05.0 Environmental Assessment Tools tranlate by Fa

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

5.2 Eco Design

5.3 Mass Flow Analysis

Environmental Assessment

Tools

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

atau Analisis Siklus Hidup

.

Berikutnya

akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang

Eco-design,

yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran

siklus hidup didalam disain produk.

Material Flow Analysis (MFA)

,

yang merupakan suatu instrumen

untuk mengetahui aliran material/bahan dan energi. MFA

digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian pada tingkat global, regional

dan lokal, serta pengelolaan sampah (padat) regional, misalnya

untuk meganalisis zat-zat berbahaya.

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

Analysis of Environmental, Financial and

Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of

Products and Processes

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis 5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

•

LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang

digunakan untuk mengukur aspek-aspek

lingkungan yang terkait dengan suatu

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

•

Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain

•

(1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup

terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya

dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada

perbaikan-perbaikan produk atau proses dan

perbaikan produk atau proses dan

•

(2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi

internal.

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Siklus Hidup Kapas

pesticides

irrigation

harvest transport

Ginning and

spinning Weaving and dying

Cotton seed (by product)

detergents Washing

drying Final waste

Saling Terkait satu

sama lain

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Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri.

Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap

proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut

memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B.

Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan

kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing

menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi.

Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika

didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?

Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan

dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA

lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak

lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim,

toksisitas dan penipisan ozon

.

Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268

Mesin A B

Dampak yang ditimbulkan selama konstruksi (Ecopoints)

210 185

Dampak dari bahan kimia, penggunaan energi, pemeliharaan (Ecopoints/year)

20 24

Dampak pembuangannya setelah digunakan (Ecopoints.)

6 4

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

The Concept of LCA (2)

• Some products have a dominating environmental

load in production, some in use, some in disposal:

Examples:

books, furniture, art etc.

Examples:

cars, television, airco etc.

Examples:

Ni-Cd batteries, household chemicals, fireworks etc.

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Methodology of LCA (1)

- Product development and improvement - Strategic planning - Public policy making - Marketing - Other Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Direct applications: Life cycle assessment framework

The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006

(1) Mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup kajian; (2) membuat model siklus hidup

produk dengan semua inflow

dan outflow lingkungan. Tahap ini sering diistilahkan sebagai tahap life cycle inventory (LCI);

(3) memahami relevansi lingkungan dari semua inflow dan outflow, tahap ini sering disebut dengan tahap life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan (4) interpretasi penelitian. Diagram

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks

yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan,

menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk.

Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang

mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam

beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya.

Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi

parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang

lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan

ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan

yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).

Methodology of LCA (2),

Goal and Scope

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

• Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects

 _{Functional unit}_:_{comparison of products on the basis of}_equivalent

function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles;

instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.

 _{Functional unit is basis for comparison}

Methodology of LCA (3),

Goal and Scope

=

?

“Compare environmental

impacts of

packaging of 1000 litres milk in carton packages or glass

bottles”

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Example of Product system and Inventory Table

Methodology of LCA (5),

Inventory

Pengumpulan Data

electricity

steel

plastic

production distribution use dump

incineration

reuse

recycling

LCI table with environmental interventions

Crude oil

from earth 40000 kg CO2 to air 3500 SO2 to air 20 kg NOx to air 100 kg Cd to water 5 g PAH to

water

8 kg

Etc. …….

(13)

Methodology of LCA (9),

Impact assessment

Pengukuran Dampak Effect Intervention _Damage CO2 P SO2 NOx DDT Dust VOC Cd PAH CFC Heavy metals Greenhouse effect Acidification Pesticides Eutrophication Damage to Eco-systems Damage to human health Indicator Winter smog Summer smog Carconogenics

Ozone layer depl.

Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact 2002+ etc.)

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Methodology of LCA (8),

Impact assessment:

Pengukuran Dampak

• Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization:

 _{Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and}

CH4 to climate change

 _{Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a}

characterisation factor to get indicator results

 _{Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get}

dimensionless score (useful for comparison)_Impac

t category

Char. Fa

ctor (Gl

obal Wa

rming Po

tential)

Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)

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Methodology of LCA (10),

Interpretation

• “Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach

conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)

• To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope:

 _{Are the the general assumptions reasonable?}  _{Is the functional unit well chosen?}

 _{Are ISO standards applied?}

 _{Has a peer review been conducted?}

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Methodology of LCA (10),

Interpretation

• Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important choices or assumptions

 _{What if other allocations are applied.}

 What if other boundaries are applied.

 _{What if other impact assessment method is used}_.

• By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how the conclusions connect with the assumptions.

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)

• LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but

scope can be extended to include economic and social

impacts.

• Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);

• Analysis of life cycle costs

• Social LCA

• Social impacts throughout life cycle of products and

processes

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (2)

• What are the costs and revenues incured during the

life cycle of a product or process?

• R&D

• Production • Marketing • Sales

• Etc.

• Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that

are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):

• Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA results… but is it possible to monetise all environmental services?

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (3)

• Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment

and health:

 _{Job quality}

 _{Quality physical health}  Quality social health

 _{Earthly possessions}

• Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because

social conditions do change more rapidly

 _{impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate}  _{emotions resulting from changes disappear with time}

 _{diseases get cured}

 people who are laid off may find new jobs)

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

5.2 Eco

-Design

Life Cycle Thinking within the Design of

Products and Processes

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

• What is Eco-Design?

• Implications for the Design Process.

• Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid

Waste.

• Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable

Product Design.

Contents

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Eco-design merupakan suatu instrumen

prosedural untuk pembuatan keputusan

lingkungan, yang secara khusus mengarah

kepada disain dari produk dan proses.

Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja

lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan

produk dan proses. Eco-design

menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup

didalam mengidentifikasi

kemungkinan-kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.

kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.

What is Eco-Design?

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Eco-design juga merupakan aplikasi logis dari eco-efficiency.

eco-efficiency didefinisikan sebagai kinerja fungsional dari

produk-produk pada siklus hidup yang dibagi kedalam

dampak-dampak lingkungan dari produk pada siklus

hidupnya.

Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya

dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan

menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik.

Aspek-aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan

aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan

masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang

rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah

dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.

What is Eco-Design?

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Studi kasus/Latihan: Cangkir Keramik ataukah Mug dari Kertas?

5.2 Eco-design 5.2 Eco-design

(Kementrian Lingkungkan Hidup Indonesia) Manakah yang lebih ramah lingkungan, cangkir berbahan keramik ataukah mug berbahan styrofoam? Untuk menemukan jawabannya, maka penelitian harus mengukur siklus hidup cangkir keramik tersebut, yaitu dari proses produksinya yang berupa pemrosesan bahan mentah hingga tidak terpakai lagi dan dibuang ke tempat sampah. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penghitungan konsumsi bahan mentah, penggunaan energi (untuk pengolahan, transportasi dan pembersihan), output bahan-bahan

berbahaya ke air dan udara serta volume kotoran yang dihasilkan.

Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya bersifat lokal, seperti kebisingan, bau dan bahaya terhadap bentang alam

(landscape).

Cangkir dan piring keramik memiliki satu kekurangan: cangkir dan piring jenis ini harus dicuci. Untuk mencuci cangkir dan piring keramik didalam dishwasher

(mesin pencuci piring) tentu memiliki dampak yang lebih besar terhadap air daripada jika kita menggunakan cangkir atau piring sekali pakai. Bahan

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

• The relative complex LCA procedure and the creative slightly chaotic design process are not so easy to combine:

Implications for the Design Process (2)

Problem Idea

Decision

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Implications for the Design Process (3)

Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design Availability of information on the product

Freedom to change the design

Complexity of the Design Process

(27)

Implications for the Design Process (4)

Design phase Design activity LCA activity LCA information generated

Product planning

Target is defined as product/market

combination

Assessment of

strategy Strategic choices

Analysis Refinement of target _{and definition of} requirements

LCA of reference product

Design guidelines and eco-indicators

Idea generation

Creativity techniques are used to generate

new solutions

Use of design rules

and eco-indicators Pre-selection of ideas

Concept Best ideas are selected and

elaborated

Short screenings and what-if analysis

Support in concept choices

Detailed design

Best concept is detailed; prototype and

CAD drawings

Specific questions and issues

Support in detailed design choices

Application of LCA results in Design for Environment

(28)

Consequences for Composition and Amount of

Solid Waste (2)

• Eco-Design improves Eco-efficiency:

Eco-efficiency =

Functional performance provided by product over life cycle

Environmental Impacts of product over life cycle

eco-efficiency resource-efficiency

reduction haz. substances

= +

applying Eco-efficiency results in Eco-products…

(29)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Consequences for Composition and Amount of

Solid Waste (3)

Consequences for solid waste:

• Reduction of natural resource extractions (materials and energy) • Reduction or elimination of hazardous materials within waste • Reduction of toxic emissions during incineration

Eco-products

Improved material and energy content

(quantity and quality) in

products

Reduced solid waste amount and

hazardousness composition

(30)

Design for Environment (DfE): “the systematic

consideration of design performance with respect to

environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full

product and process life cycle” (

Fiksel, 1996 in Wrisberg et al. 2002

).

DfE…

• focuses on existing products and processes that fulfil

a specific function (function-oriented systems)

• expands the design scope towards environmental and

social implications of products and processes

Related Concepts: Design for Environment,

Sustainable Product Design (1)

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Sustainable Product Design: investigates possibilities for

improvement on a broader scale.

Examples:

•

Alternative Function Fulfilment (changes the way in

which a specific function or need is fulfilled)

• System innovation (redesigning of product production

systems, creating ‘closed-loop’ economies etc.)

Related Concepts: Design for Environment,

Sustainable Product Design (2)

(32)

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

5.3 Material Flow Analysis

(MFA)

Analysis of Material Flows

in a Region

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

MFA

• suatu instrumen pengukuran yang menggabungkan

aspek-aspek sumberdaya dan polusi dari

masalah-masalah lingkungan didalam perekonomian kita. Material

Flow Analysis (MFA

• MFA adalah suatu pengukuran sistematis dari

aliran-aliran bahan di suatu kawasan.

• Ada dua jenis MFA yaitu bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang

difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan

bangunan, produk sampah elektronik) dan yang kedua

adalah Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan

untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat

(seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Ada dua jenis MFA

•

bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran

bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk

sampah elektronik)

•

Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk

menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat

(seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).

(36)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.

5.3 Material Flow Analysis 5.3 Material Flow Analysis

Definisi dan sasaran dari pengelolaan sampah terus

mengalami perubahan.

Pengelolaan sampah yang terorganisir muncul ketika

manusia mulai mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya.

Apa yang dilakukan ini merupakan langkah penting untuk

menjaga kebersihan dan membantu mencegah munculnya

wabah (epidemik) penyakit.

Masalah baru.

Pertama, (landfill) menyebabkan terjadi masalah polusi air

tanah dan menghasilkan gas-gas rumah kaca.

Kedua, lokasi landfill semakin langka pada kawasan-kawasan

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.

5.3 Material Flow Analysis 5.3 Material Flow Analysis

Saat ini, pengelolaan sampah merupakan suatu konsep

terpadu yang terdiri dari praktik-praktik yang berbeda dan

pilihan perlakuan yang terdiri dari strategi pencegahan dan

pengumpulan; langkah-langkah terpisah untuk memproduksi

barang yang bisa didaur ulang atau pemrosesan berikutnya

dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan secara biologis,

fisika, kimiawi, dan thermal; dan jenis-jenis landfill yang

berbeda.

Setiap orang saat ini memiliki kesempatan-kesempatan (dan

juga tanggungjawab) untuk memisahkan antara kertas, kaca,

logam, bahan yang bisa terurai, plastik, sampah berbahaya,

dan bahan-bahan lainnya kedalam kelompoknya

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Why MFA? (1)

…hence, material flows and stocks from the economy are crucial to the understanding of environmental problems

Material flows and accumulations

Quantity-Throughput

Quality-Hazard potential

Throughput Hazard

potential

(39)

Why MFA? (2)

… and eventually solutions are based on an analysis of

environmental problems in material/physical terms (Van der Voet, 1996)

Environment: resource base Environment: resource base

Extractions of materials Natural

Resource Depletion

Environment: resource base Environment:

waste sink Pollution

Waste Absorption

Quantitatively: lower materials throughput Qualitatively: less hazardous materials

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

What is MFA? (1)

MFA is a tool for systematic research of flows and stocks of materials from ‘cradle to grave’ (LCA!) in a region:

MFA is useful for:

•Identification of sources of environmental pollution

•Identification of accumulations of hazardous substances

•Identification of potential control points,

useful for environmental management

(41)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

What is MFA? (2)

• MFA describes the industrial ‘metabolism’ of a region: the transfer, storage and transformation of substances within an anthropogenic (=human controlled) system and the exchange of these

substances with the environment (Brunner and Rechberger 2004).

• Examples:

 Sources, pathways and sinks for mercury in a watershed

 _{Nitrogen flows and stocks in the Malang area}

• Sometimes MFA is applied on systems of smaller scale; for example the flows and stocks of heavy metals in a waste incineration plant

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Systematic analysis of regional material flows and

stocks

• Systematic description of

Flows and Stocks of materials in a region where activities in the anthroposhere are taking place

• There is an exchange of

materials between and within anthropogenic (economic) and environmental

subsystems

Systematic overview of material flows in a region

Econo_my-En

vironm ent Bo

undary

em ‘wat er’

th’

Proces

ses wit_{hin sub}

system_‘air’

(43)

Rationale of MFA: The Mass Balance Principle (1)

• Mass balance: the law of conservation of mass • Mass output = Mass input + Mass accumulation

1

3 2

Xp-q: Material Flow from process ‘p’ to process ‘q’

• X_0-1= X_1-2 + X_1-3

• X_1-2= X_2-0

• X_1-3= X_3-0

• X = X + X

(44)

Advantages of applying Mass Balance Principle

1. Mass balances can be applied at different system levels: • Single processes

• Complex combinations of processes at smaller and larger scales:

 Household

 _Country  _World

2. Valuable tool to calculate regional streams that are hardly measurable, like in waste residual outputs (Ayres 1989).

3. Efficient way to obtain accurate results even when some data are missing

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Framework of MFA (1)

Goal and system definition

Quantification of flows and stocks

Interpretation

Problem

1

2

3

(46)

Framework of MFA (1)

Goal definition = selection of substance or material to be

investigated: single element (Substance Flow Analysis) or group of substances (Material Flow Analysis)

System definition = definition of system boundaries and relevant processes

a. Spatial boundary: Geographical or administrative boundary (e.g. watershed or country)

b. Temporal boundary: Flows per hour or month or year. Often 1 year because of data availabillity

c. Selection of relevant processes: Only processes that are significant to the substance(s) under investigation

1

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Framework of MFA (2)

Quantification of stocks and flows:

 Calculate mass flows of goods that enter and leave processes (measurements or applying mass balance)

 Calculate substance flows within these flows (multiplying mass flows of goods with element concentrations)

 Calculate stocks: is there any type of accumulation occuring?

Example of mass flow of goods and a substance (Cadmium) in a municipal waste incinerator

2

(48)

Framework of MFA (3)

• Interpretation of results:

_{What is the relative contribution of processes to certain flows?} Where are hotspots and potential control points?

_{Is there a possibility of problem shifting when certain flows will}

be restricted?

3

(49)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Framework of MFA (4)

• MFA is a cyclical process: start with provisional data and rough estimations; refine and improve system until required data quality is achieved

Systematic overview of MFA procedures

(50)

Applications of MFA: resource management

• Analysis and planning of resources

• Identification of depletion and accumulation of

materials in society; forecasting of resource scarcities

and ‘secondary’ sources (recycling, landfills)



Example: natural resources are transformed to

‘anthropogenic’ resources; stocks in landfills

become important for future mining of

substances

(51)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Applications of MFA; resource management

• Resource study: Copper cycle in Asia

Copper cycle in Asia The units are Gg Cu/year; Lith=Lithosphere

(52)

Applications of MFA; environmental management

• Identification of existence, size and fate of

hazardous substances in a region

• Identification of hotspots and control points

• Identification of problem shifts

Example (hypothetical): “A Material Flow Account of a harbour

watershed shows a large flow of mercury in wastewater. Laboratories are relatively the largest contributors. In wastewater treatment plants, absorption and deposition to sludge are a major removal mechanism for mercury. When mercury flows in wastewater are restricted by

means of imposing advanced treatment technology to wastewater treatment plants in the region, then mercury outflows to landfills are likely to increase.”

substance

source

problem shift

(53)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Applications of MFA in soil management

(54)

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Applications of MFA; solid waste management

• MFA discerns between flows of ‘goods’ and ‘substances’

Important because substances cause environmental

problems, while flows of substances can only be controlled indirectly via flows of the goods that contain the substances.

“It is not the good leachate of a landfill that imposes danger to the groundwater. The danger resides in the cocktail of

hazardous substances in the leachate of the landfill.” (Brunner and Rechberger 2004)

• MFA can identify appropriate recycling options

_{Elemental composition of materials determine whether a}

material is appropriate for recycling • MFA identifies side-effects of recycling

_{Accumulation of heavy metals in soils when sewage sludge}

is used as agricultural fertilizer