Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
154
Contribution of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 Gene on
Growth Rate and Genetic Parameter of Indonesian Kampung Chicken
Sri-Sudaryati1, J.H.P. Sidadolog1, Wihandoyo1 and W.T. Artama2
1
Faculty of Animal Science University of Gadjah Mada Indonesia, 2Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding email: daryati5@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of C1032T of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) gene was used to genotype Kampung chickens by PCR-RFLP method. Four pairs mating based on genotype of the chickens were arranged to produce progenies which were characterized according to the genotype of their parents. Variance components and genetic parameter of four weeks interval of growth rate (0-4, 4-8, 8-12 weeks) of the progeny were evaluated with classical models of quantitative genetics. The result showed that four weeks interval of growth rate were sex, interval growth rate and genotypes dependent. Allele contribution value and the average of allele effect indicated that allele C was higher than allele T during 0-4 weeks interval of growth rate, and during 8-12 weeks interval of growth rate, allele T was higher than allele C for both females and males chicken. Heritability based on half-sib component was low during 0-4 and 4-8 weeks interval of growth rate (0.02 and 0.04, respectively) and moderate (0.41) for 8-12 weeks interval of growth rate. Heritability based on genetic variance component of 0-4; 4-8; 8-12 weeks interval of growth rate for female was 0.115; 0.383; 0.015, and for male was 0.904; 0.642 and 0.802, respectively. It is concluded that heritability based on genetic variance component is higher than that based on half-sib component.
Key Words: Kampung chicken, Growth rate, Heritability
INTRODUCTION
Estimation of heritability (h2) in local chickens reared under scavenging condition are scarce. For genetic improvement of such chickens, knowledge of heritability is essential for planning, efficient breeding programs and for predicting response selection (Dana et al., 2011). Narrow-sense h2 is most important in animal and plant selection programs. Narrow- sense heritability, h2=VA/VP, captures only the proportion of genetic variation that is due to additive genetic values (VA) (Thogiani, 2012).
Variation in the genes of somatotropic axis could function as candidates for the evaluation of the effects on chicken growth and development traits. Previous studies have shown that some single nucleotide polymorphisms of the somatotropic axis genes such as IGFBP2, indeed affected growth traits significantly (Lei et al., 2005 and 2007; Li et al., 2006; Sri-Sudaryati et al., 2010, 2013).
It is due to the lack information on genetic variance components and genetic parameters in local chickens, the present study is important to be conducted to estimate the heritability and components variance of genotypic for relative growth to understand the selected traits should be included in breeding programs for Indonesian Kampung chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
chicken IGFBP2 gene as described in previous study (Sri-Sudaryati et al., 2010, 2013). The arrangement of four pairs mating was as follows: CC><CC, TT><CT, CT><CT, and CC><CT. There were no pairs mating of TT><TT and TT><CC, because of lack CC and TT genotypes. Three females with one male were kept in one littered-animal house to ensure the validity of parent identification.
Body weights of the progeny were started to be measured at day 0 (at hatching) and were weighed weekly thereafter until 12 weeks old. Birds were individually weighed in order to determine their relative growth (RG) as RG= 100 × (deSmit, 2005). G1 is initial body weight and G2 is the final body weight. Relative growth were measured at 0-4, 4-8, and 8-12 weeks interval. Blood samples of the progenies were taken to genotypic characterization as their parents. The progeny of CC><CC were not analyzed because all of the progeny were recognized as CC genotypes.
Average value effect of alleles were analyzed by the method of Grifith et al. (2000).
Contribution value of allele C= and allele T = where p and q
is the frequency of allele C and T, respectively, RGCC, RGCT, and RGTT is the relative growth of genotype CC, CT and TT, respectively. Average effect of alleles were estimated according to Pirchner (1979); Falconer and MacKay (1997). Average effect of allele C= q[a + d(q-p)] and T= -p[a + d(q-p)], where p and q is the frequency of allele C and T, a is a deviation of homozygous dominant, d is the genotypic value of heterozygote.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to PCR-RLFP analysis for each individual progeny were genotyped successfully. Four weekly relative growth rates of all progeny are showed in Table 1. Relative growth rate at 0-4 weeks and 4-8 weeks, was not different among the progeny. However, relative growth rate at 8–12 weeks was significantly different (P<0.01).
Heritability of four weekly relative growth rate increased by the increasing age. The lowest heritability was found during the first period of growth rate (0-4 weeks) and the highest was on the end period of the growth rate (8-12 week). According to Dana et al. (2011), heritability of body weight was low when newly hatching time (0.15±0.08) and became moderate at 6 weeks old (0.40±0.23).
Table 1. Four weeks interval of body growth (%) and the value of heritability (h2)
A,B,C
Means within a row with no common superscript are significantly different (P≤0.01)
Allele contribution value (Table 2) was sex and interval growth rate dependent. Contribution value of allele C was higher than that of allele T during 0-4 weeks interval of growth rate for both female and male chickens. On 4 - 8 weeks interval of growth rate, contribution value of allele T was higher than that of allele C for female, but for male that of allele C was still higher than that of allele T. On 8 - 12 weeks of interval growth rate, contribution value of allele T for both female and male, became higher than that of allele C. The contribution of allele value changed by age of the birds. It was observed that allele C had greater role during earlier growth rate, and the contribution changed to be allele T had greater role on growth rate thereafter until the end of growth period. Effect of the T allele is bigger than the C allele for
Age CC><CC TT><CT CT><CT CC><CT 2
(weeks) (n=75) (n=45) (n=59) (n=50) h
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Table 2. Allele contribution value, alleles effect, and additive value of female and male Kampung Chicken
According to Pirchner (1979), variance of breeding value of genotype CC was p2(ACC)2, genotype CT was 2pq(ACT)2 and genotype TT was q2(ATT)2, where ACC, ACT, and ATT were additive values of genotype CC, CT, and TT, respectively. Additive variance value became higher with the presence of rare allele.
Additive variance for genotype CT increased with the increasing frequency of allele. A rare allele have a larger additive value, and the formula of additive variance of genotype CT was 2pq(ACT)2, with the increasing value of ACT caused the increasing value of additive genetic variance of genotype CT. Table 3 showed that additive value of genotype CT in female was lower than that of genotypes CC and TT (p=0.74), but in male it was higher than that of CC and TT (p= 0.83).
Narrow-sense heritability value calculated according to the formula of h2= VA/VP is indicated in Table 3. Predicted heritability values comparison (Table 3) showed that heritability values based on genotypic variance were higher than those based on half sib component. Additive variance tended to rise with the presence of rare allele, but on the contrary, dominance variance became lower. According to the estimation value based on component of genetic variance, it indicated the narrow sense heritability because of higher allele contribution.
Table 3. Additive variance, dominance variance, genotypic variance, and heritability value of female and male Kampung chickens
Sex Growth rate V(A) V(D) V(G) h²
Growth rate heritability of male was higher than that of female, due to the frequency of p in male was higher than that in female.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that contribution value of allele T is higher than that of allele C in an age period of 0–4 weeks, and it changes to be the opposite value that allele C is higher than allele T in an age period of 8–12 weeks for both female and male. Average effect of allele T is higher than that of allele C for all age periods for both female and male. Heritability value based on half-sib component is lower than that based on genotypic variance component.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The current study was funded by project under the Postgraduate Program of the University of Gadjah Mada Indonesia, number: LPPM-UGM/1488/2009, June, 18 2009, and Doctorate
Interval (weeks)
Allele contribution Allele effect Additive value (A)
10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
grant project from Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture, project number: 481/SP2H/PP/DP2M/VI/2010, June 11, 2010.
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Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
