BAB 5
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
Bab 5 memuat simpulan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dan alur penelitian selanjutnya.
5.1. Kesimpulan
1. Ekstrak air bunga kecubung gunung (Brugmansia suaveolens) mempunyai efek antiasma.
2. Ekstrak air bunga kecubung gunung memiliki efek antiasma terbaik pada dosis 1,4 mg/20gBB yang memiliki efek yang setara dengan pembanding salbutamol 0,065 mg/20gBB.
5.2 Saran
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai :
1. Dilakukan fraksinasi alkaloid dan flavonoid
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abbas, A.K., Aster J.C. dan Kumar V. 2015. Buku Ajar Patologi Robbins. Edisi 9. Singapura: Elsevier Saunders. 462-479.
Anisa, Ita Nur dan Andreanus A. Soemardji. 2013. Uji Efek Bronkodilator Ekstrak Air Daun dan Bunga Kecubung Gunung (Brugmansia Suaveolens Bercht & Presl). Laporan Penelitian, Jurusan Farmasi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani. Cimahi.
Badan Kesehatan Dasar (Rikesdas). 2013. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian RI. Jakarta : Badan kesehatan dasar.
Barlianto, W., Kusuma, MSC., Karyono, S., dan Mintaroem, K. 2009. Pengembangan Model Mencit Alergi dengan Paparan Kronik Ovalbumin. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya, 25: 1-5.
Barnes, P.J. 2012, COPD and asthma: Effects beyond the respiratory System Vol. 11. Tanaffos
Berne, Robert, M., Koeppen., Bruce, M., Stanton., and Bruce, A. 2008. Berne and Levy physiology. Philadelphia : Mosby/Elsevier.
Bowden, D.H. 1984. The alveolar macrophage. Environ Health Perspect, 55:327-41.
Contoli, M1., Bousquet J. and Fabbri L.M. 2010. The small airways and distal lung compartment in asthma and COPD: a time for reappraisal. Allergy, 65(2):141-51
Crandall, E.D. and Matthay, M.A. 2001. Alveolar epithelial transport, basic science to clinical medicine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163:1021-9.
Crystal, RG., Randell, SH., Engelhardt, JF., Voynov, J., and Sunday, ME. 2008. Airway epithelial cells: Currents concepts and challenges. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 5:772-7.
Dalimartha, S. 2000. Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Jilid 2. Jakarta: Trubus Agriwidya.
Dellman, H.D. and Eurell, J.A. 1998. Textbook of Veteinary Histology Edisi tiga. Lea and Febriger: Philadelphia.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 1985. Cara pembuatan Simplisia. Jakarta, hal 1-26,57.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2000. Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta, hal. 1-3, 10-11, 13, 17.
Departemen Kesehatan RI. 2005. Rencana Strategi Departemen Kesehatan. Jakarta: Depkes RI.
Ditjen POM. 2000. Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 3-5, 10-11.
Dorland. 1996. Kamus Kedokteran. Edisi 26. Jakarta: EGC, hal. 405.
Doyle, M.P. 1980. Experimental Organic Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Eisenhut, M. 2007. Reduction of alveolar epithelial ion and fluid transport by inflammatory mediators. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 36:388-9.
Eroschenko, V.P. 2003. Atlas histologi di Fiore 5th ed. Jakarta: EGC
Essau. 1995. Plant Anatomy. Second edition. New york, London : John wiley and sons.
Fehrenbach, H. 2001. Alveolar epithelial type II cell: Defender of the alveolus revisited. Respir Res. distress syndrome, 2:33-46.
Folkesson, H.G. and Matthay, M.A. 2010. Alveoli and distal airway epithelial fl uid transport. In: Mason RJ, Broadus VC, Martin TR, King TE, Schraufnagel DE, Murray JF et al, eds. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunder Elsevier, p. 217-24.
Galbraith, A., Bullock, S., and Manias, E. 1994. Fundamentals of Pharmacology. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Sydney.
Ganellin, C.R. and Parsons, M.E., eds. 1982. Pharmacology of histamine receptors, PSG, Bristol, M A.
Gembong Tjitrosoepomo. 1988. Morfologi tumbuh-tumbuhan Jilid I. Gajah Mada University Press. Pp. 354-355.
GINA., 2011. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for asthma Report 2011.
Goodman and Gilman’s. 2008. Dasar Farmakologi Terapi. Volume 1. Edisi
10. Jakarta; EGC, pp. Hal. 627-629.
Gropper MA, Wiener-Kronish JW. The epithelium in acute lung injury/acute respiratory syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008;14:11-5.
Guyton, A.C., and Hall, J.E. 2008. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 11. Jakarta: EGC, hal. 344.
Hansel T.T. dan Barnes P.J. 2004. An Atlas of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. London: Parthenon Publishing Group. pp: 22-36.
Harrison, 2001. Harrison’s principles of internal Medicine. Fifteenth edition. Mc Graw-Hill, Inc., New York, PP. 1456.
Jacob, S. 2008. Animal Anatomy: A Clinically Orientated Approach. New York: Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
Johnson, M., and Coleman, R.A. 1995. Mechanisms of action of beta2adrenoceptor agonists. In, Asthma and Rhinitis. (Busse, W.W., and Holgate, S.T., eds.) Blackwell scientific Publications, Cambridge, pp. 1278-1295.
Katzung,B.G., 2001. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. (Bagian Farmakologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, Penerjemah). Edisi 1. Penerbit Salemba Medika, Jakarta, hal. 587-607.
Kume, H., Hall, I.P., Washabau, R.J., Takagi, K., and Kotlikoff, M.I. 1994. Beta-adrenergik agonists regulate Kca channels in airway smooth muscle by cAMP-dependent and –independent mechanisms. J. Clin. Invest, 93:371-379.
Lawrence G.H M. 1959. Taxonomy of Vacular Plants, the macmillan company. New York.
Lembaga Biologi Nasional-LIPI. 1980. Tumbuhan Obat. PN Balai Pustaka, hal. 58-59.
Lawrence MJ, & Brown RW (1974). Mammals of Britain Their Tracks, Trails and Signs. Blandford Press.
Lenzatti Manuella, Alan Lopes, Thiago S. Ferreira, Roberto Soares de Moura, Angela Resende, Luis Cristovao Porto, Samuel Santos Valenc. Mate Tea Ameliorates Emphysema In Cigarette Smoke- Exposed Mice. Experimental Lung Research. 2011 Juni-Oktober. ISSN : 0190-2148. 246-127.
Li H. 2009. The alveolar epithelium and pulmonary fibrosis. J Epithel Biol Pharmacol, 2:30-5.
Lipford, G.B., et al. 1993. Primary in vivo responses to ovalbumin. Probing the predictive value of the Kb binding motif. Jour. Immunol, 150 (4) p. 1212-1222.
Mangkoewidjojo dan Smith. 1988. Pemeliharaan, Pembiakan, dan Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan di Daerah Tropis. UI Press. Jakarta. p 58-60, 68.
Mangunegoro, H. Dkk. 2004. Asma pedoman diagnosis & penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI.
Mann, J. 2000. Murder, magic and medicine. Oxford University Press.
National Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP). 2007. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. United states: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of National institutes of health (NIH) publication.
Nelson, H.S. 1995. ß-Adrenergic bronchodilators. N. Engl. J. Med, 333:499-506.
Nisbet, A.D., Saundry, R.H., Moir, AJG, Fothergill, L.A., Forthergill, J.E, 1981. The complete amino-acid sequence of hen albumin. Eur. J. Biochem., 115 p. 335-345.
Nurliani Anni, Santoso Heri Budi, Rusmiati. 2012. Efek Antioksidan Ekstrak Bulbus Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia) pada Gambaran Histopatologis paru-paru Tikus yang Dipapar Asap Rokok. Bioscintiae. 9 (1): 60-69.
O’Hagan, D.T., Rahman, Macgee, J.P., Jefery, H., Davies, M.C., Williams, P., Davis, S.S., Challacombe, S.J. 1991. Biodegradable microparticles as controlled release antigen delivery system. Imumunology, p. 238-242.
O’neil, M.J., et al. 2001. The Merck Index: An encyclopedia of chemical drug and biological 13th Ed., New Jersey: Merck & Co., inc.
Pramudiyo, R., 1984. Patofisiologi Asma Bronkial, Penanganan Rasional Asma Bronkial, Bagian Penyakit Dalam FKUH, Bangdung, hal 1-7.
Price, A. dan Wilson, L. 1995. Patofisiologi. Buku 1. Edisi 4. Penebit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta, hal :156-157.
Roberts, L.J. II, and Oates, J.A. 1991. Biochemical diagnosis of systemic mast cell disorders. J. Invest. Dermatol, 96:19S-25S.
Rossing, T.H., Fanta, C.H., Goldstein, D.H., Snapper, J.R., and Mc Fadden, E.R, Jr. 1980. Emergency therapy of asthma: comparison of the acute effects of parenteral and inhaled sympathomimetics and infused aminophylline, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, 122:365-371.
Sastrapradja, S. 1978. Tumbuhan Obat. Proyek Sumber Daya Ekonomi Lembaga Biologi Nasional LIPI. Bogor.
Simamora, A. 2009. Flavonoid dalam Apel dan Aktivitas Antioksidannya. Master Index. Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana, Jakarta.
Sorkness, R.L., Bleecker, E.R., Busse, W.W., Calhoun, W.J., Castro, M., Chung, K.F. et al. 2008. Lung function in adults with stable but severe asthma: air trapping and incomplete reversal of obstruction with bronchodilation. J. Appl. Physiol, 104: 394– 403.
Stahl E. 1985. Analisis Obat secara Kromatografi dan Mikroskopi. (Kokasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro., penerjemah). Penerbit ITB, Bandung, hal. 33-36, 63-68.
Steenis C.G.G. J Van. 1981. Flora untuk Sekolah di Indonesia. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta, pp. 56-59.
Stevens, M.P., 1999. Polymer chemistry: an introduction. 3nd ed. New York:
Oxford univ press.
Sundaru, H. & Sulistijo, H., 1984. Obat-obat Rasional Anti Asma, Penanganan Rasional Asma Bronkial, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, hal 9-24.
Thompson, E.B. 1990. Drug Bioscreening. The University of illinois at chicago, USA, pp 232-247.
Ware LB, Matthay MA. 2005. Cinical practice acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med. 353:2788-96.
Warner, R. C. 1954. In: Neurath, H. & Bailey, K. The proteins (eds). London: Academic Press, vol 2, p. 176-181.