THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES
{
IN-
} AND {
UN-
} WITH ADJECTIVES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
BAYU PRABOWO SIGIT Student Number: 044214067
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES
{
IN-
} AND {
UN-
} WITH ADJECTIVES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
BAYU PRABOWO SIGIT Student Number: 044214067
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2011
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iv
THE PERSON WHO RISKS NOTHING,
DOES NOTHING,
HAS NOTHING,
IS NOTHING,
AND BECOMES NOTHING.
v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Bayu Prabowo Sigit
Nomor mahasiswa : 044214067
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES
{
IN-
} AND {
UN-
} WITH ADJECTIVES
Bersama perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 30 September 2011 Yang menyatakan,
Bayu Prabowo Sigit
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vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In finishing this thesis, I would like to thank many people who have supported me with their hand, care, love, and prayer. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jesus, the Almighty, for His endless blessing and guidance in accomplishing this thesis.
My gratitude is also dedicated to my beloved mother and father, who always support me during my education program. They have worked so hard to make my dreams come true. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and my co-advisor, who have spent their time in helping me to correct and improve my thesis.
I also would like to thank my best friends from English Letters: Moniq, Adi, Bendot, Kristin, Susan, Rony, Galih, and Letty: who have left me behind and gave more spirit for me. Besides, I would like to thank Antok, Bambang, Wawan and Minto for accompany me on the courses. Last but not least, I would like to thank the people at G12 and J36 crib for giving me nice place to work hard on this thesis.
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LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……… v
viii
ix ABSTRACT
Bayu Prabowo Sigit. The Study on English Negative Prefixes {in-} and {un-} with Adjectives. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.
Language is potential to produce more utterances to enrich its vocabulary. Affixes are an element of language to produce more words. The negative prefixes
in- and un- are chosen as the object of the study because they have the same semantic effect to the word they are attached to but the environment is different from one to another. Certain adjectives may be attached to prefix in- but not to un
and vice versa. This is an interesting topic because the speaker may use this kind of negative words but they do not understand why certain adjectives attach only to
in- and vice versa. There are three objectives of this study. First is to find out the etymology of the roots of prefixes in- and un-. Second is to show the morphological processes of the affixation. Last is the analysis on morphophonemic processes of prefix in-.
The three objectives were accomplished by doing data gathering and data analysis. The object of this study is adjectives listed on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The data were classified into adjectives with prefix in- and adjectives with prefix un-. The researcher analyzed each root to find the origin of the word. The morphological and morphophonemic processes of both prefixes are used to show any distinct character between them. The adjectives with prefix un- has wider scope than the adjectives of prefix in-. The 234 roots of prefix un- are originated from English, French, Latin, Greek, Norse, Italian, and Scots. The 118 roots of prefix in- are taken from Latin and French. Both prefixes have roots originated from Latin and French, the differences are English borrowed completely built-up adjectives for prefix in- but English only borrowed the root for prefix un-. The prefix in- is also different because of occurrence of the morphophonemic process.
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x ABSTRAK
Bayu Prabowo Sigit. The Study on English Negative Prefixes {in-} and {un-} with Adjectives. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.
Bahasa berpotensi untuk memproduksi lebih banyak kata untuk memperkaya perbendaharaan katanya. Kata sisipan adalah sebuah alat yang dimiliki bahasa untuk memproduksi kata. Prefik-prefik negatif in- dan un- dipilih sebagai obyek penelitian karena mereka mempunyai efek yang sama pada arti kata yang dihubungkan pada prefix tetapi penyebarannya berbeda satu sama lain. Beberapa kata keterangan bisa disisipi prefik in- tetapi tidak bias disisipi un-, dan sebaliknya. Ini adalah topik yang menarik karena pengguna bisa menggunakan kata dengan prefik negatif tetapi mereka tidak tahu kenapa prefik in- hanya bisa menempel pada kata keterangan tertentu dan sebaliknya. Dalam penelitian ini ada tiga pembahasan. Pembahasan pertama yaitu untuk mengetahui asal kata dasar prefik in- dan un-. Pembahasan kedua yaitu untuk menunjukkan proses penyatuan prefix dengan kata dasar. Pembahasan terakhir yaitu proses penyesuaian suara prefik in-.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is a tool for human communication, so they are able to express their feelings, thoughts, and ideas through language. According to O’Grady and Dobrovolsky, language is a system of communication, medium for thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for political controversy, and a factor in nation building (1989: 1). Every language has its own complexity, one and another may have similar complexity but there is no exact similarity that occurs between them. By this complexity, the language is potential to produce more utterance to enrich its vocabulary. Like in English, it has the ability to produce more words. One example of this kind of word productivity can be easily found in the affixation. Here, the researcher analyzes the affix based on function. As it is deals with the internal structure of complex words, this research is in a small part of morphological study.
A derivational affix is categorized as one of the affixes based on its function. A derivational affix functioned to form a new word. In English, affixes are divided by their position. Prefixes are the affixes in initial position, infixes are in the middle, suffixes are in the final position, and the circumfixes are in both initial and final position. All of affixes have their own function. The affixes may change the word-class and the meaning. For example, the word fixable, the root of this word is fix which the word-class is verb whether fixable is an adjective. The
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example that affix is able to change the meaning is in the prefix un- as in the word
unhappy. The meaning is different from the root because of the reversion.
In this thesis, the negative prefix is chosen as the object of the study because some of this prefixes: in- and un- will have the same semantic effect to the word they are attached to, especially to an adjective. The prefixes in- and un- are some of the affixes that negate the meaning of a word. However, an adjective may attach to prefix in- but cannot attach to prefix un- and vice versa. In
Morphology by P. H. Matthews, it is stated that there are certainly negatives in
un- which do mean simply ‘not X’. But it has often been noted that un- more easily negates a positive quality (1991: 73).
Usually, the people who speak English tend to use the negative prefixes because of the words are already listed in the dictionary. This condition occurs because the people do not understand the point that distinct these negative prefixes in- and un-. The people do not understand why certain word can be attached to the prefix in- but not to the prefix un- and vice versa. This kind of distribution will show how the environment constructs the differentiation among the words that attached to prefix in- or prefix un-.
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negative words with prefix in- or un- is needed to see how productive the prefixes are. The analysis on the history of the word will reveal the environment needed by the negative prefixes. The etymology of the word has a big role to a negative prefix to build the characteristic, what kind of environment they can attach to.
The distribution of the words which have the negative prefix seems only as they are shown in the dictionary. For the students who learn English, most of them do not know what character of an adjective which can be negated by the prefix in-
or the prefix un-. Most of them knew the adjectives with in- or un- from the dictionary or simply by memorizing them. This is an interesting topic because they may use this kind of negative words but they do not understand the characteristic that differentiate them.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background mentioned above, there are three problems in this research. The present researcher formulates the problem formulation as follows:
1. What are the origins of the roots with in- and un-?
2. What are the morphological processes of the adjectives prefixed with in- and un-?
3. What is the phonological process of the adjectives prefixed with in-?
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C. Objectives of the Study
There are three objectives of this study. First is to find out the origin or the etymology of the adjective roots attached to negative prefixes in- and un-. Second is to understand the morphological processes or the attachment of the prefixes in- and un- from roots to prefixed form. The last is to understand the morphophonemic processes of the prefix in-.
D. Benefit of the Study
By doing this study, the present researcher expects that it can give more understanding about the adjective words with negative prefixes and its roots. This study also gives more understanding on the word origin of the roots. It can also become a new contribution to the readers who are interested in conducting further study in prefixes in- and un-, and their origin. Moreover, the result of the study can be used as valuable information for students who learn English, especially in adjective words with prefixes in- or un-.
E. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misleading interpretation in the process of analyzing the data, it is important to know some definition of linguistics terminologies. The terms used in this study are root, adjective, prefix, and etymology. The
5
Root is “A form from which words or parts of words are derived and which is not itself derivable from any smaller or simpler form; e.g. carefully
derived from careful which is from the root care”. (1997: 324)
Adjective is “A word of a class whose most characteristic role is as the modifier of a noun. Hence typically understood as referring to properties not essential to whatever is denoted by noun. Adjective seen in antiquity as a distinct sub-class of a noun, added or adjoined to others: as such they were sometimes said to have a role parallel to that of adverbs in their relation to verbs”. (1997: 8)
Prefix is “An affix which comes before the form to which it is joined; e.g.
un- in unkind (1997: 292)
Etymology is “The study of the historical relation between a word and the earlier form of forms from which it has, or has hypothetically developed. Loosely described as a study of the ‘origins of words’ but if this expression is taken too literary it can be misleading”. (1997: 119)
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6 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter covers three parts: the review of related studies, the review of related theories, and the theoretical framework. The first part includes reviews of other studies which also discuss similar topic with this analysis. This part covers the morphological studies on many other English prefixes. The second part contains some theories that will help in accomplishing the analysis. The theories which will be used are theories about morphology including theory on the roots, affixation, and assimilation. Indeed, the theory of roots and affixation are important since this research will find out the form of English negative prefixes and their roots. The theory on assimilation used to identify the prefix in- of different environments.
A. Review of Related Studies
7
deeper meaning of the derived words. The writer studied the morphophonemic process of the affixation. Knowledge of phonology will be implemented for the analysis of the morphophonemic process involved in affixation. (2003:3)
The study above analyzes the morphology of the prefixes show the quality of time. As the study is a morphological study, the writer also analyzes the stems which time prefixes attach to, categorize whether the stem is complex or not, and analyze whether the stems are morphophonemic or polymorphemic words. In affixation, an affix needs the stem to attach to. In negative prefixes, the negative words or the data will be analyzed to determine the proportion of the negative prefixes. There will be no need of categorizing the complex and non-complex stems. The etymology of the word will show the proportion of the prefix in- and
un-. The second problem is the meaning of the time prefixes which generally means showing the time. In this study, the writer tries to analyze the semantic effect of the time prefixes deeper. In the study of negative prefixes, the morphological process will be analyzed. The study of phonology will be implemented for the analysis of the negative prefixes because there will be morphophonemic process made by certain prefix.
On another thesis written by Olivia Soenantho entitled A Morphological Study of English Prefixes: mega-, macro-, poly-, multy- (2006). The research discusses the morphological aspect of the English prefixes that are the descended from Greek namely mega-, macro-, poly- and from Latin multi-. The morphological aspect that becomes the main discussion deals with the words formations including the lexical category of the words, the meaning and the way
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word are spoken. The four prefixes are chosen since they all show the characteristics of large in size and number. Beside the similar characteristics, those prefixes are still widely used. The inclusion of the phonetic transcription has to do with the major problem in morphology, in which the pronunciation of a word is thought to be part of it. (2006:4)
In general, the analyses of the research above are similar to the study of time prefixes. In this research, the study of morphology is used to see the word formation and to determine the lexical category of the words. The meaning of the words is also the concern of the study, which the prefixes generally mean large in size or number. The writer states the prefixes mega-, macro-, poly- is from Greek and the prefix multi- is from Latin. The writer analyzes the etymology of the prefixes but not the words which the prefixes attach to. Here, the etymology is only used to determine where the prefixes come from. In the study of the negative prefixes, the etymology is used to have the deeper analysis in the words which the prefixes attach to and to search the characteristics of these words which affect to their distribution.
On the thesis written by Kristiani Sulistyowati entitled The Frequency of the Prefixes dis-, in-, and un- in Negative Word Formation as Used by English
9
prefixes have high productivity and are used by English native writers in writing articles, textbooks, and novels. The prefixes have the same meaning (negative). Therefore, the writer wants to know further about those negative word formations. (1998: 3)
The object of the study above concerns on the usage of words with negative prefixes by the English native writers in writing articles, textbooks, and novels. The negative prefix dis- is also included as the object of the study. This study analyzes the distribution of the words taken from the usage by the English native writers. This distribution is not analyzed into the etymology of the words. The concern of the study is mainly on the word formation, function of the prefixes, and the meaning of the prefixes in a word. The narrowing of the study which only analyzes the works of English native writer is the limitation considering the high productivity of the negative prefixes.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory on Roots
According to Nida, roots constitute the nuclei (or cores) of all words. There may be more than one root in a single word. For example; blackbird, catfish, he-goat (1982: 82). The single word catfish has two roots which are cat
and fish. Each of the word cat, fish, and catfish refers to one thing and different from one to another.
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Nida further explains some roots may have unique occurrences, for example; cran in cranberry does not constitute the nucleus of any other words but it occurs in the position occupied by root (1982:82). Another example related to present study is meaningful, there are three morphemes on it. Morpheme mean is termed the root and the structurally more peripheral morphemes -ing and -ful are called affixes.
2. Theory on Affixation
According to Katamba, an affix is a morpheme which only occurs when it is attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base. Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morphemes. No word may contain only an affix standing on its own, like -s or -ed or -al or even a number of affixes strung together like -al-s (1993: 44). The root is called as a free morpheme because it can stand by itself without any affix. However, the bound morpheme cannot stand by itself or stand together with any other bound morpheme.
Katamba further explains that a prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, in- and un-. For example: remake, reread, indecent,
inaccurate, unkind, and untidy (1993: 44). The present study concerned only on negative prefixes which attached only on adjectives. These negative prefixes are
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3. Theory on Assimilation
According to Fromkin, an assimilation rule assimilates one segment to another by ‘copying’ or ‘spreading’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, making the two phones more similar. There is a tendency when we speak to increase the ease of articulation, that is, to make it easier to move the articulators (2000: 278). For example, English devoices the nasals and liquids in fast speech of snow /snou/, slow /slou/, and smart / smat/.
Fromkin further explains assimilation rules in languages reflect what phoneticians often call coarticulation-the spreading of phonetic features either in anticipation of sounds or the preservation of articulatory processes (2000: 279). In this case, the prefix in- is assimilated into some forms which characterized by the sound following in-.
C. Theoretical Framework
The theory on roots by Nida provides the basic step for the study. This theory will be applied to find the roots of the prefixed adjective. Then origin of the roots will be identified to find where they are borrowed from. As an example, the root legal from the affixation il- + legal, the root legal is derived from Latin word legalis. The word legal can stand by itself but not with prefix in-. By identifying the etymology of the roots, the origin of the prefixes in- and un- and their roots will be illustrated.
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The theory on affixation by Katamba is used to prove that the words with
in- and un- are the prefixed adjectives. The morphological process shows the affixation of both prefixes. The morphological process also reveals the meaning and sound stress shifting. The word institution is not a prefixed word because there is no word such stitution. The word illogical is a form of prefixed adjective because the word logical exists and in- negates its meaning. This theory is used to distinguish non-prefixed words to the prefixed one.
The theory on assimilation by Fromkin will be applied to observe the data of adjectives with prefix in- has many forms such as im-. il-, and ir-. The phonological processes of prefix in- are affected by the sound which following the prefix in-. The word irrelevant is a result of attachment of prefix in- with word
13 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This part gives information on the research procedure. It contains information about the data of the study, the approach, and sample of the data. This chapter also discusses the data collection and data analysis of this study.
A. The Data of the Study
Since this study concerns on Morphology, the data will be words taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: 7th Edition. The words here are not words consisting only one morpheme. The data are the words which already attach to certain affixes. By the attachment of the affixes, these words have more than one morpheme. These words are adjectives which attach to the prefixes in-
and un-. What is meant by negative prefixes here is the prefixes in- and un- which attach to an adjective and negate the meaning of the words. The data is the words with the specification that stated above.
Morphology deals with the internal structure of complex words. These words can be divided into two broad categories, closed and open. This study does not discuss the closed categories. The open categories of word are the major lexical categories, such as adjective itself. It is to these categories that new words may be added. This kind of category is the data that will be used in the study.
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B. Approach of the Study
The approach that is applied is the morphological approach since the study concern on morphology. The approach is significant because the data determine by the word formation. Morphological approach is the approach of how words are structured and how they are put together from a smaller part. The morphology does not simply record and list the usage of words one by one as the dictionary did, but tries to uncover the underlying principles in creating words. It attempts to show the proportion of what negative prefixes are suitable to certain adjective.
The morphophonemic approach is also applied in this study because the data should be analyzed in the assimilation of prefix in-. This assimilation rule used to analyze the prefix in- which has many forms characterized by the environment. This analysis is to show the characteristic of prefix in- on its morphophonemic processes affected by the sound after in-.
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C. Method of the Study 1. Data Collection
The adjective words with prefixes in- and un- are used as the population found in the dictionary. In morphology, this branch of linguistic produces rules which may have non-occurring words but they are possible. By this kind of rule, the English speaker may find words that never occur before but actually these words are possible in morphology.
To make the collection of data easier, the data will be taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. In the dictionary, the adjective words with prefixes in- and un- are listed and identified to search the roots. The roots can be a reference to negative prefixes attached words which is used as the data. The reference is to determine whether the word is a prefixed word or not, by looking the stem and the meaning of word.
The adjective with in- and un- are in very big amount. However, in conducting this study it will not analyze the whole adjective words with prefixes
in- and un- since it is impossible to get all the words. Moreover, to analyze all of them one by one will be time consuming and impractical. Therefore, samples of the population are used to get the representative of the population.
The samples were limited on two adjective words, adjective with prefix in-
and adjective with prefix un-. The examples of each adjective will be taken from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Every example taken from dictionary has the chance to be included in the sample but with randomizing strategy only certain data are analyzed. Only some of the data are identified in this study since
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this study aimed to present efficiency and quality of the research rather than the quantity of the data.
The data were collected by searching the adjective words with prefixes in-
and un- in the dictionary. The data identified whether the words are prefixed by
in- and un- or not. The words that prefixed by in- and un- will have the contrary meaning from the base. They were classified according to the negative prefix they attached to. The form seen through the prefix that the adjective attached to, the prefixes are in- and un-. After determining the distribution of negative prefixes in-
and un-, next step is analyzing the morphological processes of the attachment of negative prefixes.
2. Data Analysis
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After classifying the adjective into two categories, the next step was identifying the root of the prefixed words to find its etymology which made these negative adjectives are divided into two classes. In one side, both of these classes are adjectives and have the negative meaning from the root. Etymology of these words is used to determine the environment that these two classes are needed.
The morphological processes of the attachment of the negative prefixes are the next concern of the present study. This kind of process showed how the roots attached to the negatives prefixes and showed the changes that occurred as the result of the attachment. The phonological processes on prefix in- are also the concern of present study. It results on a character that differentiates the distribution of prefixes in- and un-.
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
A. The Origin of Prefixes in- and un- Roots
English adjectives could be derived from many languages. They are not
originated only from one language. English is able to borrowed words or
morphemes from other languages. For example, the prefix in- was derived from
Latin which means not (McKean, 2005: 910). Previous is an example of borrowed
morpheme, the next example is the loan word. Adjective legal also borrowed from
Latin. When both examples attached, they form the prefixed adjective illegal.
In order to discover the origin of the roots, the prefixed adjectives have to
be identified. In identifying the prefixed adjectives, this analysis is the application
of the theory on roots by Nida (1982). The data are analyzed to find the roots. The
classification of the roots is separated in two categories: the roots with prefix in-
and roots with prefix un-. The roots with prefix in- were the adjectives which
attach to the prefix in-. The roots with prefix un- were the adjectives which attach
to the prefix un-.
1. Roots of Adjectives with in-
Of all 352 adjectives attached to prefixes in- and un-, 118 roots belong to
the prefix in-. The data of prefix in- are less than half of all data. The following
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a. Latin-originated Roots
From 118 adjectives that belong to the prefix in-, the 89 roots were belong
to Latin-originated roots. The Latin-originated roots classified into three groups:
11 roots were borrowed from Medieval Latin, 58 roots were borrowed from Latin,
and 20 roots were borrowed from Late Latin. The following roots are some of the
11 adjectives which were borrowed from Medieval Latin:
(1.a) legitimate
The researcher found that adjective in (1.a) was derived from the Medieval
Latin word legitimatus. English took the Medieval Latin legitimatus and modified
it into English adjective legitimate (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- transforms
into il- since the first letter of the root is l. English borrowed the prefix in- from
Latin and the root legitimate from Medieval Latin.
The root in (1.b) came from the Medieval Latin word logicalis. English
acquired the Medieval Latin word logicalis and transformed it into English word
logical (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- becomes il- because it attached to root
with initial letter l. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root logical
from Medieval Latin.
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The datum in (1.c) was originated from the Medieval Latin word
miscibilis. English loan the Medieval Latin word miscibilis and turns it into
English word miscible (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- transformed into im-
because it attached to the root with initial letter m. English borrowed the prefix in-
from Latin and the root miscible from Medieval Latin.
The adjective admissible (1.d) was acquired from the Medieval Latin word
admissibilis. English borrowed the Medieval Latin word admissibilis and turned it
into English word admissible (McKean: 2005). English acquired the prefix in-
from Latin and the root admissible from Medieval Latin.
The datum in (1.e) came from the Medieval Latin word relevare. English
took the Medieval Latin word relevare and modified it into English word relevant
(McKean: 2005). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root relevant
from Medieval Latin.
The root in datum (1.f) was derived from the Medieval Latin word
compatibilis. English acquired the Medieval Latin word compatibilis and
transformed it into English word compatible (Soukhanov: 1996). English loan the
prefix in- from Latin and the root compatible from Medieval Latin.
The following roots are some of the 55 adjectives which were borrowed
from Latin:
(2.a) legal
(2.b) mature
(2.c) mobile
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(2.e) competent
(2.f) consistent
The researcher found that adjective in (2.a) was originated from the Latin
word legalis. English took the Latin word legalis and turned it into English word
legal (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- turns to il- since the initial letter of the root
is l. English borrowed both prefix in- and root legal from Latin.
The root in datum (2.b) was derived from the Latin word maturus. English
acquired the Latin word maturus and transformed it into English word mature
(Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- turns into im- because the initial of the root is
bilabial m. English took both prefix in- and root mature from Latin.
The datum (2.c) came from the Latin word mobilis. English took the Latin
word mobilis and modified it into English word mobile (Soukhanov: 1996). The
prefix in- changed into im- because the initial of the root is bilabial m. English
borrowed both prefix in- and root mobile from Latin.
The adjective in (2.d) was originated from the Latin word rationalis.
English borrowed the Latin word rationalis and turned it into English word
rational (McKean: 2005). Since the prefix in- was derived from Latin, English
acquired both prefix in- and root rational from Latin.
The root in datum (2.e) was derived from the Latin word competent.
English acquired the Latin word competent and kept it into the inventory of
adjective (McKean: 2005). English took both prefix in- and root competent from
Latin.
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The adjective in (2.f) came from the Latin word consistent. English
borrowed the Latin word consistent and used it as English adjective (McKean:
2005). Since the prefix in- was derived from Latin, English took both prefix in-
and root consistent from Latin.
The following roots are some adjectives from 20 roots borrowed from Late
Latin:
(3.a) legible
(3.b) material
(3.c) perceptible
(3.d) audible
(3.e) capable
(3.f) curable
The researcher found that adjective in (3.a) was originated from the Late
Latin word legibilis. English borrowed the word and it then became an English
word legible (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- transforms into il- because the root
started with the letter l which consider as bilabial. English borrowed the prefix in-
from Latin and the root legible from Late Latin.
The datum in (3.b) was originated from the Late Latin word materialis. It
then transformed into English word material as a loan word (McKean: 2005). The
prefix in- transforms into im- because the root started with the letter m which is
consider as bilabial. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root
23
The adjective in (3.c) was originated from the Late Latin word
perceptibilis. English borrowed the word and it then became an English word
perceptible (McKean: 2005). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the
root perceptible from Late Latin.
The adjective audible (3.d) was originated from the Late Latin word
audibilis. From audibilis, it transformed into English word audible (McKean:
2005). English borrowed the root audible from Late Latin and the prefix in- from
Latin.
The datum in (3.e) was originated from the Late Latin word capabilis.
English borrowed the word and it then became an English word capable
(Soukhanov: 1996). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root
capable from Late Latin.
The adjective in (3.f) was originated from the Late Latin word curabilis.
English borrowed the word and then transformed it into English word curable
(McKean: 2005). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root curable
from Late Latin.
b. French-originated Roots
Of all 118 roots that belongs to prefix in-, 29 roots were belong to the
French-originated roots. The French-originated roots are classified into two
groups: 21 roots were borrowed from Old French and 8 roots were derived from
French. The following roots are some of the 21 adjectives which were borrowed
from Old French:
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
(4.a) partial
(4.b) practical
(4.c) pure
(4.d) complete
(4.e) dependent
(4.f) regular
The researcher found that adjective in (4.a) was derived from the Old
French word parcial. English borrowed the Old French word parcial and
modified it into English word partial (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- transforms
into im- because the initial letter of the root is bilabial p. English acquired the
prefix in- from Latin and the root partial from Old French.
The root in (4.b) came from the Old French word practique. English took
the Old French word practique and turned it into English word practical
(McKean: 2005). The prefix in- changed into im- because the initial letter of the
root is bilabial p. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root
practical from Old French.
The datum in (4.c) was originated from the Old French word pur. English
borrowed the Old French word pur and modified it into English word pure
(McKean: 2005). The prefix in- turns into im- because the initial letter of the root
is bilabial p. English acquired the prefix in- from Latin and the root pure from Old
25
The adjective complete (4.d) was originated from the Old French word
complet. English took the Old French word complet and turned it into English
word complete (McKean: 2005). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and
the root complete from Old French.
The root in (4.e) was derived from the Old French word dependre. English
acquired the Old French word dependre and modified it into English word
dependent (Soukhanov: 1996). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the
root dependent from Old French.
The adjective in (4.f) came from the Old French word reguler. English
took the Old French word reguler and transformed it into English word regular
(McKean: 2005). English acquired the prefix in- from Latin and the root regular
from Old French.
The following roots are some of the 8 adjectives which were derived from
French:
The researcher found that datum in (5.a) was originated from the French
word modeste. English took the French word modeste and turned it into English
word modest (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- changed into im- because the initial
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
letter of root identified as bilabial m. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin
and the root modest from French.
The adjective in (5.b) was derived from the French word practicable.
English borrowed the French word and kept it in the inventory of English
adjective (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- changed into im- because the first letter
of root is bilabial p. English acquired the prefix in- from Latin and the root
practicable from French.
The root in (5.c) came from the French word equitable. English acquired
the French word equitable and used it as a collection of adjective (Soukhanov:
1996). English derived the prefix in- from Latin and the root equitable from
French.
The datum in (5.d) was borrowed from the French word judiceux. English
derived the French word judiceux and transformed it into English word judicious
(Soukhanov: 1996). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root
judicious from French.
The adjective in (5.e) was derived from the French word sanitaire. English
borrowed the French word sanitaire and turned it into English word sanitary
(Soukhanov: 1996). English acquired the prefix in- from Latin and the root
sanitary from French.
The adjective word in (5.f) was borrowed from the French word tolerant.
English acquired the French word tolerant and kept it into the inventory of
adjectives (Soukhanov: 1996). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin took
27
2. Roots of Adjectives with un-
There are 352 adjectives attached to prefixes in- and un-. The previous
analysis showed that 118 roots were belong to prefix in- and the 234 roots of them
were belong to the prefix un-. The classification of the roots belong to prefix un-
has a wider derivation than the distribution of prefix in-.
a. English-originated Roots
From 234 roots attached to the prefix un-, 136 adjectives are
English-originated. The roots of English-originated can be classified into three classes: 45
roots of Old English, Late Old English with 3 roots and 88 roots of Middle
English. Here are 45 roots which were originated from Old English:
(6.a) aware
(6.b) crowded
(6.c) even
(6.d) holy
(6.e) kind
(6.f) true
The researcher found that English adjective in (6.a) was originated from
the Old English word gewær. English borrowed the Old English word gewær
turned into the word aware (Soukhanov: 1996). Both of the prefix un- and the
root aware were originated from English.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The adjective in datum (6.b) was an original word from the Old English
word crudan. English took the Old English word crudan and modified it into the
word crowded (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix un- which attached to the root
crowded is English originated, so both prefix and root are from English.
The root in (6.c) was originated from the Old English word efen. English
transformed the Old English word efen into an adjective word even (McKean:
2005). Since the prefix un- is originated from English, so both of the prefix and
the root are from English.
The datum in (6.d) was derived from the original word of the Old English
word halig. English took the Old English word halig and turned it into the word
holy (McKean: 2005). The prefix un- which attached to the root holy is English
originated, so both of the prefix and the root are English-originated.
The root in datum (6.e) was originated from the Old English word
gecynde. English took the Old English word gecynde and transformed it into
English word kind (Soukhanov: 1996). Since the prefix un- was originated from
English, so both of the prefix and the root are English-originated.
The adjective in (6.f) came from the Old English word treowe. English
took the Old English word treowe and turned it into the English word true
(McKean: 2005). The prefix un- which attached to the root true was originated
29
The following adjectives are 3 roots which were taken from the Late Old
English:
(7.a) fulfilled
(7.b) saleable
(7.c) skilled
The researcher found that adjective in datum (7.a) was originated from the
Late Old English word fullfyllan. English took the Late Old English word
fullfyllan and turned it into English word fulfilled (McKean: 2005). Since the
prefix un- is English originated, both prefix un- and the root fulfilled are English
originated.
The root in (7.b) was derived from Late Old English word sala. English
took the Late Old English word sala and transformed it into English word
saleable (McKean: 2005). Both of the prefix un- and the root saleable are
English-originated.
The datum in (7.c) was originated from the Late Old English word scele.
English took the Late Old English word scele and turned it into skilled (McKean:
2005). Since skilled is a Late Old English originated root, both root skilled and the
prefix un- were originated from English.
The following adjectives are some of the 88 roots which were taken from
(8.d) necessary
(8.e) sound
(8.f) surprising
The researcher found that English adjective in datum (8.a) was originated
from the Middle English word commune. English took the Middle English word
commune and turned it into the word common (Soukhanov: 1996). Since the
prefix un- is originated from English, both of the prefix un- and the root common
are English.
The datum in (8.b) was derived from the Middle English word dressen.
English acquired the Middle English word dressen and modified it into English
word dressed (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix un- which attached to the root
dressed is English originated, so both of prefix and root are English words.
The adjective in (8.c) was acquired from the Middle English word hurten.
English took the Middle English word hurten and turned it into English word hurt
(Soukhanov: 1996). Both the prefix un- and its root hurt were derived from
English.
The datum necessary (8.d) was originated from the Middle English word
necessarie. English borrowed the Middle English word necessarie and then turned
it into English necessary (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix un- is also originated
31
The adjective in (8.e) came from the Middle English word soun. English
acquired the Middle English word soun and then modified it into English word
sound (McKean: 2005). Since the prefix un- is originated from English, so both of
the prefix and its root are from English.
The datum in (8.f) was derived from the Middle English word surprisen.
English took the Middle English word surprisen and then turned it into the
English word surprising (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix un- which attached to the
root surprising was English-originated, so both prefix and root are from English.
b. French-originated Roots
Of all the 234 roots attached to prefix un-, the 44 roots were derived from
French. The French-originated roots further sorted as 4 groups: 18 roots were
obtained from Old French, 1 root was borrowed from Obsolete French, 6 roots
were Anglo-Norman French, and 19 roots came from French. The following
adjectives are some of the 18 roots which were borrowed from Old French:
(9.a) ambitious
(9.b) conditional
(9.c) familiar
(9.d) gracious
(9.e) stable
(9.f) sure
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The researcher found that adjective in datum (9.a) was derived from the
Old French word ambitieux. English borrowed the Old French word ambitieux
and then modified it into English ambitious (McKean: 2005). English acquired the
prefix un- from the English itself and the root ambitious from Old French.
The root in (9.b) was acquired from the Old French word condicionel.
English took the Old French word condicionel and turned it into English word
conditional (McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un- from its own and the
root conditional from the Old French.
The datum in (9.c) was obtained from the Old French word familier.
English borrowed the Old French word familier and then transformed it into
English word familiar (Soukhanov: 1996). English acquired the prefix un- from
itself and the root familiar from the Old French.
The adjective in (9.d) was borrowed from the Old French word gracieus.
English acquired the Old French word gracieus and then modified it into English
word gracious (Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its inventory
and the root gracious from the Old French.
The root in datum (9.e) was acquired from the Old French word estable.
English borrowed the Old French word estable and turned it into the English word
stable (Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its inventory and the
33
The English adjective in (9.f) was obtained from the Old French word sur.
English acquired the Old French word sur and then modified it into English word
sure (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix un- from its own inventory and the
root sure from the Old French.
The following root is the only adjective which is borrowed from Obsolete
French:
(10) related
The researcher found that adjective in datum (10) was obtained from the
Obsolete French word relater. English borrowed the Obsolete French word
relater and then modified it into English word related (Soukhanov: 1996). English
took the prefix un- from its inventory and the root related from Obsolete French.
Related is the only root borrowed from Obsolete French.
The following adjectives are some of the 6 roots which were obtained
from the Anglo-Norman French:
(11.a) abashed
(11.b) comfortable
(11.c) rounded
(11.d) suited
The researcher found that root in datum (11.a) was derived from the
Anglo-Norman French word abaiss. English took the Anglo-Norman French word
abaiss and then modified it into English abashed (McKean: 2005). English
acquired the prefix un- from its own inventory and the root abashed from the
Anglo-Norman French.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The adjective in (11.b) was obtained from the Anglo-Norman French word
comfortable. English borrowed the Anglo-Norman French word comfortable and
kept it into English word comfortable (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix
un- from its own inventory and the root comfortable from Anglo-Norman French.
The root in datum (11.c) was obtained from the Anglo-Norman French
word rounde. English borrowed the Anglo-Norman French word rounde and then
turned it into the English word rounded (Soukhanov: 1996). English obtained the
prefix un- from its inventory and the root rounded from Anglo-Norman French.
The datum in (11.e) was borrowed from the Anglo-Norman French word
siwte. English obtained the Anglo-Norman French word siwte and then modified
it into the English word suited (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix un- from
its inventory and the root suited from the Anglo-Norman French.
The following adjectives are some of the 19 roots which were obtained
from the French:
(12.a) characteristic
(12.b) civilized
(12.c) productive
(12.d) qualified
(12.e) tenable
The researcher found that root in datum (12.a) was derived from the
French word carateristique. English borrowed the French word carateristique and
then modified it into the English word characteristic (McKean: 2005). English
35
The adjective in (12.b) was borrowed from the French word civiliser.
English took the French word civiliser and turned it into English word civilized
(McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un- from its own inventory and the
root civilized from the French.
The datum (12.c) was obtained from the French word productif. English
borrowed the French word productif and transformed it into the English word
productive (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix un- from its inventory and
the root productive from the French.
The root in (12.d) was derived from the French word qualifier. English
obtained the French word qualifier and then modified it into English qualified
(Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its inventory and the root
qualified from French.
The English adjective in (12.e) was derived from the French word tenir.
English took the French word tenir and then turned it into the English word
tenable (McKean: 2005). English obtain the prefix un- from its inventory and the
root tenable from French.
c. Latin-originated Roots
Of all the 234 roots attached to prefix un-, the 40 roots were obtained from
Latin. The Latin-originated roots classified into 3 groups: 3 roots were Medieval
Latin, 29 roots were taken from Latin, and 8 roots were Late Latin.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The following roots are the 3 roots which were derived from Medieval
Latin:
(13.a) affiliated
(13.b) cultivated
(13.c) identifiable
The researcher found that datum in (13.a) was borrowed from the
Medieval Latin word affiliat. English took the Medieval Latin word affiliat and
modified it into the English word affiliated (McKean: 2005). English obtained the
prefix un- from its own inventory and the root affiliated from the Medieval Latin.
The adjective in (13.b) was derived from the Medieval Latin word cultivat.
English obtained the Medieval Latin word cultivat and turned it into English word
cultivated (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix un- from its own inventory
and the root cultivated from the Medieval Latin.
The root in (13.c) was originated from the Medieval Latin word
identificare. English borrowed the Medieval Latin word identificare and modified
it into English word identifiable (Soukhanov: 1996). English obtained the prefix
un- from its inventory and the root identifiable from Medieval Latin.
The following adjectives are some of the roots which were obtained from
Latin:
(14.a) certain
(14.b) competitive
(14.c) equal
37
(14.e) official
The researcher found that adjective in (14.a) was originated from the Latin
word certus. English borrowed the Latin word certus and then transformed it into
English word certain (Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its
inventory and the root certain from Latin.
The root in (14.b) was borrowed from the Latin word competit. English
obtained the Latin word competit and turned it into English word competitive
(McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un- from its own inventory and the
root competitive from the Latin.
The adjective word in (14.c) was obtained from the Latin word aequalis.
English took the Latin word aequalis and modified it into English word equal
(Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its inventory and the root
equal from Latin.
The adjective in datum (14.d) was derived from the Latin word gratus.
English borrowed the Latin word gratus and then turned it into the English word
grateful (Soukhanov: 1996). English obtained the prefix un- from its own
inventory and the root grateful from Latin.
The datum in (14.e) was originated from the Latin word officialis. English
obtained the Latin word officialis and then modified it into the English word
official (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix un- from its own inventory and
the root official from Latin.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The following adjectives are some of the 8 roots which were borrowed
from Late Latin:
(15.a) acceptable
(15.b) communicative
(15.c) controversial
(15.d) cooperative
(15.e) equivocal
The researcher found that datum in (15.a) was derived from the Late Latin
word acceptabilis. English borrowed the Late Latin word acceptabilis and
modified it into the English word acceptable (McKean: 2005). English obtained
the prefix un- from its own inventory and the root acceptable from Late Latin.
The adjective in (15.b) was borrowed from the Late Latin word
communicativus. English took the Late Latin word communicativus and turned it
into the English word communicative (McKean: 2005). English obtained the
prefix un- from its inventory and the root communicative from Late Latin.
The root in datum (15.c) was derived from the Late Latin word
controversialis. English borrowed the Late Latin word controversialis and then
transformed it into English word controversial (McKean: 2005). English took the
prefix un- from its inventory and the root controversial from Late Latin.
The English adjective in (15.d) was acquired from the Late Latin word
cooperatus. English took the Late Latin word cooperatus and turned it into
English word cooperative (McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un- from
39
The datum in (15.e) was borrowed from the Late Latin word aequivocus.
English obtained the Late Latin word aequivocus and modified it into the English
word equivocal (Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its own
inventory and the root equivocal from Late Latin.
d. Greek-originated Roots
Of all the 234 roots attached to prefix un-, there were only 9 roots were
originated from Greek. The following adjectives are some of the 9
Greek-originated roots:
The researcher found that datum in (16.a) was originated from the Greek
word demokratikos. English borrowed the Greek word demokratikos and
transformed it into the English word democratic (McKean: 2005). English
obtained the prefix un- directly from its inventory and the root democratic from
Greek.
The adjective in (16.b) was borrowed from the Greek word oikonomia.
English took the Greek word oikonomia and modified it into the English word
economic (Soukhanov: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its inventory and
the root economic from Greek.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The root in (16.c) was obtained from the Greek word patriotikos. English
loaned the Greek word patriotikos and then turned it into English word patriotic
(McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un- from its inventory and the root
patriotic from Greek.
The English adjective in (16.d) was originated from the Greek word
problematikos. English borrowed the Greek word problematikos and transformed
it into English problematic (McKean: 1996). English took the prefix un- from its
inventory and the root problematic from Greek.
The datum in (16.e) was borrowed from the Greek word sustema. English
loaned the Greek word sustema and modified it into the English word systematic
(Soukhanov: 1996). English obtained the prefix un- from its inventory and the
root systematic from Greek.
e. Norse-originated Roots
There are only 3 roots, from 234 roots attached to prefix un-, which were
obtained from the Old Norse. Here are the 3 roots loaned from the Old Norse:
(17.a) like
(17.b) likely
(17.c) truthful
The researcher found that root in (17.a) was originated from the Old Norse
word likr. English loaned the Old Norse word likr and then modified it into
English word like (McKean: 2005). English took the prefix un- from its inventory
41
The adjective in (17.b) was borrowed from the Old Norse word likligr.
English took the Old Norse word likligr and turned it into the English word likely
(Soukhanov: 1996). English obtained the prefix un- from its inventory and the
root likely from Old Norse.
The datum in (17.c) was derived from the Old Norse word trexsta. English
loaned the Old Norse word trexsta and turned it into the English word truthful
(McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un- from its inventory and the root
truthful from Old Norse.
f. Italian-originated Root
There is only one adjective which was derived from the Italian. Here is the
root of Italian-originated:
(18) manageable
The researcher found that root in (18) was derived from the Italian word
maneggiare. English borrowed the Italian word maneggiare and transformed it
into English word manageable (McKean: 2005). English obtained the prefix un-
from itself and the root manageable from Italian.
g. Scots-originated Root
There is also only one root which was originated from the Scots. Here is
the root of Scots-originated:
(19) glamorous
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The researcher found that adjective in (19) was originated from the Scots
word which the early form was unknown. English borrowed the word glamorous
from Scots to enrich the inventory of adjectives. (McKean: 2005). English
obtained the prefix un- from itself and the root glamorous from the Scots.
To summarize, the roots of the prefix in- were etymologically divided into
two classes: Latin and French-originated. The prefix in- was borrowed by English
from Latin. The roots of the prefix un- are in a wider scope than the prefix in-.
The roots of prefix un- were derived from many languages: English, French,
Latin, Greek, Norse, Italian, and Scots. The prefix un- also has the roots
originated from Latin and French as the prefix in-. The characteristic that
differentiate them is English borrowed only the roots from Latin and French and
then attached to un-. However, English acquired both roots and in- prefixed words
directly from Latin and French.
B. The Morphological Processes of in- and un-
In the previous analysis, it is identified that the roots of prefix in- has a
limited scope compared to the prefix un-. The prefix in- attached to the roots
which were acquired by English from Latin and French. Beside, the prefix un- has
a wider distribution since its roots were taken from English, French, Latin, Greek,
Norse, Italian, and Scots. It showed that both prefixes in- and un- borrowed roots
from Latin and French. The difference is that English can acquire adjectives with
43
words maturus and immaturus and modified them into English words mature and
immature. However, English only took the roots of Latin and French for prefix
un- to attach to.
The next analysis is the morphological processes of the affixation of
prefixes in- and un-. It is a process which a prefix is attached to root and produces
a new form with specific meaning. In the present study, the semantic effect of
both prefixes is the opposite of root. The prefixes simply negated their roots. This
analysis is the application of Nida’s theory on root (1982) and Katamba’s theory
on affixation (1993). The morphological processes of attachment of the prefixes
in- and un- to their roots are needed to prove that the analysis on roots is correct.
In order to do the analysis, the origin of prefixes in- and un-, the origin of the
roots, and the meaning shift are required to identify the morphological processes.
1. The Morphological Processes of Prefix in-
English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin. The roots of prefix in- was
divided into two groups: the first group is Latin-originated roots ( Medieval Latin,
Latin, and Late Latin ) as shown in the analysis of data (1.a), (1.b), (1.c), (1.d),
(1.e), (1.f), (2.a), (2.b), (2.c), (2.d), (2.e), (2.f), (3.a), (3.b), (3.c), (3.d), (3.e), and
(3.f); the second group is French-originated roots (Old French and French) as
shown in the analysis of data (4.a), (4.b), (4.c), (4.d), (4.e), (4.f), (5.a), (5.b), (5.c),
(5.d), (5.e), and (5.f).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The following morphological processes are the attachment of the
Latin-originated prefix in- to the Latin roots including the roots from Late Latin,
Medieval Latin, and Latin.
(1.a) legitimate
(Latin) in- + (Medieval Latin) legitimatus = (Late Latin) illegitimus
(Late Latin) illegitimus becomes (English) illegitimate
Prefix in- in English illegitimate negated the root legitimate.
The stress for both le'gitimate and ,ille'gitimate is antepenultimate, the
prefixed form has secondary stress on first syllable.
(1.c) miscible
(Latin) in- + (Medieval Latin) miscibilis = (Late Latin) immiscibilis
(Late Latin) immiscibilis becomes (English) immiscible
Prefix in- in English immiscible negated the root miscible.
The stress for both 'miscible and im'miscible is antepenultimate.
(1.f) compatible
(Latin) in- + (Medieval Latin) compatibilis = (Medieval Latin)
incompatibilis
(Medieval Latin) incompatibilis becomes (English) incompatible.
Prefix in- in English incompatible negated the root compatible.
The stress for both com'patible and ,incom'patible is antepenultimate, the
45
(2.a) legal
(Latin) in- + (Latin) legalis = (Latin) illegalis
(Latin) illegalis becomes (English) illegal
Prefix in- in English illegal negated the root legal.
The stress for both 'legal and il'legal is antepenultimate.
(2.b) mature
(Latin) in- + (Latin) maturus = (Latin) immaturus
(Latin) immaturus becomes (English) immature
Prefix in- in English immature negated the root mature.
The stress for both ma'ture and ,imma'ture is ultimate, the prefixed form
has secondary stress on first syllable.
(2.c) mobile
(Latin) in- + (Latin) mobilis = (Latin) immobilis
(Latin) immobilis becomes (English) immobile
Prefix in- in English immobile negated the root mobile.
The stress for both 'mobile and im'mobile is penultimate.
(3.b) material
(Latin) in- + (Late Latin) materialis = (Late Latin) immaterialis
(Late Latin) immaterialis becomes (English) immaterial
Prefix in- in English immaterial negated the root material.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The stress for both ma'terial and ,imma'terial is antepenultimate, the
prefixed form has secondary stress on first syllable.
(3.c) perceptible
(Latin) in- + (Late Latin) perceptibilis = (Medieval Latin) imperceptibilis
(Medieval Latin) imperceptibilis becomes (English) imperceptible
Prefix in- in English imperceptible negated the root perceptible.
The stress for both per'ceptible and ,imper'ceptible is antepenultimate, the
prefixed form has secondary stress on first syllable.
The following morphological processes are the attachment of the
Latin-originated prefix in- to the French roots including the roots from Old French and
French.
(4.c) pure
(Old French) pur came from (Latin) purus
(Latin) in- + (Latin) purus = (Latin) impurus
(Latin) impurus becomes (English) impure
Prefix in- in English impure negated the root pure.
The stress occurs only on the prefixed form im'pure.
(4.d) complete
(Old French) complet came from (Latin) completus
47
(Latin) incompletus becomes (English) incomplete
Prefix in- in English incomplete negated the root complete.
The stress for both com'plete and ,incom'plete is ultimate, the prefixed
form has secondary stress on first syllable.
(4.e) dependent
(Latin) in- + (Old French) dependre = (French) independant
(French) independant becomes (English) independent
Prefix in- in English independent negated the root dependent.
The stress for both de'pendent and ,inde'pendent is penultimate, the
prefixed form has secondary stress on first syllable.
(4.f) regular
(Old French) reguler came from (Latin) regularis
(Latin) in- + (Latin) regularis = (Medieval Latin) irregularis
(Medieval Latin) irregularis becomes (English) irregular
Prefix in- in English irregular negated the root regular.
The stress for both 'regular and ir'regular is antepenultimate.
(5.a) modest
(French) modeste came from (Latin) modestus
(Latin) in- + (Latin) modestus = (Latin) immodestus
(Latin) immodestus becomes (English) immodest
