Unitary, Federal and Confederation

FEDERAL DAN

KESATUAN

Harsanto nursadi

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UNITARY, FEDERAL AND

CONFEDERATION



UNITARY

 Pada saat dibentuknya ada keinginan berbentuk

kesatuan; terdapat persatuan (union) maupun (unity).

 Bersusun tunggal

 Dibawah satu pemerintah pusat

 Pemerintahan subnasional mendapatkan

kewenangannya untuk memerintah dari pemerintah pusat

 Pemerintahan daerah dibentuk dan diberikan

kekuasaan oleh pemerintah pusat; tidak ada pembagian kedaulatan

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 Hanya ada satu badan pembentuk undang-undang

 The supremacy of the central parliament and  The absence of the subsidiary sovereign bodies

 Pemerintah daerah tidak boleh membentuk

peraturan yang bertentangan dengan perundang-undangan pusat

 Parlement yang dimiliki tidak selalu menganut dua

kamar (bicameral)

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

FEDERAL

 Pada saat dibentuk menginginkan persatuan (union)

tetapi tidak menginginkan kesatuan (unity)

 Terdapat sejumlah Canton (Suisse); Coloni-State

(USA); Province (Canada); Lander (Jerman) yang sangat terkait dengan lokalitas sejarah, ras dan lainnya sehingga membawa rasa kebangsaan yang sama

 Berasal dari bahasa latin foedus yang berarti

perjanjian; berjanji bersatu dalam satu kesatuan politik; tertuang dalam konstitusi federal.

 Bersusun bertingkat: Federal (negara) dan

Kesatuan-kesatuan politik yang bergabung

 Terdapat dua badan legislatif (legislature) badan

legislatif federal dan badan legislatif negara bagian

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 Kekuasaan negara bagian diberikan-diatur oleh-pada

konstitusi federal. Pembagian kekuasaan dengan cara

 Konstitusi federal merinci kekuasaan pemerintah federal,

sisanya yang disebut reserve powers dimiliki oleh negara bagian

 Konstitusi federal merinci kekuasaan Negara Bagian,

reserve powers-nya ada pada pemerintah federal

 Terdapat lembaga yang dapat menyelesaikan konflik

yang timbul antar negara bagian atau atar negara bagian dengan pemerintah federalnya

 Negara federal berdaulat dalam lingkungannya

sendiri yang ditentukan dan dibatasi

 Negara bagian bukan korporasi bawahan dari

pemerintah federal

 Parlement selalu dianut sistem dua kamar

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

CONFEDERERASI

 Ikatan dari beberapa negara berdaulat

 Dibentuk berdasarkan suatu perjanjian internasional

diantara negara-negara yang berdaulat

 Tidak dimaksudkan untuk membentuk negara baru

yang berdaulat

 Komponen-komponen negara konfederasi tetap suatu

negara utuh, tidak menghilangkan kedaulatan negara-negara anggotanya

 Warga negara yang bergabung dalam konfederasi

tidak langsung terikat dengan peraturan organ-organ yang ada.

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FEDERAL-KESATUAN



Lijphart (1984, dalam Work 2002: 7,

Baldi 1999: 12)



Federalisme sering diikuti dengan

desentralisasi,



Federalisme bukan prasyarat untuk

desentralisasi .



Federalisme maupun sistem negara

kesatuan dapat berkarakter desentralisasi

ataupun sentralisasi.



Desentralisasi dapat terjadi pada sistem

kenegaraan yang tidak mengenal

federalisme.



Azfar et.al. , (1999: 8)



negara federal tidak selamanya lebih

terdesentralisasi.



terdapat kecenderungan bahwa di negara

federal derajat sentralisasinya lebih rendah

dibanding negara kesatuan.

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

Work (2002: 11): There is no

broad-based generalisation that can be

made about the correlation of federal/

unitary states and decentralisation .



Smith (1985, dalam Azfar et.al. , 1999:

8)



Negara kesatuan dapat melakukan

devolusi terhadap urusan-urusan

penting, yang memunculkan bentuk

baru negara yakni semi-federal

(quasi-federal arrangement).



Model ini dapat bersifat seragam

(uniform ) atau tidak seragam

(asymmetrical).

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

Prasojo (2008)

 Tidak mungkin terdapat suatu negara yang sangat bersifat

unitaris atau sebaliknya sangat bersifat federalis.

 Elemen hubungan antara pusat dan daerah tidak bersifat

monosentris, melainkan polisentris bergerak dari satu

kontinuum ke kontinuum lainnya, dari kontinuum unitaris ke kontinuum federalis dan sebaliknya.



Bodo Denewitz (dalam Prasojo, 2008) federalisme dan

unitarisme adalah dua konsep kembar yang tidak mungkin

membicarakan satu tanpa membicarakan yg lainnya.



Basta (tanpa tahun: 29) there is no completely unitary

state. Every state is at least composed of municipalities as

decentralized units .



Korelasi antara konsep negara kesatuan dengan negara

federal tidak bersifat dikhotomis, melainkan membentuk

sebuah hubungan matriks / kontinuum

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Confederation Federation Unitary State 1. Weak Centralization

2. Sovereignty in the constituent units 3. Acts directly on

constituent units, not on individuals

4. Usually a formal right to secession 5. Central government

can be overruled by constituent unit

government-so-called nullification

6. Central government funded by

contributions from constituent units

7. Example: USA before 1789; Germany

before 1871; Suisse;

1. Moderate

Centralization

2. Sovereignty divides between central government and constituent units 3. Acts both on

constituent units and individuals

4. Generally no right to secession

5. National law supreme in its sphere;

constituent units in theirs

6. Dual taxation system for both levels of

government

7. Exp: USA since 1789; Canada; West

Germany; Australia; Suisse; India; Brazil; Mexico

1. High Centralization 2. Undivided

sovereignty

3. Acts directly on individuals

4. No right to secession

5. National law supreme; local ordinance clearly subordinate

6. Single taxation system; local

variations must be approve by central authority

7. Exp: United

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NEGARA-NEGARA

FEDERAL

Terdapat 24 negara Federal di Dunia

FEDERAL REPUBLICS

 Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces)

theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.

1. Republic of Argentina (since 1852) 2. Republic of Austria

3. Federative Republic of Brazil (since November 15th, 1889) 4. Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)

5. Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961-1972) 6. Commonwealth of England (1649-1653)

7. Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) (1969-1992)

8. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974-1994; federal republic since 1994) 9. Federal Republic of Germany (since 1918)

10. Republic of Colombia (1819-1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador,

Venezuela and Panama.

11. Republic of India (since January 26, 1950) 12. United States of Indonesia (1949-1950) 13. United Mexican States[20] (since 1917)

14. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)

15. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1963 – 66:1st Republic, 1979 – 83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999 – present:

4th Republic)

16. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956, Declaration of the Islamic Republic)

17. Russian Federation (since November 7, 1917; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) 18. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)

19. Swiss Confederation (since 1848) 20. Union of Myanmar

21. United Provinces of Central America (1823-1840) 22. United States of America(since 1789)

23. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

24. Yugoslavia: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963-1992),

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)

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NEGARA-NEGARA

UNITARY

Terdapat 148 negara Unitary di Dunia

UNITARY REPUBLIC

1. Republic of Acre (1st: 1899-1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)

2. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 1973)

3. Republic of Albania (since 1946)

4. People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

5. Republic of Armenia (1st: May 28, 1918; Current: December 25, 1991)

6. Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; Re-established: 18 October 1991) 7. People's Republic of Bangladesh

8. Republic of Benin

9. Plurinational State of Bolivia

10.Republic of Botswana

11.Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946) 12.Burkina Faso

13.Republic of Burundi (since 1966)

14.Republic of Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-1961 and 1972-present; federal republic 1961-1972)

15.Republic of Cape Verde

16.Central African Republic (1958-1976; restored 1979)

17.Republic of Chad

18.Republic of Chile

19.People's Republic of China

20.Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886) 21.Republic of the Congo

22.Democratic Republic of the Congo

23.Corsican Republic (1755-1769)[8]

24.Cospaia (1440-1826) 25.Republic of Costa Rica

26.Republic of Côte d'Ivoire

27.Republic of Croatia

28.Republic of Cuba

29.Republic of Cyprus

30.Czech Republic

31.Republic of Djibouti

32.Commonwealth of Dominica

33.Dominican Republic (1801-1861, 1844-present) 34.Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

35.Republic of Ecuador

36.Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953) 37.Republic of El Salvador

38.Republic of Equatorial Guinea

39.State of Eritrea

40.Republic of Ezo (1868-1869)

41.Republic of the Fiji Islands (since 1987)

42.Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)

43.Republic of Finland (since 1919)

44.Republic of Formosa (1895)

45.Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)[9]

46.French Republic (1st: 1792-1804; 2nd: 1848-1852; 3rd: 1870-1940; 4th: 1945-1958 and 5th, since 1958)[citation needed]

47.Gabonese Republic

48.Republic of The Gambia (since 1970) 49.Georgia

50.Republic of Ghana (since 1960) 51.Goust (since 1648)

52.Hellenic Republic (1st: 1822–1832; 2nd: 1924-1935; 3rd: since 1974)

53.Republic of Guatemala

54.Republic of Guinea[citation needed]

55.Republic of Guinea-Bissau[citation needed]

56.Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"[citation needed]

57.Republic of Haiti (1806-1849; restored 1859)[citation needed]

58.Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898) 59.Republic of Honduras

60.Republic of Hungary (since 1946)

61.Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)

62.Republic of Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950) 63.Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)

64.Republic of Iraq (since 1958) 65.Ireland (republic since 1949) 66.Israel (since 1948) [10]

67.Italian Social Republic (1943 - 1945)[11]

68.Italian Republic (since 1946) 69.Republic of Kazakhstan

70.Republic of Kenya (since 1964) 71.Republic of Kiribati

72.Kyrgyz Republic

73.Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975) 74.Republic of Latvia

75.Republic of Lebanon (November 22, 1943) 76.Republic of Liberia

77.Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (since 1969)

78.Republic of Lithuania

79.Lokot Republic (1941-1943)

80.Republic of Macedonia (1991-)

81.Republic of Madagascar

82.Republic of Malaŵi (since 1966)

83.Republic of Maldives (since 1968)

84.Republic of Mali (since 1960)

85.Republic of Malta (since 1974)

86.Republic of the Marshall Islands

87.Islamic Republic of Mauritania

88.Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)

89.Menton and Roquebrune (1848-1861) 90.Republic of Moldova

91.Mongolia (since 1924)

92.Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)

93.Republic of Mozambique

94.State of Muskogee (1799-1803)

95.Republic of Namibia

96.Republic of Nauru

97.Republic of Nicaragua

98.Republic of Niger

99.Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)

100.Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)

101.Republic of Palau

102.Republic of Panama

103.Republic of Paraguay

104.Republic of Peru

105.Republic of the Philippines (Thrice, two overlapping:

First Philippine Republic (1898-1901), Commonwealth of the Philippines to the

Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1934-present),

Second Philippine Republic (1943-1945)) 106.Republic of Poland

107.Republic of Portugal (since 1910)

108.Romania (since 1947)

109.Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)

110.Russian Republic (from September 14, 1917 up to November 7, 1917; de-facto - since

February Revolution up to October Revolution

)

111.Independent State of Samoa (since 2007) 112.Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since

301)

113.Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncip e

114.Republic of Senegal

115.Republic of Serbia

116.Republic of Seychelles

117.Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971) 118.Republic of Singapore (since 1965) 119.Slovak Republic (1939–1945)[15]

120.Republic of Slovenia

121.Republic of Somalia

122.Republic of South Africa (since 1961) 123.Republic of Korea (since 1948)

124.Spain (Twice: First Spanish Republic (1873– 1874), Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939))

125.Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972)

126.Republic of the Sudan

127.Republic of Suriname

128.Syrian Arab Republic

129.Republic of China (Taiwan) (established 1912,

current Constitution since 1947) 130.Republic of Tajikistan

131.United Republic of Tanzania

132.Republic of Texas (1836-1845) [16]

133.Togolese Republic

134.Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976) 135.Tunisian Republic (since 1957)

136.Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)[17]

137.Republic of Turkmenistan

138.Republic of Uganda (since 1963) 139.Ukraine

140.Oriental Republic of Uruguay

141.Republic of Uzbekistan

142.Republic of Vanuatu

143.Vermont Republic (1777 - 1791)[18]

144.Socialist Republic of Vietnam

145.Republic of West Florida (1810) 146.Republic of Yemen (former

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and

Yemen Arab Republic) 147.Republic of Zambia

148.Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly

Republic of Rhodesia (1970-1979)

CONFEDERAL REPUBLICS



Confederal

republics are associations of sovereign

states, usually having power over critical common

issues such as

defence

and

foreign affairs

:



Confederate States of America (

1861

-

1865

)



State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003 – 2006)



Swiss Confederation

(

1848 – today

)



United States of America

(under the

Articles of Confederation

, 1776 – 1789)



Senegambia Confederation (1982 – 1989)

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REPUBLIK INDONESIA SERIKAT

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27 Desember 1949 sampai dengan 17 Agustus 1950

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Negara Bagian

Otonom -non

federasi

1.Negara Republik

Indonesia

2.Negara Indonesia

Timur

3.Negara Pasundan

(termasuk distrik

Federal Jakarta)

4.Negara Jawa Timur

5.Negara Madura

6.Negara Sumatera

Timur

7.Negara Sumatera

Selatan

1.Jawa Tengah

2.Kalimantan Barat

(Daerah Istimewa)

3.Dayak Besar

4.Daerah Banjar

5.Kalimantan

Tenggara

6.Kalimantan Timur

(tidak termasuk ex

Kesultanan Pasir)

7.Bangka

8.Belitung

9.Riau

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PIAGAM KONSTITUSI RIS DITANDATANGANI OLEH

PARA PIMPINAN NEGARA/DAERAH DARI 16

NEGARA/DAERAH BAGIAN RIS

1. Mr. Susanto Tirtoprodjo dari Negara Republik

Indonesia menurut perjanjian Renville.

2. Sultan Hamid II dari Daerah Istimewa Kalimantan

Barat

3. Ide Anak Agoeng Gde Agoeng dari Negara Indonesia

Timur

4. R. A. A. Tjakraningrat dari Negara Madura

5. Mohammad Hanafah dari Daerah Banjar

6. Mohammad Jusuf Rasidi dari Bangka

7. K.A. Mohammad Jusuf dari Belitung

8. Muhran bin Haji Ali dari Dayak Besar

9. Dr. R.V. Sudjito dari Jawa Tengah

10.Raden Soedarmo dari Negara Jawa Timur

11.M. Jamani dari Kalimantan Tenggara

12.A.P. Sosronegoro dari Kalimantan Timur

13.Mr. Djumhana Wiriatmadja dari Negara Pasundan

14.Radja Mohammad dari Riau

15.Abdul Malik dari Negara Sumatera Selatan

16.Radja Kaliamsyah Sinaga dari Negara Sumatera

Timur

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