0 1
I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
y b d e tr o p p u s e b t s u m s i s e h t s i h t f o r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,s i s y l a n a d o o g a e k a m o T
h c i h w s e ir o e h t e h T . s e ir o e h t d e t a l e r l a r e v e
s areappiledi nt hist hesi sa rede ifniitono f ,
n o it a l s n a
rt rtanslaitonandcutlures ,approachesi n rtanslaiton ,de ifniitono frtanslator , ,
s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a l , n o it a l s n a rt n i m e l b o r p , n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r
p address t erms ,and
s c it s i u g n il o i c o
s .
2.1 Transla iton
h t g n ir e d n e r s i n o it a l s n a r
T e meaning o fa tex tinto anothe rlanguage in the f o s n a e m a s A . ) 5 : 8 8 9 1 , k r a m w e N ( t x e t e h t d e d n e t n i r o h t u a e h t t a h t y a w
d e r a e p p a t s a l t a h c i h w , s e c it o n l a u g n il it l u m r o f d e s u s i n o it a l s n a rt , n o it a c i n u m m o c
c e t a s a , e r o m r e h tr u F . s e c a l p c il b u p n i y l g n i s a e r c n
i hnique fo rlearning foreign
o w t a s i n o it a l s n a rt , s e g a u g n a
l -edged insrtument .I tha sthe specia l purpose o f f o m r o f a s a r e h ti e , e g a u g n a l n g i e r o f e h t f o e g d e l w o n k s ’ r e n r a e l e h t g n it a rt s n o m e d
v e d o t r e d r o n i e c n e g il l e t n i s ’ r e n r a e l e h t e s i c r e x e o t r o l o rt n o
c elopt hecompetence.
o t n i e g a u g n a l e n o g n i g n a h c y l n o t o n s i n o it a l s n a rt n e tt ir w r o t x e t a g n it a l s n a r T
n a c s r e d a e r e h t t a h t o s e g a s s e m l u f g n i n a e m a g n i d n e s o s l a t u b , e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a
e s u a c e b s i tI . d n a t s r e d n
u rtanslaiton deal swtih many aspects ,such a ssocia laspects , e h t e k a m o t e l o r t n a tr o p m i n a s a h n o it a l s n a r T . s t c e p s a c it s i u g n il d n a s t c e p s a l a r u tl u c
y ll a c it a m m a r g t x e
e c n e l a v i u q e f o n o it a l e r a h s il b a t s e o t y ll a r e n e g s i n o it a l s n a rt f o l a o g e h T . s r e d a e r e h t
t e g r a t e h t d n a e c r u o s e h t n e e w t e
b language .Here are some de ifniiton so f rtanslaiton s i n o it a l s n a r T “ t a h t s e t a t s ) 0 2 : 4 7 9 1 ( d r o ft a C . s tr e p x e e m o s y b d e s o p o r p e r a h c i h w
n i l a ir e t a m l a u t x e t t n e l a v i u q e y b ) L S ( e g a u g n a l e n o n i l a ir e t a m l a u t x e t f o t n e m e c a l p e r
t a h t s e t a t s ) 2 1 : 4 7 9 1 ( r e b a T d n a a d i N , e li h w n a e M . ” ) L T ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a
t s i s n o c n o it a l s n a r T
“ s o freproducing the recepto rlanguage to the closes tnatura l t
f o t n e l a v i u q
e hesourcel anguagemessage,f risti nt ermo fmeaning ,secondlyi nt erm .
” e l y t s f o
, e v o b a s tr e p x e e h t o t g n i d r o c c a n o it a l s n a rt f o s n o it i n if e d e h t n o d e s a
B I tcan
e
b concludes tha t rtanslaiton replaced the textua lmate ira lin one language into a
u g n a l r e h t o n
a ge which the targe tlanguage i sthe closes tnatura lequivalen to fthe .
e g a u g n a l e c r u o s
d r o w r e h t o n
I , rtanslaiton mean sdeilvery o fmessage contained in source t
d n a , ) L T ( e g a u g n a l t e g r a t o t n i ) L S ( e g a u g n a
l hemessage rtansferredi nTLi sclosely r
a li m i
s witht hemessagei nSL .Translaiton i sanoperaitono fsomel anguages ; tii sa o t n i ) L S ( e g a u g n a l e n o m o r f s e s o p r u p d n a s t h g u o h t , s a e d i g n ir r e f s n a rt f o s s e c o r p
.) L T ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a
e h t m o r f s d r o w g n ir r e f s n a rt h ti w l a e d y l n o t o n o d s e it i v it c a n o it a l s n a r
T source
s a h c u s g n i h t t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t h ti w l a e d o s l a t u b , e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t o t n i e g a u g n a l
b o r
p lem by ifnding the equivalence in the targe tcutlure ,eilminate ti ,o rjus tlef ti t .
d e t a l s n a rt t o n g n i e
b Fo rtha treason a rtanslato rmus thave a large knowledge and g
n i d n a t s r e d n u d o o
g , no tonlyt hel anguage sbu talsot hecutluresi nbothcount ire .s n
if e
D iiton o f rtanslaiton and cutlure above canno t separate from the n
o it a l s n a rt e h t tr o p p u s o t y r o e h t f o e n o s i ti e s u a c e b n o it a l s n a rt n i s e h c a o r p p
a , andan
. n o it a l s n a rt f o c i s a b s i n o it a l s n a rt n i h c a o r p p a
2.3 Approachesi nTransla iton
i s s u c s i d r o f s i n o it a l s n a r
T on bothi n tisr eferen ita land ti spragmaitcaspec.tI t n
n a c r o t c a f s i h t t u b , r o t c a f t n a ir a v n i n a s a
h o tbepreciselyde ifnedsince tidepend son g n i h t o N . n o it a l s n a rt e n o n o l a n i g ir o e n o y b s e s i c r e x e s t n i a rt s n o c d n a s t n e m e ri u q e r e h t
r o e v it c e j b o y l e r u p s
i subjecitve ,everythingi smoreorl ess .Therei sanassumpitono f ll
e w h c a e d n i h e b ” y l n o m m o c “ r o ” y ll a u s u “ r o ” y ll a m r o n
“ -estabilshed p irnciple .
. e t u l o s b a o n e r a e r e h t ,t s i x e t o n o d ” t s u m “ , ” r e v e n “ , ” s y a w l a “ s a h c u s s n o it a c if il a u Q
i s e h c a o r p p a o w t e r a e r e h
T n rtanslaitonaccordingNewmark( 1988:21)t heyare: a. Star t rtanslaitng sentence by sentence in orde rto ge tthe fee land the
d n a n o it i s o p e h t w e i v e r , k c a b t i s y l e t a r e b il e d n e h t ,t x e t e h t f o e n o t g n il e e f
.t x e t e c r u o s e h t f o t s e r e h t d a e r
b. Read the whole tex ttwo o rthree itme sand ifnd the inteniton ,register , k
r a m , e n o
y r a r e ti l a r o f e l b a ti u s e r o m e b y a m h c a o r p p a t s ri f e h
T tt . ex Thedisadvantage s
e h t n o n o i s i v e r h c u m o o t e v a e l y a m t i t a h t e r a h c a o r p p a t s ri f e h t f
o ea lrypar tand i t
.s e m it y n a m s e k a t e b l li w
The second approach may be more sutiable fo rtechnica lo ran insttiuitona l t o n d l u o h s t i t u b , e c n e r e f e r f o t n i o p a s a l u f e s u s i s i s y l a n a t x e t l a n o it a l s n a rt A . t x e t
y a l p e e r f e h t ti b i h n
i o fone’si ntuiiton. m
o r
F the explanaitonabove,i tcanbeconcludet ha tthef ris tapproach i sf o ra ,
t x e t y s a e y l e v it a l e
r andthes econdapproach si fort heharde rone.
.r o t a l s n a rt a y b d e s u e b t s u m n o it a l s n a rt n i s e h c a o r p p a , tl u s e r r e tt e b a t e g o T
2.4Translator
t e g r a T o t n i e g a u g n a L e c r u o S m o r f t x e t a s e t a l s n a rt o h w n o s r e p a s i r o t a l s n a r T
, l a u g n il i b t c e f r e p y lt s o h g a s a f o t h g u o h t e b r e g n o l o n n a c r o t a l s n a rt e h T . e g a u g n a L
d e s s u c s i d d n a d e b ir c s e d e b n a c t a h t s e it il i b a d n a e l o r a h ti w g n i e b g n i v il a s a t u b
ll e b p m a C
( ,1998:4) .Thus , ti i sgood t o discus sabou t rtanslato rbecause rtanslaiton t s o m e h t s i r o t a l s n a r T . r o t a l s n a rt f o e c n e t s i x e e h t t u o h ti w d e h s il p m o c c a e b t o n l li w
t n a tr o p m
i o ne in rtanslaiton .Thu ,s t here wli lbe no rtanslaiton i n t he wo lrd wtihou t t
s i x e e h
t enceo frtanslator .sI nI ndonesian ,rtanslato rmean spene jremahataupengailh o h w e n o e m o s o s l a s i e r e h t r o t a l s n a rt e d i s e B . ) 1 0 6 : 2 9 9 1 , y li d a h S d n a s l o h c E ( a s a h a b
g n i y a s s i y d o b e m o s t a h w e t a l s n a rt o t s i b o j e s o h w n o s r e p a s i tI . r e t e r p r e t n i n a d e ll a c
n a o t n
t n e r e f fi d g n i k a e p s e l p o e p n e e w t e b r o t a l s n a rt l a r o s a s e v r e s o h w e n o , y ll a c if i c e p s
.s e g a u g n a l
e b d l u o c t i , e v o b a r e t e r p r e t n i d n a r o t a l s n a rt t u o b a s n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r F
b t a h t n w o n
k oth rtanslato randi nterprete rarepeoplewho rtanslateonel anguagei nto l a r o r o h c e e p s s e o d r e t e r p r e t n i t u b , n o it a l s n a rt g n it ir w s e o d y lt s o m r o t a l s n a r T . r e h t o n a
. n o it a l s n a rt
According to Dole tin Bassnet-McGurie (1980:54) ,in orde rto ge ta good t
a l s n a
rt ion,t hereare ifvep irnciplesf o ra rtanslato :r
1. The rtanslato rmus tfully understand the sense and the meaning o fthe o irgina l .s
e it ir u c s b o y fi r a l c o t y tr e b il t a s i e h h g u o h tl a , r o h t u a
2. The rtanslato rshould have a perfec tknowledge o fboth source language and .
e g a u g n a l t e g r a t
3. The rtanslators houldavoidword- rf -o wordr endeirng. 4. The rtanslators houldusef orm sofs peechi ncommonuse.
5. The rtanslators houldchooseandorde rword sapprop iratelyt oproducet hecorrec t .
e n o t
h t o b n i y r e t s a m d o o g e v a h d l u o h s r o t a l s n a rt a “ t a h t s e t a t s ) 1 1 : 0 0 0 2 ( i l a h c a M
n i s m e l b o r p t n e r e f fi d g n il d n a h n i s ll i k s e g a u g n a L t e g r a T d n a e g a u g n a L e c r u o S
l u f s s e c c u s o t y e k e h t s i t x e t e c r u o s e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n u , t x e t e c r u o s e h t g n ir e d n e r
n a c t I . ” n o it a l s n a
rt be said t ha tto ge ta successfu l rtanslaiton, a rtanslato rshould be e c r u o s e h t g n it a l s n a rt n i s m e l b o r p t n e r e f fi d g n il d n a h d n a , g n i d n a t s r e d n u , g n ir e t s a m
it a l s n a rt a g n i o d n
I o , n a rtanslato rshould rtansfer the message o fsource g
n ir r e f s n a r T . e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t o t n i e g a u g n a
l processe sare doing by a rtanslato r .
n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r p s a d e ll a c
2.5Proces so fTransla iton
r o t a l s n a rt a y b e n o d e b h c i h w s e it i v it c a f o s e ir e s s i n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r p e h T
m it e h t t
a e she/he rtansfer sthe message from the source language into the targe t f o y ti v it c a e h t g n i o d n i l u f e r a c e b d l u o h s r o t a l s n a rt A . ) 6 : 7 9 9 1 , n a b a b a N ( e g a u g n a l
f I . t n i o p r e h t o n a n i s e k a t s i m t l u s e r y a m t n i o p e n o n i e k a t s i m a e s u a c e b , n o it a l s n a rt
, d e n e p p a h s i h
t ther esul toft he rtanslaitonwouldbel esss aitsfying. o
t g n i d r o c c
A Nidaand Taber i n Hoed ( 1993:57), t heprocesse so f rtanslaiton :
e r a
1. Analyzing l(earning t he source t ex )t . tI i s t he fris tstep i n which t he conten tand e
s i t x e t e c r u o s e h t n i e s o p r u p e h
t ntrielyt ober eadandt obeunderstood.
2. Transfer irng (replacing the substance o fsource language wtih ti sequivalence s i t x e t e c r u o s e h t n i e g a s s e m e h t , p e t s s i h t n I . ) e g a u g n a l t e g r a t f o e c n a t s b u s
n o c a e b n a c e g a s s e m e h T . t x e t t e g r a t e h t o t n i d e r r e f s n a
rt ten,ti deaort hough.t
3. Resrtuctu irng( adaptedt he rtanslatedt extt ot het urnofr eader) .Resrtucturemean s e h t o t n i t x e t e c r u o s m o r f e g a s s e m e h t g n ir r e f s n a rt r e tf a , d r o w r e h t o n I . e g n a r r a e r
s i l a o g s ’ r o t a l s n a rt e h t ,t x e t a g n it a l s n a rt n e h w , ) 7 1 : 4 8 9 1 ( n o s r a L o t g n i d r o c c A
f o g n i n a e m r i e h t e t a c i n u m m o c o t tr o f f e y r e v e s e k a m h c i h w n o it a l s n a rt c it a m o i d i n a
s t n e s e r p y l p m i s n o s r a L . e g a u g n a l r o t p e c e r e h t f o s m r o f l a r u t a n e h t o t n i t x e t e c r u o s e h t
e h
t diagram o fthe proces so f rtanslaiton which i squoted from Susan Basne tin )
6 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( s e i d u t s n o it a l s n a
rt .
2 e r u g i
F .1 :Diagramoft ran lsaitonProcess
) 6 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( s e i d u t S n o it a ls n a r T n i t e n s s a B n a s u S m o r f d e t o u Q
n a c n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r p t a h t e d u l c n o c n a c e w , e v o b a m a r g a i d e h t n o d e s a B
.s tr a p e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d e b
c u rt s e c a f r u s e h t s n a e m t i ; s i s y l a n a s i t s ri f e h
T ture (message )a sgiven i n t he
u o
s rce language i sanalyzed in term s o f the grammaitca l relaitonship and the s n a e m t i ;r e f s n a rt s i d n o c e s e h T . s d r o w f o n o it a n i b m o c d n a s d r o w e h t f o s g n i n a e m
e c r u o s e h t m o r f r o t a l s n a rt e h t f o d n i m e h t n i d e r r e f s n a rt s i l a ir e t a m d e z y l a n a e h t
e r e h t o t e g a u g n a
l ceptor l anguage .The l as tprocess i sresrtuctu irng ;means t hat t he e l b a t p e c c a y ll u f e g a s s e m l a n if e h t e k a m o t r e d r o n i d e r u t c u rt s e r s i l a ir e t a m d e r r e f s n a rt
. e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t n i
t x e t e g a u g n a L e c r u o S
s i s y l a n A
e g a u g n a L r o t p e c e R
n o it a l s n a r T
g n ir u t c u rt s e R
y e h
T desc irbet hati n rtanslaitont ex,tt hef orm soft hes ourcel anguagemay be e h t e v e i h c a o t r e d r o n i e g a u g n a l r o t p e c e r e h t f o s m r o f e t a ir p o r p p a o t n i d e g n a h c
. n o it a l s n a rt c it a m o i d i
s tr e p x e e m o s o t g n i d r o c c a s e s s e c o r p e h t g n i w o n k y
B above ,anyone can do
n o it a l s n a
rt easliy . tI i sbecause t heprocesse sabovegiveexplanaiton t ha tanyone can o s e r a e r e h T . s m e l b o r p e m o s e c a f t s u m e n o e m o s , t x e t a g n it a l s n a rt n i t u B . w o ll o f
r o t a l s n a rt a y b d e c a f s s e c o r p n o it a l s n a rt n i s m e l b o r p y n a
m .
2.6 Problemsi nTransla iton 4 5 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a
N -60 )explain stha tin rtanslaitng process ,there are some e g a u g n a l f o s e c n e r e f fi d e h t s a h c u s , s r o t c a f e m o s y b d e s u a c e r a t a h t s m e l b o r p
d n a , e c n e t e p m o c s ’ r o t a l s n a rt e h t , c it s il y t s d n a c it n a m e s f o y ti x e l p m o c e h t , s m e t s y s
.t x e t e c r u o s f o y ti l a u q e h t o s l a
1. Thedfiference sofl anguages ystems t a h t e g a u g n a l o n s i e r e h
T ha sthe same form and system sin term so f .
e m e h p r o m d n a l a c i x e l , x a t n y
s In Engilsh,t here i sa rule t ha tsome plura lword s v
e w o H . s n e p s a h c u s ” s “ h ti w d e d d a e r
a e ,ri nI ndonesiant herei snor ule ilket ha.t 2. Thes emanitcands tyilsitccomplextiy
n s i e r e h
T o counrty t ha thas t he same cutlure as t he othe rcount ires .The h
t g n it a l s n a rt n i m e l b o r p a e c a f l li w r o t a l s n a
rt e t erm so fsource l anguage socio -n
i e r u tl u
c tot het argetl anguage .Styilsitccomplextiyi salsooneoft hef actorst ha t e
s u a c e B . e g a s s e m e h t r e f s n a rt o t tl u c if fi d r o t a l s n a rt e h t e k a
e c r u o
s and targe tlanguage’ scutlure sand the style o fthose language si salso .t
n e r e f fi d
3. Thet ranslator’ scompetence 9 5 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a
N -60 )say stha tthe rtanslato ri sthe main subjec tin l a r u tl u c , e c n e t e p m o c e g a u g n a l e v a h d l u o h s r o t a l s n a rt A . s s e c o r p g n it a l s n a rt
d n a , e c n e t e p m o c r e f s n a rt , e c n e t e p m o c l a u t x e t , e c n e t e p m o c t c e j b u s , e c n e t e p m o c
t n e i c if f u
s expe irence s in rtanslaitng . I f the rtanslator s do no t have good e
c u d o r p o t e l b a e b t o n l li w y e h t , e c n e t e p m o
c agoodqualtiy fo rtanslaiton. 4. Thequaltiyofs ourcet ext
e b n a c o s l a n o it a l s n a rt f o s m e l b o r p e h t t a h t s e t a t s ) 0 6 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a N
e c r u o s e h t f o e g a s s e m e h T . t x e t e g a u g n a l e c r u o s e h t f o y ti l a u q w o l e h t y b d e s u a c
s i t x e t e g a u g n a l e c r u o s e h t f o y ti l a u q f i d o o t s r e d n u e b o t tl u c if fi d e b l li w e g a u g n a l
w s a h c u s , d o o g t o
n rong grammar ,ambiguou ssentences ,poo rcoherency wtihin d
e s s i m , h p a r g a r a p r o s e c n e t n e
s punctuaiton, .e tc e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r
F d that t o ge ta bette rresul ta
g e v a h t o n o d s r o t a l s n a rt e h t f i , e c n e t e p m o c d o o g e v a h d l u o h s r o t a l s n a
rt ood
t s o m e h T . n o it a l s n a rt f o y ti l a u q d o o g a e c u d o r p o t e l b a e b t o n l li w y e h t , e c n e t e p m o c
d n a e c n e t e p m o c e g a u g n a l e r a n w o t s u m r o t a l s n a rt a t a h t s e c n e t e p m o c t n a tr o p m i
7 .
2 LanguageVarie ites
e l p o e p d n a s e c n a t s m u c ri c n o s d n e p e d d e s u y t e ir a v e g a u g n a l f o e c i o h c e h T
d n i k ‘ y n a o t s r e f e r y l p m i s h c i h w m r e t l a rt u e n a s i y t e ir a V . o t s k l a t r e k a e p s e h t m o h w
s e t a t s ) 2 2 : 0 8 9 1 ( n o s d u H . ) 7 1 : 4 7 9 1 , ll i g d u r T ( c if i c e p s g n i e b t u o h ti w ’ e g a u g n a l f o
f o y t e ir a v t a h
t language or j us tva irety fo rsho tr i sdfiferen tfrom oneanother .Wha t , s u h T . s m e ti c it s i u g n il e h t e r a r e h t o n a m o r f t n e r e f fi d e g a u g n a l f o y t e ir a v e n o e k a m
e g a u g n a l f o y t e ir a v s e n if e d n o s d u
H a sas e to filnguisitc tiems . n
a c t i , e v o b a s n o it i n if e d e h t m o r
F be concluded tha tevery language ha s ti s s i e g a u g n a l e l o h w A . s e v l e s m e h t s r e s u e g a u g n a l y b d e t a e r c e r a h c i h w s e it e ir a v n w o
y b d e s u e g a u g n a l f o d n i k y n a e r a s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a L . s u o e n e g o r e t e h d n a t s a v o s
. y ti n u m m o c r o e l p o e p
p y t e m o s e v a h s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a
L es .According to Hudson (1980 :24) ,the d e ll a c e b y ll a m r o n d l u o w t a h w f o s e l p m a x e s e d u l c n i ’ y t e ir a v ‘ n o it o n l a r e n e g y r e v
t o n s i t I . c it a m e l b o r p y l e m e rt x e e r a s e p y t e e r h t e h T . r e t s i g e r d n a , t c e l a i d , e g a u g n a l
h w e n o h c a e r o f n o it i n if e d l a r e n e g a d n if o t y s a
e ichwli ldisitnguish tif romt heother s .s
e it e ir a v g n it i m il e d r o f a ir e ti r c d n if o t o s l a d n a
1. Language
t i e e s n a c t n i o p w e i v e n o o n t a h t n o n e m o n e h p x e l p m o c a h c u s s i e g a u g n a L
l o h w a s
a e (Pi tCoder , 1973:21) . Haugen in Hudson (1980:31 ) state s tha t s
i e g a u g n a
s n r e tt a p l a r e n e g e l b a t p e c c a e h t f o r e h t o r o e n o t c e l e s o t m o d e e r f e l b a r e d i s n o c s i e r e h t
.) 6 1 : 0 9 9 1 , d l o s a F ( s i s a b l a u d i v i d n i n a n o
2.8 Addres sTerms
Addres sterm sare the word sspeaker suse to designate the person they are o
t g n i k l a
t F( asold ,1990:1-2) .Inmostl anguage ,st herearet womain kind so faddres s h s ll i w n o it c e lf e r s ’t n e m o m f e ir b a t s u J .s n u o n o r p n o s r e p d n o c e s d n a s e m a n : s m r e
t ow
r i e h t y b : s y a w o w t f o r e h ti e n i e n o y n a s s e r d d a , t s a e l t a e l p i c n ir p n i , n a c u o y t a h t u o y
. e m a n t s a l d n a e lt it r i e h t y b r o e m a n t s ri
f Address t erm sare really par to fcomplete if
f u s y ll a e r t o n s i tI . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s h ti w o d o t g n i v a h s m e t s y s c it n a m e
s cient t o
y b g n i s s e r d d a t a y l n o k o o
l nameandsecond personpronoun .There arel anguages i n . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t r o f d e s u e r a s e c i v e d r e h t o y n a m h c i h w
p i h s n i k r o f s d r o W ( s m r e t n i k f o n o it s e u q e l o h w e h t s i e r e h t , e r o m r e h tr u F
s p i h s n o it a l e
r ilke ‘mother’ ,‘brother’ ,‘cousin’) .We wli lmeniton kin term sonly .’
y r r a H e l c n U ‘ n i s a , e l p o e p s s e r d d a o t d e s u e r a y e h t e r e h
w The othe rcase i swhen
o t , e s r u o c f o , e l b i s s o p s i tI . e m a n s ’ n o s r e p r e h t o e h t w o n k t o n s e o d y l p m i s r e k a e p s e h t
s i d a f o t u o p e t
s course and ask fo ran inrtoduciton (‘ ’Im sorry , Ididn’ tge tyou r n
i v r E , s i h t g n il i a F . g n i s s a r r a b m e d n a d r a w k w a s i y a l p s i h t t u b , ) ’ e m a
n -T irpp’ schar t
. e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ s s i M ‘ r o , ’ s r M ‘ ’. r M ‘ ,’ e lt it ‘ o t s u s d a e l
e h t s a h y d a e rl a r e k a e p s a n e h w d e s u e r a s m r e t s s e r d d
A ilstener’ sattenitonand
m o r f y r o e h t n o d e s a
B Fasoldabove,t her esearche rclassi ifedt hedataanalysi s f
o t n
i ou raddress t erms .They are pronoun ,kinship ,name ,and it lte.Each of t hem i s :
w o l e b d e b ir c s e d
2.8.1 Pronoun
a e c a l p e r o t s e v r e s t a h t s d r o w s s a l c a f o e n o s a h c e e p s f o t r a p a s i n u o n o r P
t n e m o t t u o b a s i r o n e e b y d a e rl a s a h t a h t e s a r h p n u o
n ion i n t he sentence o rcontex t
(Coliln sin Brata, 2010:2) .Beside sreplacing a noun phrase ,pronoun also used fo r a n i e l p o e p f o p u o r g a o t d e g n o l e b e c i o h c l a s a r h p r o l a c i x e l f o s m r o f e h t n i g n i s s e r d d a
( e e s s e r d d a e h t s s e r d d a o t r e s s e r d d a e h t y b d e s u y t e i c o s n i a tr e
c Braun ,1988:5 .)
i h w e c n e i d u a e h t s t n e s e r p e r n o s r e p d n o c e
S cht hespeakeri saddressing.‘ You ’ s s e r d d a o t d e s u s i ’ u o y ‘ n u o n o r P . n o s r e p d n o c e s s a d e s u s n u o n o r p e h t e r a ’ r u o y ‘ d n a
.s m r o f l a r u l p d n a r a l u g n i s n i h t o b d e s u s i ti , . e .i s n o s r e p f o p u o r g a r o n o s r e p e l g n i s
t m r o f r a l u g n i s n i d e s u e b n a c ’ u o y ‘ n u o n o r p e h
T o communicate t oa single person .
e r o f e b , r e h t o M “ , e l p m a x e r o
F you headf o rMlian ctiy ,please r ememberst o r ead t he ” . e s o R s r u o y , e v o L . e l b a t e h t n o t p e k e v a h I g n i p p o h s y r e n o it a t s f o t s il k c e h
c The
c i n u m m o c o t m r o f l a r u l p n i d e s u e b n a c ’ u o y ‘ n u o n o r p e m a
s ate wtih a group o f
, m a e T “ , e l p m a x e r o F . e l p o e
p youneedt obepreparedf ort henex tse to fprojectst ha t ”
.s k e e w w e f n i p u g n i m o c e r
a Second person‘ you’ r epresent ssubjecitve casei f ti i s c
e v it c e j b o n i d e s u e b n a c ’ u o Y ‘ . e c n e t n e s a n i t c e j b u s a s a d e s
u ase a swell .
“ e l p m a x e r o F . ’ s r u o y ‘ r o ’ r u o y ‘ s i n o s r e p d n o c e s f o e s a c e v i s s e s s o
e s i c r e x
e your irght sasIndian ciitzen sand vote in the nex tyea 'r seleciton” .Here , . e s a c e v i s s e s s o p e h t s t n e s e r p e r ’ s r u o y ‘ e li h w e s a c e v it c e j b u s s t n e s e r p e r ’ u o y
‘ In t he
. e s a c e v it c e j b o n i d e s u s i ’ u o y ‘ n o s r e p d n o c e s e h t , ” u o y o t t i e v a g I “ e c n e t n e
s In
l a rt n e c e h t r o e c n e i d u a /r e d a e r e h t o t r e f e r y a m n o s r e p d n o c e s , g n it ir w y r a r e ti l
.r e t c a r a h
c (http/:l/fiestyle.lioveindia.coml/ounget/ypes- fo -person- ni -grammar-14006. )l
m t h
s e d i s e
B tt , ha secondperson‘you’canbe represent svocaitvecase i ftii sused a
s
a vocaitveint hesentence .Vocaitvei sawordo rphraseusedt oaddres sar eade ro r r o F . e lt it r o , n u o n o r p , e m a n l a n o s r e p a f o m r o f e h t n i y ll a u s u , y lt c e ri d r e n e t s il
: e l p m a x e
: L
S “Didyouevers eemeagain?”heasked.( Page89 ilne4) :
L
T “Pernahkahkaubertemul ag idenganku?”t anyanya.( Page92 ilne28)
e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h
T d by captain to Eddie .Captain is t he second t I . r a w a n i t e e m r e v e n e e b e v a h m e h t f o h t o B . n e v a e h n i s t e e m e i d d E o h w n o s r e p
e h t , t c a f n I . p i h s n o it a l e r l a n o s r e p e s o l c y lt n e i c if f u s a e v a h y e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i
n o it a s r e v n o
c happensi nheavenbetweenCaptainandEddiei ninformalstiuaiton. e
c n a r e tt u e h t n
I ,there i ssecond persona lpronoun y ou a sa vocaitve in the e
c n e t n e
s and refer sto Eddie. And tha tsecond persona lpronoun y ou a re rtanslated o
t n
i k ua . tIi sonekindo frtanslaitonva iraitono fsecondpersona lpronounyouwhich y
l n o m m o
c used i ni nforma lstiuat nio o rbetween paritcipant swhohave asuf ifcienlty .
e t n o c s i h t n i t a h t e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r
F xtt hesecond
n u o n o r p l a n o s r e
p youare rtanslatedi ntok au becauset he addresser( captain )and t he )
e i d d E ( e e s s e r d d
a arei ninformalstiuaitonandt heyhaveasuf ifcienltyclosepersona l .
p i h s n o it a l e r
2.8.2 Kinship
, ) 3 : 0 9 9 1 ( d l o s a F o t g n i d r o c c
A Addres sterm sare really par to fcomplete o t t n e i c if f u s y ll a e r t o n s i tI . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s h ti w o d o t g n i v a h s m e t s y s c it n a m e s
n i s e g a u g n a l e r a e r e h T . s n u o n o r p n o s r e p d n o c e s d n a e m a n y b g n i s s e r d d a t a y l n o k o o l
s f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t r o f d e s u e r a s e c i v e d r e h t o y n a m h c i h
w ocia lrelaitonships .
p i h s n i k r o f s d r o W ( s m r e t n i k f o n o it s e u q e l o h w e h t s i e r e h t , e r o m r e h tr u F
y l n o s m r e t n i k n o it n e m l li w e W . ) ’ n i s u o c ‘ , ’ r e h t o r b ‘ , ’ r e h t o m ‘ e k il s p i h s n o it a l e r
d e t a l e r r e h t o n A . ’ y r r a H e l c n U ‘ n i s a , e l p o e p s s e r d d a o t d e s u e r a y e h t e r e h w
n e h
p omenon i showa person i s r eferred t o a swel la show heo rshe i saddressed .A s a r e h o t r e f e r y a m t u b , e m a n t s ri f r e h y b e fi w s i h s s e r d d a o t d e t c e p x e e b n a c n a m
n i d n e p e d , ’ r e h t o m s ’ y m m o T ‘ r o , ’ s ir r a H s r M ‘ ,’ y r r a M ‘ ,’ e fi w y m ‘ ,’ m o M
‘ gonhowi t
l a t s i e h s
i kingt o.
l e v o n e h t m o r f e l p m a x e e h t s i e r e h , r a e l c t i e k a m o
T The ifvepeopleyoumee t
e v a e h n
i nbyMtichAlbomand ti srtanslaitonMenti ibianglalabyAndangH .Sutopo:
: L
S "Youhea rme?Dad?"( Page144 ilne14) :
L
y e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i tI . r e h t a f s i h o t e i d d E y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h T
r e h t o h c a e o t e t a m it n i e r
a .Thisi sutteredwhenEddiewantst oapologizet ohisf athe r .
n o it a u ti s l a m r o f n i n i
e c n a r e tt u e h t n
I ,there i sa word which refer sto second person addres sin s
i tI . m r e t p i h s n i
k Dad a sa vocaitve i nthesentence and refers t o Eddie’ sfather. In d
r o w e h t e c n a r e tt u s i h
t D ad i s rtanslated i nto Ayah.Both of t hem used to designate .t
n e r a p e l a m
d r o w e h t t x e t n o c s i h t n i t a h t e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r F d a
D i s rtanslated into Ayah which designate to male parent ,because the addresse r .)
r e h t a f s ’ e i d d E ( e e s s e r d d a e h t f o n o s e h t s i ) e i d d E (
2.8.3 Name
n i s ’ d r o F d n a n w o r
B Wardhaugh (2006:268 )state tha tstudy o fnaming s e c it c a r p g n i m a n e h t ,s y a l p n r e d o m f o s i s y l a n a n a n o d e s a b s a w h s il g n E n i s e c it c a r p
d n a s e v it u c e x e s s e n i s u b f o e g a s u d e tr o p e r e h t d n a , n o t s o B n i s s e n i s u b a n i d e v r e s b o
d i m e h t n i n e r d li h
c -westernUntied State sandi n ‘ Yoredale’i n England .They r epor t that t he asymmet irc use o f it lte plus las tname ,and fris tname (TLN/FN) .Tilte plu s
e m a n t s a
l ( NTL ) sw a indicated i nequaltiy and unfamiilartiy ,meanwhlie Fris tName (
y l n
o FN )wasindicatedequal tiyandf amiilartiy .Theswtichf rommutua lTLNt oFN g n i w o n K . p i h s n o it a l e r e h t f o r e b m e m l u f r e w o p e r o m e h t y b d e t a it i n i y ll a u s u o s l a s i
o h s e m a n t e p r o e m a n k c i n a g n i s U . y c a m it n i h c u s r o f e ri s e d a f
o w san even greate r
l e e f y a m u o y , u o y g n i s s e r d d a n i e n o l a e m a n t s ri f r u o y s e s u e n o e m o s n e h W . y c a m it n i
, r o e z i n g o c e r t o n o d u o y y c a m it n i n a g n i m u s e r p s i n o s r e p t a h t n o i s a c c o n o
. u o y r e v o r e w o p e m o s tr e s s a o t g n i y rt s i , y l e v it a n r e tl a
s i e r e h , r a e l c t i e k a m o
T theexamplef romt henove lThe ifvepeopleyoumee t e
v a e h n
i nbyMtichAlbomand ti srtanslaitonMenti ibianglalabyAndangH .Sutopo: 1. Firs tName
: L
S ”Hiya ,Eddie,”Marguerties ay .s(Page77 ilne16) :
L
T “Hai ,Eddie,”kataMarguertie.( Page81 ilne19)
y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h
T Marguertie to Eddie. The relaitonship n
e e w t e
b MarguertieandEddiei sahusbandandwfie .SowhenMarguertieaddressing y ti r a il i m a f d n a y ti l a u q e n a d e t a c i d n i t i , y l n o ) e m a N t s ri F ( N F h ti w d n a b s u h r e h
.s t n a p i c it r a p n e e w t e b
d r o w e h t s p e e k r o t a l s n a rt e h
T EddieinTL .tIi sunnecessaryf ort he rtanslato r e h t e g n a h c l li w t i e s u a c e b , m r e t n a i s e n o d n I o t n i n o s r e p f o e m a n e h t e g n a h c o t
. L T n i t x e t e l o h w e h t f o g n i n a e m
2. Ti lteplusl as tname :
L
S "HAP-PYBIRTH-DAY ,MR .ED- EDI ! "
(
P
a
g
e
1
5
2
il
n
e
1
7
)
:L
T "H -AP PYBIRTH-DAY ,MR .ED- EDI !"( Page156 ilne22)
n e r d li h c f o p u o r g a y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h
T to Eddie.They are a
. y tr a p e lt ti l y a d h tr i B s ’ e i d d E o t e ti r e u g r a M y b s g n ir b o h w n e r d li h c f o p u o r
. e i d d E n a h t r e g n u o
y B oth o fthem have neve rknown yet .So ,when a group o f y ti l a u q e n i n a d e t a c i d n i ti , ) e m a n t s a L s u l p e lt i T ( N L T h ti w e i d d E g n i s s e r d d a n e r d li h c
.s t n a p i c it r a p n e e w t e b y ti r a il i m a f n u d n a
2.8.4 Ti lte
d e s u d r o w a s i e lt i
T fo rshowing somebody’ srank,profession martia lstatus , c
t
e (Oxford Dicitonary) .It i ndicates t here i sno or l east initmacybetween addresse r k
n a r s ’ e n o s e t a n g i s e d y ll a u s u t i d n a , e e s s e r d d a d n
a o roccupaiton such a sDoctor ,
r e t s i n i M e m i r P , y d a L , e c n i r P , d r o
L , cEt .
5 1 : 0 9 9 1 ( d l o s a
F ) statet ha:t
s ’ n o s r e p r e h t o e h t w o n k t o n s e o d y l p m i s r e k a e p s e h t n e h w s i e s a c r e h t o e h T
n a r o f k s a d n a e s r u o c s i d a f o t u o p e t s o t , e s r u o c f o , e l b i s s o p s i t I . e m a n
d r a w k w a s i y a l p s i h t t u b , ) ’ e m a n r u o y t e g t ’ n d i d I , y r r o s m ’I ‘ ( n o it c u d o rt n i
. g n i s s a r r a b m e d n
a Faiilng this ,Ervin-T irpp’ schar tlead su sto ‘itlte’ ,‘M .r ’ .
e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ s s i M ‘ r o , ’ s r M ‘
s a , e l p m a x e r o f , t s e ir p a s s e r d d a o t e l b a t p e c c a y lt c e f r e p s i t i e li h w t u B
t d d o s i tI . ’ r o t c o D ‘ s a n a i c i s y h p a r o , ’ r e h t a F
‘ oaddresss omeoneasj us t‘Mrs .’Ervin -8
2 2 : 2 7 9 1 ( p p ir
T -9 )proposes t hat t hi sproblem be solvedbychangingmetaphors .So :l
e d o m r e h o t m r o f g n i w o ll o f e h t f o s e l u r s d d a d n a , k a e p s o t
+ r e h t a
F
ø
Father+ r
r e h t a F ‘ o t p u s d d a e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ r e h t a F ‘ ,s d r o w r e h t o n
I ’ ,but‘ Mr ’
s r e k a e p s e h t d n a g n i h t o n o t p u s d d a e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l
p u senonamea tal .l
y ll a u s u s e lt it t a h t n i s s e r d d a f o m r o f e t a m it n i t s a e l e h t s i e n o l a e lt it y b s s e r d d A
n i s a , s n o it a p u c c o r o s k n a r e t a n g i s e
d Colonel ,Doctor ,o rWatier .Theyaredevoid o f t
a h t e r o f e r e h t e u g r a n a c e W . t n e t n o c ’ l a n o s r e p
‘ Docto rSmtih i smore i nitmate t han
r o t c o
D alone ,acknowledging as i tdoes t hat t he othe rperson’ sname i sknown and .
d e n o it n e m e b n a c
e h t t e g o t s r e k a e p s h s il g n E n a c ir e m A r o f n o m m o c s i
tI atteniton o fvi trually
e s u o t f fi t s y lr e v o d n u o s y l e k il t s o m d l u o w t i t u b , ’ ri s ‘ m i h g n il l a c y b e l a m t l u d a y n a
. n o it n e tt a s i h e v a h u o y e c n o ’ ri s
‘ Fo rexample i fa d irve rin a ca rwanted to ge t s
y b d e v e i h c a e b l l e w t h g i m s i h t , n a ir t s e d e p a m o r f s n o it c e ri
d aying something ilke :
e h t n i y a s o t n o s r e p e m a s e h t r o f d d o e b d l u o w t I ’ ? tr o p ri a e h t o t t e g I o d w o h , ri S ‘
I e r o f e b s t h g il p o t s e e r h t y a s u o y d i D ‘ : e k il g n i h t e m o s n o it a s r e v n o c e h t f o e l d d i m
? ri s , n r u
t ’
f o n o it i n if e
D addres sterm sabove canno t separate from socioilnguisitc ,s e
s u a c e
b Addres sTerms tisefli sabrancho fsocioilnguisitcsi nsubchapte rSoildartiy .s
s e n e ti l o P d n a
2.9Socioilnguis itcs
h ti w d e n r e c n o c s i s c it s i u g n il o i c o S ) 3 1 : 6 0 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a W o t g n i d r o c c A
g a u g n a l n e e w t e b s p i h s n o it a l e r e h t g n it a g it s e v n
n i n o it c n u f s e g a u g n a l w o h f o d n a e g a u g n a l f o e r u t c u rt s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b
. n o it a c i n u m m o c
w o h r e v o c s i d o t g n i y rt s i e g a u g n a l f o y g o l o i c o s e h t n i l a o g t n e l a v i u q e e h T
u o r h t d o o t s r e d n u r e tt e b e b n a c e r u t c u rt s l a i c o
s gh the study o flanguage ,e.g. ,how .s
t n e m e g n a r r a l a i c o s r a l u c it r a p e z ir e t c a r a h c o t e v r e s s e r u t a e f c it s i u g n il n i a tr e c
: 6 9 9 1 ( n o s d u
H 4 )ha sdesc irbed the dfiference a sfollows :socioilnguisitc si s e
h t s a e r e h w ’ , y t e i c o s o t n o it a l e r n i e g a u g n a l f o y d u t s e h
t‘ sociology o flanguage i s
e w s c it s i u g n il o i c o s n i ,s d r o w r e h t o n I ’ . e g a u g n a l o t n o it a l e r n i y t e i c o s f o y d u t s e h t‘
f o d n i k t a h w t u o b a n a c e w s a h c u m s a t u o d n if o t r e d r o n i y t e i c o s d n a e g a u g n a l y d u t s
e v e r e w e g a u g n a l f o y g o l o i c o s e h t n i d n a , s i e g a u g n a l g n i h
t rse t he drieciton o fou r
.t s e r e t n i
s m r e t e v it a n r e tl a e h t g n i s
U given above ,Coulma s(1997:2 )says t ha t‘micro -d n a k l a t e l p o e p y a w e h t s e c n e u lf n i e r u t c u rt s l a i c o s w o h s e t a g it s e v n i s c it s u g n il o i c o s
c o s h ti w e t a l e r r o c e s u f o s n r e tt a p d n a s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a l w o
h ia latt irbute ssuch a s
. e g a d n a , x e s ,s s a l c
, e li h w n a e
M Macro-socioilnguisitc ,s studie s wha t socieite s do wtih thei r l a n o it c n u f e h t r o f t n u o c c a t a h t s t n e m h c a tt a d n a s e d u ti tt a , s i t a h t , s e g a u g n a l
t n i a m , tf i h s e g a u g n a l , y t e i c o s n i s m r o f h c e e p s f o n o it u b ir t s i
d enance ,andr eplacement ,
t n i d n a n o it a ti m il e d e h
