i
FITOREMEDIASI SAWAH TERCEMAR LOGAM KROMIUM DI KECAMATAN KEBAKKRAMAT KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR SEBAGAI UPAYA MENUJU PERTANIAN SEHAT RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
TESIS
Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Sebagian Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Magister Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan
Oleh Alfian Chrisna Aji
A131508002
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
vi RINGKASAN
Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Fitoremediasi Sawah Tercemar Logam Kromium di Kecamatan Kebakkramat Kabupaten Karanganyar Sebagai Upaya Menuju Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan. Tesis. Magister Ilmu Lingkungan. Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Agustus 2017.
Kebakkramat adalah salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Karanganyar yang wilayahnya memiliki beberapa kegiatan industri yang menghasilkan limbah cair mengandung logam kromium dibuang ke sungai. Limbah logam kromium dapat mencemari tanah sawah karena digunakan sebagai sumber air irigasi dan sangat merugikan karena dapat merusak tanah serta berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Alternatif solusi penyelesaian pencemaran logam kromium secara ramah lingkungan adalah fitoremediasi menggunakan tanaman rami (Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) dikombinasikan dengan Agrobacterium sp. I3, dan bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1). mengetahui kemampuan rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator dalam menyerap logam kromium; 2). mendapatkan perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam jaringan tanaman; 3). mengetahui pengaruh rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator terhadap penurunan kadar logam kromium dalam tanah; dan 4). mengetahui sikap petani terhadap sistem pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan setelah fitoremediasi.
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kadar logam kromium tanah; dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan, maka Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar perlu mengeluarkan kebijakan khusus, sehingga rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat diberikan kepada Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar sebagai upaya menuju pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan adalah pertanian yang pengolahannya bebas polutan dan hasilnya aman dikonsumsi yang disebut Environmentally Healthy Agriculture System (EHAS)
Kata Kunci: Boehmeria nivea, environmentally healthy agriculture system,
viii ABSTRACT
Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Phytoremediation of Rice Fields Contaminated by Chromium Metals in Kebakkramat Subdistrict Karanganyar Regency as an Effort towards Environmentally Friendly Healthy Agriculture. Thesis. Master of Environmental Science. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. August 2017.
Kebakkramat is one of the subdistricts in Karanganyar Regency whose territory has some industrial activities which produces liquid waste containing chromium metal dumped into the river. Chromium metal wastes can contaminate rice fields because they are used as irrigation water sources and it is very harmful because it can damage the soil, also harmful to the environment. An alternative solution to the chromium metal contamination in an environmentally friendly manner are phytoremediation using ramie (Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) combined with Agrobacterium sp. I3, and organic matters. This research aims 1). to know ability of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) and mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to absorb chromium metals; 2). obtain an effective treatment in absorbing chromium metals into plant tissues; 3). to know the influence of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) and mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to decrease of chromium metals content in soil; and 4). to know farmers attitude towards environmentally friendly healthy agriculture after phytoremediation.
ix
environmentally friendly healthy farming system, the Local Government of Karanganyar Regency need to issuing a special policy, so the policy recommendation that can be given to Local Government of Karanganyar Regency as an effort toward environmentally friendly healthy farming is agriculture which in processing is free from pollutants and this products are safe to be consumed which called Environmentally Healthy Agriculture System (EHAS)
x MOTTO
Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Apabila dikatakan kepadamu, “Berilah kelapangan di dalam majelis-majelis”, maka lapangkanlah, niscaya Allah akan memberi kelapangan
untukmu. Dan apabila dikatakan, “Berdirilah kamu”, maka berdirilah, niscaya Allah akan mengangkat (derajat) orang-orang yang beriman di antaramu dan orang-orang yang diberi ilmu beberapa derajat. Dan Allah Maha Mengetahui terhadap apa yang
kamu kerjakan -Q.S. Al Mujaddalah: 11-
Orang besar menempuh jalan ke arah tujuan melalui rintangan dan kesukaran yang hebat
-Nabi Muhammad S.A.W.-
Bila kau tidak tahan lelahnya belajar, maka kau harus menahan perihnya kebodohan -Imam Asy-Syafi’i-
Man Jadda Wa Jadda (Siapa yang bersungguh-sungguh akan berhasil) Man Shabara Zhafira (Siapa yang bersabar akan beruntung)
Man Sara Darbi ‘Ala Washala (Siapa yang berjalan di jalan-Nya akan sampai) -Muslim Quotes-
Awali segala suatu dengan membaca Bismillahirrohmaanirrohiim dan berdoa, diikuti ikhtiar dari segenap fisiologi tubuh, serta diakhiri tawakal dan Alhamdulillah
-AL-
Seluruh organisme, khususnya mikroorganisme bersama dengan lingkungan fisik menghasilkan sistem kontrol yang menjaga keadaan bumi sesuai untuk kehidupan
-Hipotesis Gaia-James Lovelock-
xi DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ... i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ... ii
PENGESAHAN PENGUJI TESIS ... iii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS DAN PUBLIKASI ... iv
PRAKATA ... v
RINGKASAN ... vi
ABSTRACT ... viii
MOTTO ... x
DAFTAR ISI ... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ... xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ... xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ... xvi
DAFTAR RUMUS ... xvii
DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN ... xviii
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ... 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah ... 4
C. Tujuan Penelitian ... 4
D. Manfaat Penelitian ... 4
BAB II. LANDASAN TEORI ... 6
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ... 6
1. Pencemaran Logam Berat ... 6
a. Pencemaran Logam Berat ... 6
b. Penanganan Pencemaran Logam Berat ... 6
2. Logam Kromium (Cr) ... 7
a. Sifat Umum Logam Kromium ... 7
b. Dampak Logam Kromium Bagi makhluk Hidup ... 8
3. Fitoremediasi ... 9
a. Pengertian Fitoremediasi ... 9
xii
c. Fitostabilisasi ... 10
d. Agrobacterium sp. I3 ... 11
4. Tanaman untuk Fitoremediasi ... 11
a. Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ... 12
b. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ... 13
5. Parameter Sifat Tanah ... 15
a. Keasaman Tanah (pH) ... 15
b. Carbon Organik-Bahan Organik Tanah ... 15
c. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ... 16
d. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ... 16
6. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan ... 16
7. Azas Lingkungan ... 18
a. Azas 3 (Sumber Daya Alam) ... 18
b. Azas 5 (Sumber Daya Alam) ... 18
c. Azas 7 (Keanekaragaman) ... 19
B. Penelitian Relevan ... 19
C. Kerangka Berpikir ... 21
D. Hipotesis ... 22
BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN ... 23
A. Tempat Penelitian ... 23
B. Waktu Penelitian ... 23
C. Tata Laksana Penelitian ... 25
1. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ... 25
2. Alat dan Bahan ... 26
3. Populasi dan Sampel ... 27
4. Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ... 27
5. Variabel Penelitian ... 28
6. Pelaksanaan Penelitian ... 28
7. Teknik Analisis Data ... 35
BAB IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ... 36
A. Deskripsi Umum Lokasi Penelitian ... 36
xiii
1. Kemasaman Tanah (pH) ... 37
2. C-Organik Tanah ... 39
3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK)Tanah ... 41
4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ... 42
C. Kemampuan Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator dalam Menyerap Logam Kromium (Cr) ke Jaringan Tanaman ... 45
1. Karakteristik Tanaman Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ... 45
2. Karakteristik Tanaman Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ... 53
D. Pengaruh Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Logam Cr Tanah ... 60
1. Kadar Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah ... 60
2. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah ... 62
E. Sikap Petani Terhadap Sistem Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan Setelah Fitoremediasi ... 63
1. Informasi Kegiatan Pertanian ... 63
2. Persepsi Petani Terhadap Fitoremediasi dan Sistem Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan ... 65
3. Rekomendasi Kebijakan Kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten Karanganyar ... 71
F. Pembahasan Umum ... 75
G. Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ... 78
BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ... 79
A. Kesimpulan ... 79
B. Saran ... 80
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ... 81
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
1. Penelitian Relevan ... 19
2. Jadwal Penelitian ... 23
3. Rancangan Penelitian ... 25
4. Analisis Sampel Tanah Akhir, Tanaman, dan Data Sosial ... 35
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
1. Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ... 12
2. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ... 14
3. Kerangka Berpikir ... 21
4. Peta Lokasi Penelitian ... 24
5. Denah Lahan Penelitian ... 32
6. Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah ... 37
7. Kadar C-Organik Tanah ... 39
8. Kapasitas Tukar Kation Tanah ... 41
9. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah Perlakuan Khelator ... 43
10. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ... 44
11. Berat Kering Boehmeria nivea ... 46
12. Kadar Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ... 48
13. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Boehmeria nivea ... 50
14. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Boehmeria nivea ... 51
15. Serapan Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ... 52
16. Berat Kering Fimbristylis globulosa ... 54
17. Kadar Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa ... 55
18. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Fimbristylis globulosa ... 58
19. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Fimbristylis globulosa ... 59
20. Serapan Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa ... 59
21. Kadar Logam Kromium Tanah ... 61
22. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ... 63
23. Kebermanfaatan Fitoremediasi di Lahan Pertanian ... 65
24. Potensi Rami dan Mendong Secara Ekologi dan Ekonomi ... 66
25. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan ... 67
26. Sistem Irigasi Terintegrasi ... 68
27. Potensi Pertanian Organik ... 69
28. Urgensi Monitoring dari Pemerintah Daerah ... 70
29. Partisipasi Masyarakat Terhadap EHAS ... 72
30. Model Kolaborasi Pengelolaan EHAS ... 73
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
1. Tingkat Kemasaman (pH) Aktual Tanah ... 91
2. Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ... 92
3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ... 93
4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ... 94
5. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Rami dari BALINGTAN ... 95
6. Biomassa Kering Rami ... 96
7. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Rami ... 97
8. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Mendong dari BALINGTAN ... 98
9. Biomassa Kering Mendong ... 99
10. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Mendong ... 100
11. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Tanah dari BALINGTAN ... 101
12. Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ... 103
13. Pertanyaan dan Hasil Jawaban Kuesioner (Data Sosial) ... 106
xvii
DAFTAR RUMUS
Rumus Halaman
1. Analisis Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ... 29
2. Analisis Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ... 29
3. Analisis Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ... 30
4. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Rami ... 32
5. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Mendong ... 32
6. Dosis Pupuk Perlakuan Kontrol ... 32
xviii
DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN
Singkatan Satuan Keterangan (Besaran Pokok)
Ha Hektar Produksi (Massa per luas)
kg Kilogram Massa/bobot
g Gram Massa/bobot
mg Miligram Massa/bobot
µg Mikrogram Kadar
mL Mililiter Volume
km Kilometer Panjang
Simbol Arti
° Derajat, umumnya dalam celcius ' Menit (dalam koordinat)
" Detik (dalam koordinat)
- Sampai
% Persen (per seratus)
Singkatan Arti
LS Lintang Selatan
BT Bujur Timur
NAB Nilai Ambang Batas
BML Baku Mutu Lingkungan
B3 Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun pH Potential of Hydrogen
Cr Kromium
KTK Kapasitas Tukar Kation
AAS Atomic Absoption Spectrophotometer
UU Undang-Undang
PP Peraturan Pemerintah
LB Luria Bertani
N Nitrogen
P Phospat
K Kalium
RAKL Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap
sp Spesies
FP Fakultas Pertanian
DMRT Duncan Multiple Range Test
RT Rukun Tetangga
RW Rukun Warga
BPS Badan Pusat Statistik
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