LeonardoLaptop.ppt 3013KB Jun 23 2011 12:31:48 PM

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Leonardo's Laptop:

Human Needs and the New Computing

Ben Shneiderman

Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

Professor, Department of Computer Science

Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &

Systems Research

University of Maryland

ben@cs.umd.edu

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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

Interdisciplinary research community

- Computer Science & Psychology

- Information Studies & Education

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Scientific Approach

(beyond user friendly)

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Specify users and tasks

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Predict and measure

 time to learntime to learn

 speed of performancespeed of performance  rate of human errorsrate of human errors

 human retention over timehuman retention over time



Assess subjective satisfaction

(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)



Accommodate individual differences



Consider social, organizational & cultural context

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Design Issues



Input devices & strategies

 Keyboards, pointing devices, voice

 Direct manipulation

 Menus, forms, commands

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Output devices & formats

 Screens, windows, color, sound

 Text, tables, graphics

 Instructions, messages, help

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Collaboration & communities



Manuals, tutorials, training

www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com

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Library of Congress

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Scholars, Journalists, Citizens

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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)

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Doctors

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Surgeons

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Researchers

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NASA Environmental Data

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Scientists

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Farmers

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Land planners

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Bureau of Census

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Economists, Policy

makers, Journalists

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Renaissance Man

 Painter_Painter  InventorInventor  VisionaryVisionary

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Mona Lisa

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Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan

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Last Supper Fresco

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Remarkable Drawing Skill

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Faces of Old Men

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Anatomical Drawings

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Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow

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Why Leonardo Inspires Us

He integrated

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Leonardo: An Inspirational Muse

Three lessons:

1) Human needs drive innovation

2) Universal usability

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 Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness

 Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear

 Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs

 Physiological

 Safety

 Love

 Esteem

 Self-Actualization

 Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy

1) Human needs drive innovation

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Spectrum of relationships

Family & Friends

(2-20 close intimates)

Colleagues & Neighbors

(10-1000 regular encounters)

Members & Residents

(1000-1,000,000 professionals or city residents )

Citizenry & Markets

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Range of Activities

Collect: Information

Relate: Communication

Create: Innovation

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Periodic table

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

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Periodic table

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

Collect Relate Create Donate

Skeptics corner

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Examples: Collecting information

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

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Examples: Relating to others

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

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Examples: Creating a future

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

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Examples: Disseminating & Leading

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

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Human needs drive innovation

Relationships:

Family & Friends

Members & Residents

Citizenry & Markets

Activities:

Photo

Finder ICQ Gather- round.com

XXX.LANL

Photo Quilt

GlassEye Ebay Nasdaq

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2) Universal Usability

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Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse

dominate user experiences

 Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted

 Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware

 Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy

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Solutions

:

 Raise user expectations

 Conduct research

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2) Universal Usability

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Solutions

:

 Provide practical tools & methods Skeptics corner_{- Dumbing down}

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2) Universal Usability

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Solutions

:

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ACM Code of Ethics

In a fair society, all individuals would have

equal opportunity to participate

in, or benefit from, the use of

computer resources regardless of race,

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Internet Use by Education - 1998



Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet

Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas

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Internet Use by Income - 1998

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Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet

Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas

Falling Through the Net:

Defining the Digital Divide

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Research Agenda

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Technology variety

:

Support broad range of hardware, software,

and network access

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User diversity

:

Accommodate users with different skills,

knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling

conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight),

literacy, culture, income, etc.

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Gaps in user knowledge

:

Bridge the gap between what users know and

what they need to know

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Technology variety:

Support broad range of

hardware, software, and network access

1 to 100 range in processor speeds

286 486 Pentium

1 to 100 range in screen sizes

Palm

devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels

Software Versions

Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms

Device Independence

Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,...

1 to 100 range in network bandwidth

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Language & Culture

Western, Eastern, developing...

Personality

Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion

Locus of control Planful vs playful

User diversity

: Accommodate different users

Skills

Computer newbie to hacker

Knowledge

Domain novice to expert

Age

Young to old

Gender

Male or Female

Income

Impoverished to wealthy

Disabilities

Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive

Disabling conditions

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Online help

Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search,

FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities

Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies

Bridge the gap between what users know and

what they need to know

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3) Creativity Support Tools



More people, more creative, more of the time

 Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts, H-Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts,

H-creativity creativity

 Evolutionary, normal science, music & art, Evolutionary, normal science, music & art,

creative knowledge work creative knowledge work

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Eight Activities



1) Searching & browsing digital libraries

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2) Consulting with peers & mentors

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3) Visualizing data & processes

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4) Thinking by free associations

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5) Exploring solutions - What if tools

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6) Composing artifacts & performances

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Eight Activities



1) Searching & browsing digital libraries



2) Consulting with peers & mentors



4) Thinking by free associations



5) Exploring solutions - What if tools



6) Composing artifacts & performances

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7) Reviewing & replaying session histories

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8) Disseminating results

Skeptics corner

- Tools can limit imagination

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3) Visualizing data & processes

The eye…

the window of the soul, is the principal means

by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate

the infinite works of nature.

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Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think

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Visual bandwidth is enormous

 Human perceptual skills are remarkable

 Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...

 Color, size, shape, proximity...

 Human image storage is fast and vast

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Opportunities

 Spatial layouts & coordination

 Information visualization

 Scientific visualization & simulation

 Telepresence & augmented reality

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Information Visualization: Mantra

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Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand

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Information Visualization: Data Types

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1-D Linear

_{Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars}

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2-D Map

_{GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery}

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3-D World

_{CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture}

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Multi-Dim

_{Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage,}

Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise

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Temporal

_{Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams,}

Project Managers, DataSpiral

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Tree

_{Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap}

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Network

_{Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees}

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Customer Histories

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Treemap - view large trees

 Space fillingSpace filling

 Space limited_{Space limited}

 Color codingColor coding

 Size coding_{Size coding}

 Requires learning_{Requires learning}

(Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992)

TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996)

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Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Three lessons:

1) Human needs drive innovation

2) Universal usability

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ACM Conference on Universal Usability

Washington, DC

November 16-17, 2000

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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

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For More Information



Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos

(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)



See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization

Shneiderman, B.,

Designing the User Interface:

Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction:

Third Edition

(1998)

(www.aw.com/DTUI)(www.aw.com/DTUI)

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January 1999 book of readings:

Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B.