When he opened the cupboard,
Ray saw very much Blake and Son boxes. It contained with cash-one-
hundred-dollar bills. Twenty-seven boxes in total, it was about three billion
dollars cash money. Ray was surprised with it.
Ray moved the money to the broom closet, after it, he moved the
money to his car. It was almost 6 P.M. The shock o f a dead father was
enough for one day. The shock o f the money had left him shaking. Suddenly
Forrest arrived, Ray told to his young brother that his father was dead when
he came. Forrest was surprised. Ray told that he found the last will of The
Judge, stated Ray as his ecsecutor for his asset. The funeral of The Judge
was regulated by Harry Rex, began from the last respectation until
graveyard. This funeral was the great funeral in Clanton. After it, Ray said
to Harry Rex, the last will o f The Judge was Ray as his ecsecutor, Harry
Rex as his lawyer.
Forrest wanted to leave Clanton as soon as possible, and back to
25
two weeks later to discuss the last will o f The Judge. On the middle of his
trip, Ray accounted the money, and moved it in to rubbish plastic pocket.
Ray asked to himself, where The Judge got the money, because he was only
a judge. To prove whether the money was real or not, marked or not. Ray
used the money in a club in Clanton, Santa Fe Club. The dealer stated the
money was real, and he visited to Tunica Casino, and it also was stated the
money was real. But if the money was marked, Ray was left the trace. Now
Ray was sured that the money was real. Ray promised to reveal the mystery
of the money.
After arrived in Charlottesville, Ray carried the money to his
apartment and hidden it in a Chaney’s S e lf Storage bay. Ray rented 14B,
37F, and 18R, Ray would not check it everyday. After a week from his
travel, Ray went back to university and began his daily activities, teaching,
jogging, running, and flying if the weather was bright.
The threat arrived with the other letters. The threat stated that Ray
had to transfer the money to IRS (International Revenue Service). Ray was
shocked and surprised. To forget the threat, Ray died with little Cessna. He
wanted to rent or buy the Bonanza. Ray thought where’s the money come
from, Ray called up Harry Rex to ask the other activity o f The judge
excepted to be a judge. Judge Atlee sometimes gambled twice a week.
Eventually Ray got one trace. To prove the truth, he went to Atlantic City
which had very much casinos. After from Santa Fe and Tunica Club, Ray
what the money was assigned for. In every casino Ray would be left the
trace. His only goal that day was to drop the money in the casino along the
boardwalk and make certain it was not counterfeit, not marked, not traceable
in any way. The first casino was Rio. After Rio he went to Princces, and the
other goal was Forum. From Forum Ray went to Canyon Casino the newest
casino in boardwalk. In the casinos the money was stated real.
A week passed, a week without FBI or Treasury agents looked for
him. He sured that the money was for real and no marked. Ray traveled to
Washington. His goal was The Treasury D epartm ent on Pennsylvania
Avenue, to know whether the money was marked. Ray was welcomed by
Mr. Oliver Talbert, In his office BEP, Bereau o f Engraving and Printing.
After apprehending the explanation, Ray continued to Atlantic City.
During this time, Ray felt that he was followed by someone, Ray
rented private investigator, Correy Crowford to save him self and the money,
because Ray would go to Atlantic City. His goal was Canyon Casino. In
Canyon Casino Ray was greeted by Mr. Picolo and Mr. Barker to trace the
money. There, Ray got the information which he needed. Ray’s goal was to
look for the truth o f where the money came from.
After going home from Washington, Ray went to Memphis City to
visit Forrest, in Elbe’s house. But he was not there. From Memphis Ray
moved to Clanton to attend the case o f The Judge’s asset. When arrived in
Clanton, Forrest had in Maple Run, in clean, bath, and health. He sought
27
Alcorn Village, they were welcomed by Oscar Meave. He said to Ray in
order to be calm, he would take care him.
Ray went back to Clanton and met Harry Rex. Ray told that he found
the money in The Judge’s office, but Ray did not tell the whole sum o f the
money. Harry Rex did not say anything. Ray asked to Harry Rex what The
Judge ever had the great case, or he ever accepted overhead from the
lawyers. Harry Rex said The Judge never did it. So Ray was certained that
the money did not come from the overhead or gambling, and the money
collected since 1991, when he lost in elective. But Ray was not sured if the
money was from his salary when he was a specific chancellor in the last
nine years, and Ray guessed that the money came from other source.
Ray’s phone rang, it was from Charlottesville alarm firm gave
information that his apartment was entered by stranger. Ray called up
Correy Crowford to check the Chaney’s Self Storage. Ray thought, the
people began to move. Ray was worried about the money and decided to go
to Charlottesville. In the middle o f his trip, he checked the case files from
The Judge’s office since The Judge was appointed as a specific chancellor.
The note from year to year was so clear, but there was something odd, why
The Judge on January, ’99 often went to coast o f Mississippi, but Ray
didn’t find one file o f case in the coast o f Mississippi. There was file o f the
case on January, ’99 lost.
Ray arrived in Charlottesville, checked his apartment and nothing lost.
from his father’s asset, duty for Ray to report the whole o f asset to account
the tax, and if to hide the asset was considered as violation o f the laws and
possible federal laws as well, Martin Gage, Criminal Investigator. Ray
thought how could IRS know about the money, whereas limitation o f asset
case was one-year. There was something odd. He called up Martin Gage,
obvious the letter was not from him. Ray sured the people more moved Fast.
Ray called up Forrest in Alcorn Village, he looked like clean and
enjoyful with his rehab. Ray called up Harry Rex to know the case o f Judge
Atlee when in coast o f Mississippi, Harry Rex said The Judge hate with the
coast, according him they were all a bunch o f redneck mafia types. Ray
guessed there was anything odd.
Ray tried to be normal, but the threat damaged it, inside was a color
digital photo o f the front o f 14B at Chaney’s, no words, no warning, and no
threat, but it made Ray couldn’t think, breath, feel, and hear. He immediate
went to Chaney’s, moved the money to his car and carried it to Clanton.
Two days later, Ray arrived on the G ulf Coast Mississippi to look for
the trace o f the money and The Judge’s case file when in coast o f
Mississippi. There were counties in long o f coast, one o f them was Hancock
County. In Hancock County, Ray went to Chancery Clerk, to see The
Judge’s case file on January, ’99. Ray found listed simply case as Gibson v.
M iyer-Brack. Clete Gibson died in ’97 at the age o f sixty-one. Caused o f
death, kidney failure. The kidney failure was caused by a drug was called
29
When Gibson’s kidneys completely stopped, he somehow came to
know Mr. Patton French, from the law firm French and French. For some
reason, French decided to file a wrongful death suit in Chancery Court. The
opinion was a scathing indictment o f corporate recklessness and greed, and
it was quite obvious that Judge Atlee had become deeply troubled by the
practice of Miyer-Brack. French demanded punitive damages, but
according to The Judge it was bad. In Chancery, the fees were within the
sole discretion o f The Judge. From the document, Ray admired his father.
From Chancery Clerk, Ray moved to Biloxi Public Library on
Lameuse Street. There, Ray looked for news file on January, ’99 about Ryax
and Patton French. Ray knew the people who suitable to answer about
Ryax, namely Patton French. Ray called up French’s office to meet him.
Both met in French’s Yacth, Lady o f Justice, when dinner. French recounted
along story about his case with The judge. Eventually French admitted that
the cash money was from him as gift to The Judge. Finally, Ray got the
truth that the money from Patton French. Ray stated that he was followed by
someone, and French guessed that it was Gordie priest group, French’s
server. Ray wanted to give back the money, in order not to be followed or
treated anymore, and French promised he would help him.
In the morning, Ray moved back to Clanton, in the middle of his trip,
his phone rang, it was from Fog Newton, he said the Ray’s Bonanza was
burned up and severe damage though. Ray looked a paper o f the photo of
fast. Ray was shocked and stopped his car in a caf6. He called up Alcorn
Village, Forrest in his room, health and clean.
Ray arrived in Maple Run, Ray accepted letter, on the inside, another
of the now familiar color photos o f Chaney’s Self Storage, this time the
front of unit 18R, and there was message:” You don ’t need an airplane, stop
spending the money". Ray thought these guys were very, very good. After a
prolonged moment o f shock, he realized something that should had been
immediately obvious. They would be known that the money wasn’t in
Chaney’s or his apartment. So they would hunt him harder. Suddenly Harry
Rex came and drank.
The attack began shortly after 2. A. M. at the darkest hour at the night.
It began with a brick through the window, the second brick there was a
threat, it read simply “ put the money back where you found it, then leave
the house immeaialely". Ray was shocked and his hand bleeding, a small
nick from a piece a glass. Suddenly his phone rang, the caller asked Ray to
put the money back and leave the house now, before he got hurt. He picked
up the pistol, and run to his car. He rode to North o f Clanton, was called The
Bottoms, he pressed the accelerator of his TT and let it unwind. It was two-
thirty in the morning.
But in the Bottom, a Deputy Elmer Conway stopped him and brought
him to sherif s office, because he rode fast. Ray called up Harry Rex but
wasn’t at home, his wife said that he was in Judge Atlee’s house since the
suspect, because he rode at 2.A.M. without bringing something. But Harry
Rex promised to help him.
Ray recounted the chronologist. He was attacked, treated, followed
and bricked because he found the cash money about three-billions dollar,
but he secreted it from someone else. Ray afraid if they were in danger.
Ray went to Alcorn village, but Forrest was not there, he escaped
yesterday evening. Ray back to Virginia and underwent his life normally.
He got the letter from Patton French, stated that Gordie Priest had been
“located” along with both o f his brother after lunch o f Friday, it was time
when Ray left Patton’s place.
On a cloudy June morning Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rex Vonner left
Clanton to go to Distric o f Columbia. In the middle of his trip, Harry Rex
visited Ray in his apartment. He delivered message from Meave that Forrest
now in Montana, jn Morning Ranch Detox. Harry Rex also recounted that a
week before The Judge death , Forrest drove The Judge to Taft Clinic. Ray
unbelieved it. Ray thought, it meant that Forrest lied to him. He tried to
remember the happening, there was something odd. He decided to meet
Forrest.
Ray left Charlottesville with little Cessna. After one day round, he
found Morning Ranch. The procedure to visit them were left the name and
the phone number and there was a slight chance someone from within
would contact him. The next day, his phone rang, from Ranch, they said
Forrest wanted to meet him.
Alisson led him to a windowless room, finally Forrest entered. He
looked clean, health, and bright. Ray opened the conversation. Ray said to
Forrest that a week before The Judge death, he drove The Judge to Taft
C linic, he also helped The Judge when using the morphine, he was the first
people who found the money and made the Last Will o f The Judge Ray as
Ecsecutor. The whole happening was planned by Forrest. Something made
Ray unbelieved was Forrest and Gordie’s group conspirated to follow, to
threat, and to attack him. Forrest also got the money so he could be here
now. Forrest didn’t deny about it. The guard came and told the time was up.
The truth was openned and the people who knew this happening was
known.1
B. The Internal Analysis of The Novel
The process o f analyzing the elements o f a novel is carried out by
examining them one by one. It is only a way o f understanding and enjoying
literature more easily. There is no intention o f attempting to investigate it
merely on the basis o f its elements separately. That is why there is an
interdependence o f each element so that the novel can only be understood
and enjoyed in its entire aspects.
Based on the previous discussion, the writer would like to
analyze the novel by investigating the following aspects found in the novel,
namely plot, characters, setting, point o f view, and subject matter.
1 John Grisham. 2002. The Summons. N ew York: A D evision o f Random House, Inc. P.
33
1. Plot
The plot structure o f The Summons (TS) can be described as
follows:
a. Exposition
The story o f TS was started in May, 7 ‘00. when Ray got the
summons from his father, Judge Atlee, In order to come to his
work office in Maple Run, Clanton, Mississippi. When Ray came
his father was dead with morphine pack beside him. Ray was
surprised and shocked. He guessed that his father was over doses.
In his father’s office Ray found The Last Will and Testament
of his father, Reuben V. Atlee, dated May, 6 2000. He also found
Blake and Son boxes in a cupboard contained the cash money
about three-billion dollar. He thought about the source where his
father got the money, because he was just a specific chancellor
during last year. But when he started to investigate and to look for
the trace o f the money, came new conflict. Ray promised to
disclose the mystery o f the money.
b. Complication
The new conflict appeared when Ray found The Last Will of
The Judge, stated that Ray as his ecsecutor of his asset, Ray afraid
it would make Forrest envious. The other conflict was that Ray
the money and transfer it to IRS. The other conflict happened when
Ray’s Bonanza was burned up and he got the threat once more.
The biggest conflict was faced by Ray when he was in Maple
Run, he was attacked, threatened, and bricked in order to leave the
money or else, he would be killed. The problem was when the
Maple Run was burned up by unknown man.
c. Climax
The story’s climax was when Ray Atlee knew that Forrest
was put together this fraud. He knew the cash money was hidden of
his father’s office, a week before his father death, he drove him to
the Taft Clinic but never said anything about it. He also helped The
Judge when using the morphine and the first man who knew The
Judge’s death before Ray. He also conspirated with gordie ‘s group
to threat Ray. Forrest was the key person of all o f happening.
d. Resolution
The story’s resolution was when the background o f the
money was known, it from Patton French as a gift to The Judge.
Eventually, the money was used by Forrest to cost his detox and
gordie’s group was killed by Patton French.
e. Causality
The plot o f TS showed that there was causality between the
events that happened in the story. It meant that the appearing o f one
35
when Ray Atlee found the mysterious money in his father’s office,
he must be investigated and traveled from town to town to find the
background of the money and introduced with so many foreign
people.
2. Character and Characterization
Characters can be classified into major and minor character.
Major characters are the most important characters in the story. While
minor characters are those less important than the main are. These are
the descriptions o f the major and the minor characters,
a. Major Characters
1) Ray Atlee
Ray Atlee was law professor in University o f Virginia. He
was Forty-three years old. Newly single and still enduring the
aftershocks o f a surprised divorce. He always enjoyed his life,
everyday jogging and flying. His dream was to buy a Beech
Bonanza, a single-engine, two-hundreds-horse power, beauty
that Ray could handle in a month with a little training.
“ Let’s take it for a spin,” Ray said. “ The Bonanza?”
“ Sure. What’s the rent?”
“ It’s negotiable. I know the guy pretty well.”
“ Let’s get it for a day, fly up to Atlantic City, Then back” ° 2
As a free man, he also desired toward his girl student,
named Kaley, which two week after would not to be his student
and he would have chance to date with her.
He could see Kaley in a slinky black dress with no back at all, slits up past her thighs, very low v-neck,
drop-was a living, walking disaster, whose mind hard been deadened
by every legal and illegal substance known to America culture.
Forrest was a free man, he has former wives and the number of
girl friends, but he now settled with El lie. He always came
in-out detox center and reminded if his rehab was successful.
“ Fifty-two days, bro,” he’d whispered proudly to Ray as they huddled in the ICU corridor.4
Forrest was not interested with honest employment. Two
felonies, drug related, both before he turned twenty but
permanent blotchier none the less.
He’d been a bail bondsman process server, collection agent, security guard, investigator, and at one time or another had tried virtually every job at the lesser levels of the legal profession.5
3 Ibid 180
37
3) Harry Rex
Harry Rex was a lawyer in Clanton, Mississippi. Ray
father’s friend, fifty years old. He was tall with a large chest and
stomach, had a loud voice, but he had appreciated friendship guarantee payment. I also asked them not to give him painkillers and drugs. They have no idea who they’ve got there.”
“ I’m sorry you’re in the middle of this, Harry Rex.” 7
o f the Virginia bar, as was Ray. Carl was one who knew
“ Then I’ll ask you to dinner in fifteen days.”
“ No, let’s break the rule now, while I’m still a student. Let’s have dinner before I graduated.” 9
3) Ellie Crum
Ellie was a woman who had weight three-hundred-pound,
8 Ibid 152 9 Ibid 155
painter and potter. She was one o f Forrest’s girl friend and
Forrest settled in her house. Her age was twelve oldest than
39
“ Forrest is my friend, Ray.” I supposed I love him, at some level but he’s also an addict who seem determined to always be an addict after point, you get frustrated.10 “Hello, Ellie, this is Ray Atlee,” he said pleasantly.11
4) Claudia Gates
the great man. She always smoked, seventy-year old woman, but
still straight and slim. She was an aging tart, but still an active
volcano. Claudia was Judge Atlee’s close friend accepted Harry
Rex.
And the woman loved money, clothes, perfume, always a late-model car, and all these things from a poorly paid court reporter. If she was drawing a state pension, it couldn’t be m uch.13
5) Reverend Palmer
His complete name was Silas Palmer. He was reverend of
the first Presbyterian Church in Clanton Mississippi. An ageless
little Scot who’d baptized both Atlee Sons. He adored The Judge
and claimed him as a close friend. Reverend Palmer was
respected by people o f Clanton.
The reverend read some scripture and delivered words of comfort for the loss of a loved one, even an old one who had lived a full life.14 15
6) Fog Newton
Fog Newton was retired marine pilot who owned the
place had trained most of the private aviators in the area. He was
Ray’s teacher also his friend. Although he had load of verbal
buses but he was a good man. He always paid attention to his
students, he frightened when his student up in heavy weather.
He liked gambling aside from flying and poker.
41
7) Correy Crowford
Correy Crowford was the best private investigator in town,
Charlottesville. A black ex-cop who’d pulled time for a beating.
He was in his late thirties with a shaved head and handsome “ Thank you. Anybody else watching my lights.” “ Not Yet.”
an Armani model. He was a patient and familiar man.
Oscar Meave was one o f Forrest’s
;elor, administration, a psychologist cou
d Alcorn Village. Ex-addict who’d < nan
a go and received two Ph.D.’.S. yea
shirt, sneakers, a goatee, and two ea sw<
les and chipped tooth o f a rough prior wri
Ind friendly. He exuded the taught L.of
p been where Forrest was now. He wa wh
nsibility toward his client and job. res
Ray pulled out a sheet of paper and from Oscar Meave at Alcorn Villi Dear Mr. Vonner:I have been uns Atlee. I know the whereabouts of Fo the family does not call if you w Everything is confidential. Best wish
Patton French was a lawyer, a man in
pd face and waves of graying hair. He a r
h and French in Gulfport, Biloxi, and Fr<
now fourteen lawyers in the firm with wt
xpanding by the hour. He assumed th an
It. He was an arrogant man, a shameles bo
loney slaver. an
10 French Pa;
43
namely the setting of place or geographical location, this is where the
story in the novel occurs. The second is setting of time, it gives the
description about when the stories in the novel happen,
a. Setting of Time
The story o f TS was started in Sunday, May 7, 2000. at 5
P.M.
Please make arrangements to appear in my study on Sunday, May 7, at 5 P. M. to discuss the administration of my estate. Sincerely, Rueben V. Atlee.20
Next to the Underwood was one of The Judge’s official envelopes, and a cross the front he had typed, ’’Last Will and Testament of Rueben V. Atlee.” Under it was yesterday’s date, May 6, 2000. Ray took it and left the room.21
b. Setting o f Place
John Grisham in TS took place in some places in the story,
and this time, the writer introduced them a long with some
number o f page. These were the places in which most o f the
a. Treasury Department o f Pennsylvania Avenue, especially in BEP, Bureau o f Engraving and Printing. ( P; 181 )
5. Memphis Town
a. Elli’s House. ( P; 201 )
6. Gulf Coast Mississippi
a. Chanchery Clerk’s office in Hancock County. ( P; 263 ) b. Biloxi Public Library. (P; 271 )
c. French’s Personal Office. ( P; 281 )
d. French’s Yacht, named Lady o f Justice. ( P; 285 )
7. Montana
45
4. Point of View
Each author has different point o f view presenting his or her
work. Point o f view deals with how the author tells the story o f the
literary work. There are three kinds o f point o f view; The narrator as
the first persons, uses’T” in presenting the story. The author places
him or herself as the character in the story. The second, the third
persons, in here the author does not introduce or involve him or
herself as a character in the story. The last, the narrator is the
omniscient, the narrator knows about everything in the story.
In The Summons, John Grisham as the author presents the story
uses the omniscient’s point o f view. He just introduces the characters
in the novel.
5. Subject Matter
The subject matter o f TS is about mystery, criminal, and secret.
When people find something, he or she tends to close it from anyone
else, it shows that for everything, people will do anything such as to
kill, to threat, and to do criminal. But in this novel John Grisham says
that in life, people have secret and mysterious thing. So everything
must be talked and openned. Therefore, it will not make
